An hourglass or sandglass is an instrument for measuring a defined time and can be used perpetually by simply turning it over immediately the top bulb empties. The clear blown glass is shaped into two equal sized bulbs with a narrow passage in the centre and contains uniform sized sand or glass particles in the lower bulb. The width of the neck regulates the constant flow of the particles. The glass is held in a stand with top and bottom of equal shape and size. Hourglasses can measure an infinite variety of time by gauging the size of the particles, the shape and size of the bulbs and the size of the passage between the bulbs, thus measuring hours or minutes or even seconds. Generally an hourglass sits between discs of wood at the ends, which are joined by long wooden spindles between the ends and tightened by screw caps. The length of time can be adjusted by adding or removing sand particles. The use of the marine sandglass (or hourglass) has been recorded in the 14th century in European shipping. A one minute sandglass was used in conjunction with the ship’s log for ‘dead reckoning’, (see below) that is, for measuring the ship’s speed through the water. They were also used to regulate ringing the ship’s timetable; for example a 4 hour sandglass was used for the length of the sailors’ watch, and a half hour timer for taking of readings for the ship’s log; the ship’s bell would be rung every half hour. It was usually the role of the cabin boy to watch and turn the sandglasses over at the exact time of them emptying their upper chambers and to ring the ship’s bell. Hourglasses have been used historically for many hundreds of years. Some have been used for timing church sermons, in cooking, in industry and at sea. Even today they are used for measuring the cooking time of eggs and timing a player’s turn in games such as Boggle and Pictionary. The sandglasses at sea were gradually replaced in the late 1700’s to early 1800’s by the more accurate chronometers (marine clocks) when they became reliable instruments. DEAD RECKONING (or Deduced Reckoning) Dead reckoning is the term used to describe the method of calculating the ship’s position from its speed and direction, used in early maritime travel, mostly in European waters. Both the (1) speed and the (2) direction of travel were recorded on a Traverse Board at half-hourly intervals during a helmsman’s watch of 4 hours. The navigator would record the readings in his ship’s log, plot them on his navigational chart and give his updated course directions to the next helmsman on watch, along with the cleared Traverse Board. This was a very approximate, but none-the-less helpful, method of navigation. The wooden Traverse Board was a simple pegboard with a diagram of a compass with eight peg holes along the radius to each of the compass points, plus a grid with ascending half hours in the left column and increasing ship’s speed in knots in a row across the column headings, with a peg hole in each of the intersecting cells. A number of wooden pegs were attached to strings on the board. By placing one peg consecutively in the direction’s radius hole, starting from the centre, and the speed holes when the half hourly reading was taken, a picture of speed and direction for the whole 4 hour watch was created. (1) To measure the ship’s speed a one minute hourglass timer was usually used to measure the ship’s speed through the water and help to calculate its longitude. A rope, with knots at regular standard intervals and a weight such as a log at the end, would be thrown overboard at the stern of the ship. At the same time the hourglass would be turned over and a seaman would start counting the number of knots on the rope that passed freely through his hands as the ship travelled. When the timer ran out the counting would be stopped. A timer of one minute (one-sixtieth of an hour), knots spaced one-sixtieth of a nautical mile apart, and simple arithmetic easily gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour ("knots"). This would be recorded every half hour. The speed could however be inaccurate to the travel being affected by ocean currents and wind. (2) To calculate the ship’s direction a compass sighting would be recorded each half hour.Marine hourglasses or sandglasses were used from around the 14th to 19th century during the time of sailing ships. This hourglass is representative of that era, which is during the time of the colonisation of Australia. Hourglass or sandglass; an instrument used to measure time. Two equal sized clear glass bulbs joined with a narrow passage between them, containing equal sized particles of sand grains in lower bulb. Glass sits in a brass collar at each end, in a frame comprising 3 decorative brass columns or posts, each attached top and bottom, using round screw-on feet, to round brass discs. Disc have Roman numerals for the numbers 1 - 12 pressed into their inner surfaces and hieroglyphics on the outer surfaces. Roman numerals on inner surface of discs " I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII " Hieroglyphics impressed on outer surface of discsflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, horology, hourglass, hour glass, sandglass, sand glass, timing instrument, dead reckoning, deduced reckoning, finding latitude at sea, sandglass with hieroglyphics and roman numerals, hourglass with hieroglyphics and roman numerals, brass hourglass

The Brookside Private Reformatory for Protestant Girls was established on 29 December 1887 by Mrs W. T. Rowe. It was initially established at Glenfine, and soon moved to more extensive premises in the town of Cape Clear, near Scarsdale. The establishement of private reformatories had been made possible by The Juvenile Offenders' Act 1887 , which was assented to only weeks before the opening of Brookside. The Mintaro Reformatory Home for Girls at Monegeetta, Lancefield was established in 1903 by the Methodist Home Mission Department to take the girls from the Brookside Reformatory at Cape Clear when it closed in 1903. Brookside Homestead taken from the public roadway.brookside, farm, homestead

