Photocopied Shire of Croydon council rates records showing owners, acreages, valuations and rates payable for properties in Grandview Grove Warranwood over financial years 1963/64 to 1966/67. With amalgamation of Croydon and Ringwood councils to form Maroondah City Council in 1970s, Grandview Grove was renamed to Bemboka Road Warranwood (western side) and Bemboka Road Croydon Hills (eastern side). Property owners and occupiers include Alexander George Ashmore and Ruby May Ashmore Dulcie Ellen Mau and Darcy Mau Francesco Mirabella. Graham Brooke and Joyce Brooke Theodorous Hendricus Wysman. Wesley Horace Blackmore and Doreen Isobel Blackmore Lucy Elaine Winter Lenos Leslie Hanscombe William Ray Crossman and Marjorie Edith Crossman Edward Martin Grose David Roger Allan and Emily Helen Allan Lavinia Maud Stewart and Frederick William Stewart Kevin Collins Alexander William Brown. Oliver Burgess Evelyn Goudie Philip George Morris and Vera Doris Morris Ellen Margeret Dalgleish. Donald Charles Anderson and Margaret Anne Anderson Christopher Simmonds and Pam Edith Simmonds. Dennis Bernard Griggs and Julianne Roma Griggs Emmanuel John Poulianakis and Georgette Poulianakis Michael Webber, Harold Francis Webber and Grace Webber William George Carter Marjorie Eleanor Davies and Lionel Rothery Davies. Leslie James Scouller and Margaret Denise Scouller Adele Mary Young and Kyrie Anthony Young

A light green document titled "Bendigo Teachers' College Graduation Ceremony 1961". The front page also contains a list of the staff working at the college. They are Mr. S. H. Walters (Principal), Miss J. C. Burnett, Mrs. N. F. Fawdry, Mrs. F. M. Petri, Miss R. E. Manlein, Mrs. D.J. Andrew, Mrs. B. F. Hughes, Miss K. Alexander, Mrs. D. M. Philpott, Miss B. H. Cowling, Mrs. A. J. Coleman, Mr. W. D. Kolle, Mr. F. M. Courtis, Mr. D. A. Newbury, Mr. J. H. Masterton, Mr. C. L. Barker, Mr. T. J. McCabe, Mr. F. G. East, Mr. P. F. Fitzpatrick, Mr. D. O'Brien, Mr. W. J. F. Bernoth, Mr. R. L. Strauch, Mr. M. A. James, Mr. R. E. Wittman, Mr. C. F. Houston, Mr. J. R. R. McLeod, Mr. G. G. Woodfield and Mr. K. C. Coles. The inside cover contains the "Significance of the Ceremony" and "Order of the Ceremony". Mr. F. M. Courtis welcomed the visitors and the Principal read the College Charge. The 'Graduation Book' was presented to Mr. A. L. Harris, Inspector of Schools, by Miss J. C. Burnett. Mr. C. L. Barker presented the 1960-1961 T.P.T.C. graduates to the Principal and Mrs. N. F. Fawdry presented the 1959-1961 T.I.T.C. graduates. Congratulations were offered by the Mayor of Bendigo Cr. F. W. Clayton, J.P. the President of Strathfieldsaye Shire, Cr. G.T. Gleeson and Mr. C. Campbell Head Teacher and Golden Square State School. The Occasional address was presented by Mr. E.C. Kreiger the Assistant Chief Inspector of Primary Schools. The following page contains a list of "Students of 1959-1961 Trained Infant Teacher's Certificate" - Bronwyn Mary Anthony, Helen Rose Argall, Betty Gay Ashby, Edna Rose Attewell, Barbara Christine Bailey, Barbara Isabelle Banfield, Cathleen Mary Banko, Kathleen Margaret Beard, Barbara Anne Beck, Mavis Lynette Brock, Cecily Joan Callister, Kathleen Mary Comer, Alison Jane Currie, Nola Curtis, Margaret Ellen Dowd, Jenifer Lorraine Every, Margaret Jane Ewing, Marie Therese Farrell, Linsey Jean Ferguson, Margaret Esther Fisher, Jean Margaret Fraser, Margaret Ruth Hallett, Elsie Frances Hamilton, Janice Ann Hutchinson, Judith Anne Knopp, Jennifer Mary Ruth Layton, Evelyn Jeanette McKean, Pamela Margaret McMahon, Astrid Norma Magnusson, Jennifer Ann Major, Elaine Joy Maple, Margaret Mary Morrow, Maureen Agnes O'Brien, Geraldine Anne O'Connor, Wendy Nanette O'Neill, Pamela Elsie Parker, Margaret Parslow, Lynette Margaret Pearce, Diane Olive Pell, Gladys Pope, Denise Helen Margaret Potter, Yvonne Joy Puckey, Georgina Mary Rodda, Margaret Agnes Schmidt, Barbara Marion Dorothy Stanton, Rosemary-ann Tipple, Penelope Ann Wallace and Nola Vivienne Williamson. A copy of "Goethe's Nine Essentials for Contented Living" followed this list of students. The back page has a list of the "Students of 1960-1961 Trained Primary Teacher's Certificate" - Ian Roy Aitken, Laurence James Aitken, Daryl Lewis Allemand, Raymond Thomas Arthur, Allan John Attwood, Peter Donald Bavinton, Graham John Bayles, Barry John Cameron, Margaret Suesan Chapman, Elizabeth Rae Clark, Kenneth Clarence Collins, Gavin Ernest Collinson, Terrance Richard Cook, Alan James Daniel, Peter Charles Derrick, Retford John Reuben Dettmann, John William