The Sea Baths at Cowes were built about 1893. They were erected by the Shire Council and administered by that body. Mixed bathing was not allowed. A Red flag at certain hours gave the "all clear" signal for ladies.Looking down on Sea Baths through foreshore treelocal history, photographs, sea baths, cowes, sepia photograph, mary karney

Early settlers in Moorabbin Shire used these hay cutters to provide food for their Draught Horses , the family cow and clear pasture. The blade was very sharp and using a swinging action efficiently cut the long grass.Hay cutters were an essential tool for the early settlers, market gardener and dairy farmers in Moorabbin Shire c 1880A long curved steel blade with a long wooden handlepioneers, early settlers, market gardeners, dairy farmers, moorabbin, brighton, dendy henry, tools, hay cutters, blacksmith,

As the former j Kitchen & Sons site was being cleared, Lionel Layfield, who had worked at the site for many years undertook several pictorial perimeter surveys. These photos were taken in Dec 2013.Series 1 of colour photographs taken by Lionel Layfield as he walked around the perimeter of the J Kitchen & Sons Pty Ltd factory site during the early demolition of most of the buildings. .01-.08 - corner of Williamstown Road and Normanby Road to Ingles Streetindustry - manufacturing, built environment - industrial, business and traders - soaps/candles, demolitions, j kitchen & sons pty ltd, symex holdings ltd, north port oval, port melbourne cricket and football oval

As the former j Kitchen & Sons site was being cleared, Lionel Layfield, who had worked at the site for many years undertook several pictorial perimeter surveys. These photos were taken in Dec 2013.Series 1 of colour photographs taken by Lionel Layfield as he walked around the perimeter of the J Kitchen & Sons Pty Ltd factory site during the early demolition of most of the buildings. .09-.15 - from Munro St entrance by the weighbridgeindustry - manufacturing, built environment - industrial, business and traders - soaps/candles, demolitions, j kitchen & sons pty ltd, symex holdings ltd, north port oval, port melbourne cricket and football oval

As the former j Kitchen & Sons site was being cleared, Lionel Layfield, who had worked at the site for many years undertook several pictorial perimeter surveys. These photos were taken in Dec 2013.Series 1 of colour photographs taken by Lionel Layfield as he walked around the perimeter of the J Kitchen & Sons Pty Ltd factory site during the early demolition of most of the buildings. .16-.30- from Munro St along Ingles Street to Woodruff Streetindustry - manufacturing, built environment - industrial, business and traders - soaps/candles, demolitions, j kitchen & sons pty ltd, symex holdings ltd, north port oval, port melbourne cricket and football oval

As the former j Kitchen & Sons site was being cleared, Lionel Layfield, who had worked at the site for many years undertook several pictorial perimeter surveys. These photos were taken in Dec 2013.Series 1 of colour photographs taken by Lionel Layfield as he walked around the perimeter of the J Kitchen & Sons Pty Ltd factory site during the early demolition of most of the buildings. .31-.36 - looking into the factory site from Woodruff Streetindustry - manufacturing, built environment - industrial, business and traders - soaps/candles, j kitchen & sons pty ltd, symex holdings ltd, north port oval, port melbourne cricket and football oval

As the former j Kitchen & Sons site was being cleared, Lionel Layfield, who had worked at the site for many years undertook several pictorial perimeter surveys. These photos were taken in Dec 2013.Series 1 of colour photographs taken by Lionel Layfield as he walked around the perimeter of the J Kitchen & Sons Pty Ltd factory site during the early demolition of most of the buildings. .37-.45 - along Boundary Street past White Street to Normanby Roadindustry - manufacturing, built environment - industrial, business and traders - soaps/candles, j kitchen & sons pty ltd, symex holdings ltd, north port oval, port melbourne cricket and football oval

As the former j Kitchen & Sons site was being cleared, Lionel Layfield, who had worked at the site for many years undertook several pictorial perimeter surveys. These photos were taken in Dec 2013.Series 1 of colour photographs taken by Lionel Layfield as he walked around the perimeter of the J Kitchen & Sons Pty Ltd factory site during the early demolition of most of the buildings. .46-.54- warehouse on North corner of Ingles and Woodruff streetsindustry - manufacturing, built environment - industrial, business and traders - soaps/candles, j kitchen & sons pty ltd, symex holdings ltd, north port oval, port melbourne cricket and football oval