Dicker, Judith Margaret Edwards, Donald Bertram Elshaug, David Forrester, Rodney Robert Foy, Clare Denise Frigerio, Colin David Gaylard, Barry Alexander Gemmell, Anne Isobel Godward, Peter Rodney Goode, John Jefferson Goold, John James Goonan, Ann Merilyn Hamilton, Thelma Grace Hartland, Jennifer Iris Hartvigsen, Bernice Joy Holland, Christopher John Hunt, Marjorie Catherine Iddles, Colin James Jenkins, Darryl Allan Jobling, Marcia Lillette Johnson, Albert Jordon, Janet Laurel Kennedy, John Joseph Kennedy, Malcolm James Kennedy, Frances Marjorie Leach, John Edward Lewis, Ivan James McCarrey, Kerry Francis McCartney, Graeme John McKean, Ian Hamilton McLean, David George Martin, John Russell Meers, Elizabeth Carolyn Miller, Ian Malcolm Morley, Campbell Frederick Muller, Noni Clare Murphy, Patricia Marie Murphy, Anne Mustey, Pauline Elizabeth Norman, Janice Anne North, Joan Margaret O'Callaghan, Margaret Mary O'Connor, William James Ovenden, Gordon Richard Patterson, Lawrence George Pattinson, Marcia Nancy Penrose, Judith Elaine Plant, Peter Alwyn Neville Aloysius Pritchard, Janice Yvonne Reid, David Barry Richards, William Clifford Richards, Geoffrey Roy Rodwell, Glenese Theresa Shanahan, Elizabeth Mary Shaw, Ian Russell Stapleton, Beverley Adeline Stevenson, Ronald John Stone, Nicholas Henry Sulinski, Daryl John Tatt, Brendan Joseph Tinkler, Roy Hamilton Trimble, Kenneth Graham Utber, Beverley June Vickers, Melva Elaine Vinnicombe, John Cornforth Waldron, Bruce Henry Walker, Frederick Robert Weight, Norman James West, Geoffrey Arthur Wigg, Lynette Patricia Wilkinson, Valiant Roy Wojtkiw, Janice Rae Woodcock, Peter Joseph Woods, Aleathea Nola Wootton and Susanne Katherine Yeamanbendigo, education, bendigo teachers' college graduatio, la trobe university bendigo collection, collection, bendigo teachers' college, bendigo, education, teaching, teachers, students, bendigo teachers' college students, bendigo teachers' college staff, tertiary education, history, graduates, graduands, book, teacher training, graduation ceremony

Annual report providing overview of activities and achievements including: incorporating Hear A Book and Seeing Eye Dogs Australia, partnering with ABC Commercial to expand the availability of audio titles, new facilities in Orange and Cairns, launch of Graduate Certificate in O&M courses, decision to sell St Kilda Road, Burwood School and Enterprises building in Prahran and redevelopment of the sensory playroom in Enfield.1 volume with illustrations providing overview of organisational achievementsjean mcnamara, donald fraser, lyn allison, leigh garwood, julie rae, glenda alexander, maryanne diamond, rochelle hutson, chris cussen, roger cussen, cathy heenan, barbara smith, chris edwards, lara giddings, jacob law, vanessa clayton, cecily barker, mark pelgrave, alan nemth, cooper hallcroft, aaron hallcroft, roslyn atkinson, kate law, daniela zebic, dame elisabeth murdoch, adrian smith, peggy soo, governor general michael jeffrey, natalija lambert, meri-jace lamber, maurice gleeson, mark walters, renae williamson, penny stevenson, kenny johar, alex turner, emily ryan, morgan jenkins, michael todorovic, graham rawlins, bill shorten, bruce scotland, reg hinsley, june combey, marian jones, tammy-jo sheenan, david truong, trish anderson, richard carbone, rafe manuell, corporation records, vision australia, gerard menses, kevin murfitt, christine harding, greg hempenstall, michael simpson, trish egan, tim evans, paul bunker, jennifer gibbons, owen van der wall, keith barton, paul gleeson, ross mccoll, theresa smith-ruig, jan lovie-kitchin, tony hanmer, nick carter, david speyer, ron mccallum, anthony callea

Memorial plaque created (2006) and mounted on a rock in conjunction with planting of a pine tree from the Lone Pine of Gallpoli. The Lone Pine (Descendant of the original tree from Gallipoli) Donated and planted by Betty Wickham 11/11/2005 In memory of those Shire of Eltham enlistees in the 1914-1918 war who lie in the cemeteries in Gallipoli Herberet Joseph Atkins (Queenstown) Frederick Carpenter (Queenstown) Geoffrey Treacher Grant (Eltham) Arthur George Hunt (Steels Creek) Alexander John McLeod (Yarra Glen) James Pryor (Eltham) Donald Robert Shillito (Yarra Glen) George Davidson Sommerville (Eltham) George Weir (Queenstown) John Valentine Wilson (Christmas Hills) Lest We Forgetshire of eltham memorial park, kangaroo ground, alexander john mcleod, arthur george hunt, christmas hills, donald robert shillito, eltham, frederick carpenter, geoffrey treacher grant, george davidson sommerville, george weir, herberet joseph atkins, james pryor, john valentine wilson, memorials, queenstown, steels creek, the lone pine, yarra glen

Memorial plaque created (2006) and mounted on a rock in conjunction with planting of a pine tree from the Lone Pine of Gallpoli. The Lone Pine (Descendant of the original tree from Gallipoli) Donated and planted by Betty Wickham 11/11/2005 In memory of those Shire of Eltham enlistees in the 1914-1918 war who lie in the cemeteries in Gallipoli Herberet Joseph Atkins (Queenstown) Frederick Carpenter (Queenstown) Geoffrey Treacher Grant (Eltham) Arthur George Hunt (Steels Creek) Alexander John McLeod (Yarra Glen) James Pryor (Eltham) Donald Robert Shillito (Yarra Glen) George Davidson Sommerville (Eltham) George Weir (Queenstown) John Valentine Wilson (Christmas Hills) Lest We Forgetshire of eltham memorial park, kangaroo ground, alexander john mcleod, arthur george hunt, christmas hills, donald robert shillito, eltham, frederick carpenter, geoffrey treacher grant, george davidson sommerville, george weir, herberet joseph atkins, james pryor, john valentine wilson, memorials, queenstown, steels creek, the lone pine, yarra glen

Memorial plaque created (2006) and mounted on a rock in conjunction with planting of a pine tree from the Lone Pine of Gallpoli. The Lone Pine (Descendant of the original tree from Gallipoli) Donated and planted by Betty Wickham 11/11/2005 In memory of those Shire of Eltham enlistees in the 1914-1918 war who lie in the cemeteries in Gallipoli Herberet Joseph Atkins (Queenstown) Frederick Carpenter (Queenstown) Geoffrey Treacher Grant (Eltham) Arthur George Hunt (Steels Creek) Alexander John McLeod (Yarra Glen) James Pryor (Eltham) Donald Robert Shillito (Yarra Glen) George Davidson Sommerville (Eltham) George Weir (Queenstown) John Valentine Wilson (Christmas Hills) Lest We Forgetshire of eltham memorial park, kangaroo ground, alexander john mcleod, arthur george hunt, christmas hills, donald robert shillito, eltham, frederick carpenter, geoffrey treacher grant, george davidson sommerville, george weir, herberet joseph atkins, james pryor, john valentine wilson, memorials, queenstown, steels creek, the lone pine, yarra glen

The artefact is the lower portion of a rectangular shanked ‘planking nail’ with a straight-edged ‘flat point’. The distinctive ‘point’ of a planking/skirting nail was designed to be driven into timber across the grain in order to prevent the wood from splitting. This relic is from the shipwreck of the SCHOMBERG, which ran aground near Peterborough in 1855. It was retrieved in 1875 from a large section of the ship’s bow which had been carried by ocean currents to the western coast of New Zealand’s South Island. The nail is still fixed in a fragment of the original timber that it secured in the SCHOMBERG. The top portion, or ‘head’ of the nail, has corroded away but the pronounced rectangular shank and its flat point indicate its likely purpose and position on the vessel. Most fastenings used in sailing ship construction were either wooden treenails or copper bolts, which were relatively resistant to seawater corrosion. In addition, the preferred hull-frame timber of British Oak has a high content of gallic acid which rapidly corrodes unprotected iron work. The ferrous composition of this planking nail suggests it came from an internal and upper portion of the ship’s bow (protected from exposure to the sea or oak). According to an 1855 edition of the Aberdeen Journal, the five outer layers, or ‘skins’, of the SCHOMBERG’s pine hull were “combined by means of patent screw treenails”. However the “beams of her two upper decks” were of “malleable iron”, and “part of the forecastle” was “fitted for the accommodation of the crew”. It is therefore possible that iron nails of this description were used by the ship’s builders to secure floor and wall planks in enclosed areas of the crew’s quarters. (The same reasoning would apply to officer and passenger accommodation amidships and at the stern of the vessel, but it was the bow that floated to New.Zealand.) The SCHOMBERG was a 2,000 ton clipper ship, specifically designed for the Australian immigration trade (back-loading wool for Britain’s mills), and constructed in Hall’s shipyard in Aberdeen, Scotland. She was owned by the Black Ball Line and launched in 1855. Alexander Hall & Son were renowned builders of sleek and fast 1,000 ton clippers for the China trade (opium in, tea out) and were keen to show they could also outclass the