As the former j Kitchen & Sons site was being cleared, Lionel Layfield, who had worked at the site for many years undertook several pictorial perimeter surveys. These photos were taken July 2014.Series 3 of colour photographs taken by Lionel Layfield again walking around the perimeter of J Kitchen and Sons during demolition (later than series 2) . In particular the photographs show the weighbridge, as it was still functioning for the demolition trucks. Details of the interior refer to the weighbridge scales, security and customs associated functions.industry - manufacturing, built environment - industrial, transport - motor vehicles, j kitchen & sons pty ltd

As the former j Kitchen & Sons site was being cleared, Lionel Layfield, who had worked at the site for many years undertook several pictorial perimeter surveys. These photos were taken July 2014.Series 4 of colour photographs taken by Lionel Layfield again walking around the perimeter of J Kitchen and Sons during demolition (later than series 3) .industry - manufacturing, built environment - industrial, demolitions, j kitchen & sons pty ltd

Gives four reasons why the introduction of creative design was a "dismal failure", ranging from conservative department store buyers to an unsupportive government. (It is not clear if this is Boyd's view or that of Alcorso, the managing director of a textile company.)Typewritten (c copy), quarto, 1 pagemodern design, textiles, robin boyd, manuscript

A uniform code of signals for working winches in mines was established in 1887. Signs displaying the signals had to be placed in clear view of the engine driver and at each level of the mine. The signals were various numbers of bells.A metal sign with a black background and red and white printing. There three sections, the top one is white text, Signals for Winding, numbered 1 to 10 and 15 down the sign, with instructions next to each number. The next section is red text, Firing Signals, with two lines numbers and writing. The third section is white text, Interplat Signals with signals to raise or lower cage to various levels.code of signals, underground minning

"The Association was officially launched in November 1967 with the aim of preserving and maintaining good relations and understanding within the cattle industry and between that industry and all bodies and organisations with which the industry is associated in the spheres of Government, and land use and marketing." (ref Mountain Cattlemen's Association web-site) Since 1972, the Mountain Cattlemen’s Association of Victoria, have produced a journal, “The Voice of the Mountains”. This journal commemorates the activities and history of the previous twelve months and bygone years of cattlemen and their families. This item was used in the library of Orbost Secondary College. The journals form a part of Victoria’s history and are a useful research tool.A 56 pp book covered in clear contact. On the front cover is a photograph of mountain cattlemen before the start of the 1st Annual Cattlemen's Cup.. It is titled :"Voice of the Mountains, Journal of the Mountain District Cattlemen's Association of Victoria, 1983-84 Edition no 8" and is priced at $3.00.journal-voice-of-the-mountains cattle-industry cattlemen-history

"The Association was officially launched in November 1967 with the aim of preserving and maintaining good relations and understanding within the cattle industry and between that industry and all bodies and organisations with which the industry is associated in the spheres of Government, and land use and marketing." (ref Mountain Cattlemen's Association web-site) Since 1972, the Mountain Cattlemen’s Association of Victoria, have produced a journal, “The Voice of the Mountains”. This journal commemorates the activities and history of the previous twelve months and bygone years of cattlemen and their families. This item was used in the library of Orbost Secondary College. The journals form a part of Victoria’s history and are a useful research tool.A 56 pp book covered in clear contact. On the front cover is a print of an engraving of "Mustering cattle on the Bogong High Plains - a rough customer" . It is titled :"Voice of the Mountains, Journal of the Mountain District Cattlemen's Association of Victoria Inc. , October 1989 No 12" and is priced at $4.50.journal-voice-of-the-mountains cattle-industry-cattlemen-history

In the beginning of the19th century, the main mode of transportation was the horse and carriage. Even after the advent of the railway, remote areas still relied on the horse for local transport.Until Australian coachbuilders began making buggies from the 1860s, most were made in America Buggies with four wheels were light but comfortable. Many had hoods to keep the sun and rain off passengers. They were generally owned by doctors, ‘squatters’ and business people. Some had small turn-out seats at the back for children. Lamps are placed at different places on the carriage sides: 1 lamp on each side placed close to box seatThese lanterns are examples of lighting devices used in the time of horse and carriage transport.Two kerosene lanterns - buggy lamps.They are rectangular in shape and have a chimney on top. Both have carrying handles.There are 3 glass windows having two clear white lights and one small red round light on the back. The ceramic burner is made by Barton's.On ceramic wick holder - B in the middle of BARTONS B Underneath is TRADE MARK lighting kerosene-lights buggy-lamps transport lanterns