big North American ships built by Donald Mackay. Consequently the SCHOMBERG was ‘overbuilt’. Her hull featured five ‘skins’ of Scotch Larch and Pitch Pine overlaying each other in a diagonal pattern against a stout frame of British Oak. Oak has been favoured by builders of wooden ships for centuries. Its close, dense grain made it harder to work, but also gave it great strength and durability. In addition, the lateral spread of its branches supplied a natural curvature for the ribs of a vessel’s hull, as well as providing the small corner or curved pieces (‘knees’ and ‘elbows’) that fit them together. At the launch the SCHOMBERG’s 34 year old master, Captain ‘Bully’ Forbes, had promised Melbourne in 60 days, "with or without the help of God." James Nicol Forbes was born in Aberdeen in 1821 and rose to fame with his record-breaking voyages on the famous Black Ball Line ships; MARCO POLO and LIGHTNING. In 1852 in the MARCO POLO he made the record passage from London to Melbourne in 68 days. There were 53 deaths on the voyage but the great news was of the record passage by the master. In 1954 Captain Forbes took the clipper LIGHTNING to Melbourne in 76 days and back in 63 days, this was never beaten by a sailing ship. He often drove his crew and ship to breaking point to beat his own records. He cared little for the comfort of the passengers. On this, the SCHOMBERG’s maiden voyage, he was going to break records. SCHOMBERG departed Liverpool on her maiden voyage on 6 October 1855 flying the sign “Sixty Days to Melbourne”. She departed with 430 passengers and 3000 tons cargo including iron rails and equipment intended to build the Melbourne to Geelong Railway and a bridge over the Yarra from Melbourne to Hawthorn. She also carried a cow for fresh milk, pens for fowls and pigs, 90,000 gallons of water for washing and drinking. It also carried 17,000 letters and 31,800 newspapers. The ship and cargo was insured for $300,000, a fortune for the time. The winds were poor as she sailed across the equator, slowing SCHOMBERG’s journey considerably. Land was first sighted on Christmas Day, at Cape Bridgewater near Portland, and Captain Forbes followed the coastline towards Melbourne. Forbes was said to be playing cards when called by the Third Mate Henry Keen, who reported land about 3 miles off, Due in large part to the captain's regarding a card game as more important than his ship, it eventually ran aground on a sand spit near Curdie's Inlet (about 56 km west of Cape Otway) on 26 December 1855, 78 days after leaving Liverpool. The sand spit and the currents were not marked on Forbes’s map. Overnight, the crew launched a lifeboat to find a safe place to land the ship’s passengers. The scouting party returned to SCHOMBERG and advised Forbes that it was best to wait until morning because the rough seas could easily overturn the small lifeboats. The ship’s Chief Officer spotted SS QUEEN at dawn and signalled the steamer. The master of the SS QUEEN approached the stranded vessel and all of SCHOMBERG’s passengers and crew were able to disembark safely. The SCHOMBERG was lost and with her, Forbes’ reputation. The Black Ball Line’s Melbourne agent sent a steamer to retrieve the passengers’ baggage from the SCHOMBERG. Other steamers helped unload her cargo until the weather changed and prevented the salvage teams from accessing the ship. Later one plunderer found a case of Wellington boots, but alas, all were for the left foot! Local merchants Manifold & Bostock bought the wreck and cargo, but did not attempt to salvage the cargo still on board the ship. They eventually sold it on to a Melbourne businessman and two seafarers. In 1864 after two of the men drowned when they tried to reach SCHOMBERG, salvage efforts were abandoned. Parts of the SCHOMBERG were washed ashore on the south island of New Zealand in 1870, nearly 15 years after the wreck. The wreck now lies in almost 9 metres of water. Although the woodwork is mostly disintegrated the shape of the ship can still be seen due to the remaining railway irons, girders and the ship’s frame. A variety of goods and materials can be seen scattered about nearby. Flagstaff Hill holds many items salvaged from the SCHOMBERG including a ciborium (in which a diamond ring was concealed), communion set, ship fittings and equipment, personal effects, a lithograph, tickets and photograph from the SCHOMBERG. One of the SCHOMBERG bells is in the Warrnambool Library. This nail is a registered artefact from the wreck of the SCHOMBERG, Artefact Reg No S/35 and is significant because of its association with the SCHOMBERG. The SCHOMBERG collection as a whole is of historical and archaeological significance at a State level, listed on the Victorian Heritage Register VHR S612. Flagstaff Hill’s collection of artefacts from the SCHOMBERG is significant for its association with the Victorian Heritage Registered shipwreck. The collection is primarily significant because of the relationship between the objects, as together they have a high potential to interpret the story of the SCHOMBERG. The SCHOMBERG collection is archaeologically significant as the remains of an international passenger ship. The shipwreck collection is historically significant for representing aspects of Victoria’s shipping history and its potential to interpret sub-theme 1.5 of Victoria’s Framework of Historical Themes (living with natural processes). The collection is also historically significant for its association with the shipwreck and the ship, which was designed to be fastest and most luxurious of its day. The SCHOMBERG collection meets the following criteria for assessment: Criterion A: Importance to the course, or pattern, of Victoria’s cultural history. Criterion B: Possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Victoria’s cultural history. Criterion C: Potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Victoria’s cultural history. The object is the bottom end of a slightly curved iron planking nail with remnant of timber still attached, recovered from the wreck of the SCHOMBERG (1855). The shank of the nail is rectangular and it narrows to a flat (chisel like) ‘point’. The ‘head’ is missing although there is a quantity of dark red corrosion within the top of the surrounding wood, suggesting where it might have been. The artefact is from the wreck of the SCHOMBERG (1855) and was retrieved from part of the ship’s bow which was carried by sea currents to the South Island of New Zealand. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, schomberg, planking nail, rectangular ship’s nail, cast iron nail

The object is a mass of small shipwreck debris that has been concreted together by sediment and marine growth. It was retrieved from the wreck-site of the SCHOMBERG, which ran aground near the mouth of the Curdies River near Peterborough in 1855. The conglomerate of preserved wood impressions, rusted metal pieces, a small square of copper alloy, and black glass-like stones, presents too disjointed a collection to provide information on their purpose or function on the ship. The natural and gradual process of limestone accretion is a significant feature of the wreck-site, which was rediscovered by fishermen and skindivers in 1973. In his book “Exploring Shipwrecks of Western Victoria”, experienced diver and former director at Flagstaff Hill, Peter Ronald writes that the SCHOMBERG’s “triple layered wooden hull has disintegrated almost without trace…The turbulent shallow waters have promoted particularly heavy marine growth which tend to disguise the wreckage…the most prominent feature being a corroded mass of railway iron…Close inspection reveals small artefacts firmly embedded in the marine concretion which…is quite literally as hard as iron”. The huge oblong mass of concretion that now distinguishes the site covers the remains of this heavy cargo. A contemporary account of the SCHOMBERG’s fate (told by two of her passengers to the Melbourne Argus) alleges the ship “was overloaded, drawing over 25 feet when she left, and the cargo was chiefly iron and plant for the Geelong Railway”. The SCHOMBERG was a 2,000 ton clipper ship, specifically designed for the Australian immigration trade (back-loading wool for Britain’s mills), and constructed in Hall’s shipyard in Aberdeen, Scotland. She was owned by the Black Ball Line and launched in 1855. Alexander Hall & Son were renowned builders of sleek and fast 1,000 ton clippers for the China trade (opium in, tea out) and were keen to show they could also outclass the big North American ships built by Donald Mackay. Consequently the SCHOMBERG was ‘overbuilt’. Her hull featured five ‘skins’ of Scotch Larch and Pitch Pine overlaying each other in a diagonal pattern against a stout frame of British Oak. Oak has been favoured by builders of wooden ships for centuries. Its close, dense grain made it harder to work, but also gave it great strength and durability. In addition, the lateral spread of its branches supplied a natural curvature for the ribs of a vessel’s hull, as well as providing the small corner or curved