This bottle was used in the pharmacy of R. F. Kennedy of Warrnambool. It has on it the well-known Kennedy symbol of a lighthouse on a rocky cliff on a coastline with ships in the distance. Richard Frank Kennedy (1826-1903) was born in England and came to Warrnambool in the early 1880s. He established a large pharmacy in Timor Street with a retail, wholesale and manufacturing business. In 1891 he erected a new building which was described as one of the most elegant and best-stocked chemist shops in Victoria. Kennedy was active in Warrnambool community affairs and was a foundation member of the Warrnambool Bowls Club, being its first Vice-President and an early President. The business continued after Kennedy’s death, trading as ‘R.F.Kennedy and Co.’ Richard Frank Kennedy was one of the most significant businessmen in Warrnambool in the late 19th century. The products of his chemist shop and factory were distributed all over Victoria and beyond. This item is a very good example of a Kennedy bottle. This is a small clear glass bottle used in the pharmacy of R.F. Kennedy. It has a rectangular-shaped body with rounded edges, a circular-shaped neck and a circular top moulded over the neck. There is no stopper. The name and logo of the chemist are embossed on the side of the bottle and the name of the maker is on the base. ‘R.F. Kennedy Chemist Warrnambool’ ‘W.T & Co. U.S.A.’ ‘Pat. Dec. 11 1894’ r.f. kennedy, warrnambool chemist, chemists in warrnambool, history of warrnambool

1. Photos cover features and events in the Kiewa Valley especially Mt Beauty. 2. Business 'Mt Beauty Homestay' 1990s to 2020 operated for 25 years iDon Pollock lived in the Kiewa Valley and ran a business for 25 years. Mt Beauty Homestays invited overseas students to live in their home, experience life in rural Victoria and to improve their English speaking skills. 1. Grey covered photo album holding 2 or 3 prints on each of 50 pages with clear vinyl pockets. The album is bound by a gold spiral ring. 2. DVD - Title 'Mt Beauty Homestay" on front cover and on the back 'Verbatim' on blue background. 1. First page only 'Ryder's Lane' 2. With title - Donor: Don Pollockkiewa valley, mt beauty homestays, don pollock, mt beauty

This book tells the story of the Tinker family from their origins in England in 1833 to the present time in Warrnambool and Victoria up to the present time. It contains a number of photographs, certificates and letters which relate to the family in particular a Royal Humane society award to Leslie Arthur Tinker for assisting passengers on the boat Nestor in 1921. A detailed history of a family with many local connections.Dark blue spiral bound booklet with two photographs one of the Uffington White horse and the other of Stonehenge, on front cover with black text in the centre. Pages are not numbered but approximately 100 A4 size. Plastic binding with clear plastic sheet over front cover.Tinker Nestor Ogle, O’Brien, Roach, Amor, Stone, McTaggart, McKay,, Lovell, Moore.warrnambool, tinker , nestor, hopkins river, 1921

These tacks, made in U.S.A., would have been used in carpentry and small building processes and would most likely have been for household use. In many cases they have been replaced by clips and adhesive materials but are still used today. This box of tacks has no known local provenance and is kept for display purposes as an example of a household item from the past.This is a buff-coloured cardboard box containing metal tacks. The box is torn away at the top and has black printing on two sides. The box has been covered with clear cellophane to keep the contents safe. The tacks have a blunt head and taper to a point. They are rusted. ‘When you get a good thing remember where you got it’ ‘This trade mark is your protection. It guarantees the greatest quantity of quality at the price. Atlas Tack Corporation. Fairhaven Mass. St. Louis Mo.’ household items, history of warrnambool

Items in collection of K W Peatling. Refer Cat No. 5140.2. Box 173 for service details. Water bag holds the equivalent of 3 bottles.1. Clear rubber bladder with screw neck spot for filling, with green plastic cap. 2. Camouflage, plastic pouch for water bladder, webbing straps on back with black plastic buckle, metal press stud for closure on front, 3 eyelets in bottom on pouch.1. AGM M#G Co 1971 ^ 8465 66 024-4020equipment, army, water bag

Coloured picture of red poppies with fields, trees & sky in background. A slouch hat with Rising Sun badge is with the poppies at the bottom centre. Poster is covered in clear plastic & has a brown border & is mounted on chipboard with black border. Short white hanging strap at back.Emblem at top centre: “THEIR SERVICE OUR HERITAGE” Printed at bottom centre: “On the 11th of November pause at 11..... to remember the fallen”poster, remembrance day

Text is in diary form covering the Author's time spent as a war correspondent in the South West Pacific area during WWII. Diary dates from 23.1.1942 - 23.1.1943.Book, hard cover with yellow buckram. Title & Author's name in black lettering. Title page has been removed from book & glued to front cover. Book is covered in clear plastic. Black & white photographic illustrations, 260 pages with cut edges.On 1st page in pencil: “3/6”books, new guinea, 1943

Item issued to Robert George Bennetts. Refer 560.3 for service history.Peaked cap, blue with RAAF brass cap badge. Size 6 7/8. Black outer headband, narrow black plastic front strap secured with small brass buttons at either end. Tan inner headband with clear plastic top lining.Marked inside:"MTX size 6 7/8 A↑F Made in Australia 36088 RAAF Bennetts"raaf, headwear, peak caps