pieces (‘knees’ and ‘elbows’) that fit them together. The shape and texture of this wood sample suggests a dense hardwood like Oak. The timber has been cut off at one end since its recovery from the sea, exposing a smooth and almost shiny surface. Seasoned English Oak has a similar light brown colour and tight grained finish. At the launch the SCHOMBERG’s 34 year old master, Captain ‘Bully’ Forbes, had promised Melbourne in 60 days, "with or without the help of God." James Nicol Forbes was born in Aberdeen in 1821 and rose to fame with his record-breaking voyages on the famous Black Ball Line ships; MARCO POLO and LIGHTNING. In 1852 in the MARCO POLO he made the record passage from London to Melbourne in 68 days. There were 53 deaths on the voyage but the great news was of the record passage by the master. In 1954 Captain Forbes took the clipper LIGHTNING to Melbourne in 76 days and back in 63 days, this was never beaten by a sailing ship. He often drove his crew and ship to breaking point to beat his own records. He cared little for the comfort of the passengers. On this, the SCHOMBERG’s maiden voyage, he was going to break records. SCHOMBERG departed Liverpool on her maiden voyage on 6 October 1855 flying the sign “Sixty Days to Melbourne”. She departed with 430 passengers and 3000 tons cargo including iron rails and equipment intended to build the Melbourne to Geelong Railway and a bridge over the Yarra from Melbourne to Hawthorn. She also carried a cow for fresh milk, pens for fowls and pigs, 90,000 gallons of water for washing and drinking. It also carried 17,000 letters and 31,800 newspapers. The ship and cargo was insured for $300,000, a fortune for the time. The winds were poor as she sailed across the equator, slowing SCHOMBERG’s journey considerably. Land was first sighted on Christmas Day, at Cape Bridgewater near Portland, and Captain Forbes followed the coastline towards Melbourne. Forbes was said to be playing cards when called by the Third Mate Henry Keen, who reported land about 3 miles off, Due in large part to the captain's regarding a card game as more important than his ship, it eventually ran aground on a sand spit near Curdie's Inlet (about 56 km west of Cape Otway) on 26 December 1855, 78 days after leaving Liverpool. The sand spit and the currents were not marked on Forbes’s map. Overnight, the crew launched a lifeboat to find a safe place to land the ship’s passengers. The scouting party returned to SCHOMBERG and advised Forbes that it was best to wait until morning because the rough seas could easily overturn the small lifeboats. The ship’s Chief Officer spotted SS QUEEN at dawn and signalled the steamer. The master of the SS QUEEN approached the stranded vessel and all of SCHOMBERG’s passengers and crew were able to disembark safely. The SCHOMBERG was lost and with her, Forbes’ reputation. The Black Ball Line’s Melbourne agent sent a steamer to retrieve the passengers’ baggage from the SCHOMBERG. Other steamers helped unload her cargo until the weather changed and prevented the salvage teams from accessing the ship. Later one plunderer found a case of Wellington boots, but alas, all were for the left foot! Local merchants Manifold & Bostock bought the wreck and cargo, but did not attempt to salvage the cargo still on board the ship. They eventually sold it on to a Melbourne businessman and two seafarers. In 1864 after two of the men drowned when they tried to reach SCHOMBERG, salvage efforts were abandoned. Parts of the SCHOMBERG were washed ashore on the south island of New Zealand in 1870, nearly 15 years after the wreck. The wreck now lies in almost 9 metres of water. Although the woodwork is mostly disintegrated the shape of the ship can still be seen due to the remaining railway irons, girders and the ship’s frame. A variety of goods and materials can be seen scattered about nearby. Flagstaff Hill holds many items salvaged from the SCHOMBERG including a ciborium (in which a diamond ring was concealed), communion set, ship fittings and equipment, personal effects, a lithograph, tickets and photograph from the SCHOMBERG. One of the SCHOMBERG bells is in the Warrnambool Library. This object is listed on the Shipwreck Artefact Register, No S/49, and is significant because of its association with the ship SCHOMBERG. The SCHOMBERG collection as a whole is of historical and archaeological significance at a State level, listed on the Victorian Heritage Register VHR S612. Flagstaff Hill’s collection of artefacts from the SCHOMBERG is significant for its association with the Victorian Heritage Registered shipwreck. The collection is primarily significant because of the relationship between the objects, as together they have a high potential to interpret the story of the SCHOMBERG. The SCHOMBERG collection is archaeologically significant as the remains of an international passenger ship. The shipwreck collection is historically significant for representing aspects of Victoria’s shipping history and its potential to interpret sub-theme 1.5 of Victoria’s Framework of Historical Themes (living with natural processes). The collection is also historically significant for its association with the shipwreck and the ship, which was designed to be fastest and most luxurious of its day. The SCHOMBERG collection meets the following criteria for assessment: Criterion A: Importance to the course, or pattern, of Victoria’s cultural history. Criterion B: Possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Victoria’s cultural history. Criterion C: Potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Victoria’s cultural history. The object is an aggregate of limestone sediment that formed at the wreck-site of the SCHOMBERG (1855). It is an irregularly shaped conglomerate of sand, shell-grit and marine worm casings from the ocean floor, but also incorporates an assortment of manufactured metal pieces and pipe fittings (corroded with red rust), a small rectangular piece of copper sheet, some ‘petrified’ wood remains (hardened and a soft brown colour), and pieces of black shiny stone (roughly cube shaped and possibly glass or porcelain remnants). There is an impression left in the stone of a joist or plank end but the original timber that the sediment formed around has since been dispersed by the sea.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, schomberg, shipwreck timber, alexander hall and son, shipwreck debris, black ball line, 1855 shipwreck, aberdeen clipper ship, captain forbes, peterborough shipwreck, ss queen

The artefact is a piece of ship’s timber from the wreck-site of the SCHOMBERG, a vessel which collided with the Peterborough reef on her maiden voyage in December 1855. This small wooden remnant of the disaster has been concreted on one side by the accrual of marine sediment while submerged. The build-up of sediment over the remains of the vessel is typical of the site as a whole. This artefact illustrates the reclaiming power of the ocean and the gradual disappearance of timber constructed vessels that have come to grief along this coastline (for example, the THISTLE in 1837, and the CHILDREN in 1838). The SCHOMBERG was a 2,000 ton clipper ship, specifically designed for the Australian immigration trade (back-loading wool for Britain’s mills), and constructed in Hall’s shipyard in Aberdeen, Scotland. She was owned by the Black Ball Line and launched in 1855. Alexander Hall & Son were renowned builders of sleek and fast 1,000 ton clippers for the China trade (opium in, tea out) and were keen to show they could also outclass the big North American ships built by Donald Mackay. Consequently the SCHOMBERG was ‘overbuilt’. Her hull featured five ‘skins’ of Scotch Larch and Pitch Pine overlaying each other in a diagonal pattern against a stout frame of British Oak. Oak has been favoured by builders of wooden ships for centuries. Its close, dense grain made it harder to work, but also gave it great strength and durability. In addition, the lateral spread of its branches supplied a natural curvature for the ribs of a vessel’s hull, as well as providing the small corner or curved pieces (‘knees’ and ‘elbows’) that fit them together. The shape and texture of this wood sample suggests a dense hardwood like Oak. The timber has been cut off at one end since its recovery from the sea, exposing a smooth and almost shiny surface. Seasoned English Oak has a similar light brown colour and tight grained finish. At the launch the SCHOMBERG’s 34 year old master, Captain ‘Bully’ Forbes, had promised Melbourne in 60 days, "with or without the help of God." James Nicol Forbes was born in Aberdeen in 1821 and rose to fame with his record-breaking voyages on the famous Black Ball Line ships; MARCO POLO and LIGHTNING. In 1852 in the MARCO POLO he made the record passage from London to Melbourne in 68 days. There were 53 deaths on the voyage but the great news was of the record passage by the master. In 1954 Captain Forbes took the clipper LIGHTNING to Melbourne in 76 days and back in 63 days, this was never beaten by a sailing ship. He often drove his crew and ship to breaking point to beat his own records. He cared little for the comfort of the passengers. On this, the SCHOMBERG’s maiden voyage, he was going to break records. SCHOMBERG departed Liverpool on her maiden voyage on 6 October 1855 flying the sign “Sixty Days to Melbourne”. She departed with 430 passengers and 3000 tons cargo including iron rails and equipment intended to build the Melbourne to Geelong Railway and a bridge over the Yarra from Melbourne to Hawthorn. She also carried a cow for fresh milk, pens for fowls and pigs, 90,000 gallons of water for washing and drinking. It also carried 17,000 letters and 31,800 newspapers. The ship and cargo was insured for $300,000, a fortune for the time. The winds were poor as she sailed across the equator, slowing SCHOMBERG’s journey considerably. Land was first sighted on Christmas Day, at Cape Bridgewater near Portland, and Captain Forbes followed the coastline towards Melbourne. Forbes was said to be playing cards when called by the Third Mate Henry Keen, who reported land about 3 miles off, Due in large part to the captain's regarding a card game as more important than his ship, it eventually ran aground on a sand spit near Curdie's Inlet (about 56 km west of Cape Otway) on 26 December 1855, 78 days after leaving Liverpool. The sand spit and the currents were not marked on Forbes’s map. Overnight, the crew launched a lifeboat to find a safe place to land the ship’s passengers. The scouting party returned to SCHOMBERG and advised Forbes that it was best to wait until morning because the rough seas could easily overturn the small lifeboats. The ship’s Chief Officer spotted SS QUEEN at dawn and signalled the steamer. The master of the SS QUEEN approached the stranded vessel and all of SCHOMBERG’s passengers and crew were able to disembark safely. The SCHOMBERG was lost and with her, Forbes’ reputation. The Black Ball Line’s Melbourne agent sent a steamer to retrieve the passengers’ baggage from the SCHOMBERG. Other steamers helped unload her cargo until the weather changed and prevented the salvage teams from accessing the ship. Later one plunderer found a case of Wellington boots, but alas, all were for the left foot! Local merchants Manifold & Bostock bought the wreck and cargo, but did not attempt to salvage the cargo still on board the ship. They eventually sold it on to a Melbourne businessman and two seafarers. In 1864 after two of the men drowned when they tried to reach SCHOMBERG, salvage efforts were abandoned. Parts of the SCHOMBERG were washed ashore on the south island of New Zealand in 1870, nearly 15 years after the wreck. The wreck now lies in almost 9 metres of water. Although the woodwork is mostly disintegrated the shape of the ship can still be seen due to the remaining railway irons, girders and the ship’s frame. A variety of goods and materials can be seen scattered about nearby. Flagstaff Hill holds many items salvaged from the SCHOMBERG including a ciborium (in which a diamond ring was concealed), communion set, ship fittings and equipment, personal effects, a lithograph, tickets and photograph from the SCHOMBERG. One of the SCHOMBERG bells is in the Warrnambool Library. The SCHOMBERG collection as a whole is of historical and archaeological significance at a State level, listed on the Victorian Heritage Register VHR S612. Flagstaff Hill’s collection of artefacts from the SCHOMBERG is significant for its association with the Victorian Heritage Registered shipwreck. The collection is primarily significant because of the relationship between the objects, as together they have a high potential to interpret the story of the SCHOMBERG. The SCHOMBERG collection is archaeologically significant as the remains of an international passenger ship. The shipwreck collection is historically significant for representing aspects of Victoria’s shipping history and its potential to interpret sub-theme 1.5 of Victoria’s Framework of Historical Themes (living with natural processes). The collection is also historically significant for its association with the shipwreck and the ship, which was designed to be fastest and most luxurious of its day. The SCHOMBERG collection meets the following criteria for assessment: Criterion A: Importance to the course, or pattern, of Victoria’s cultural history. Criterion B: Possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Victoria’s cultural history. Criterion C: Potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Victoria’s cultural history. A piece of wood, concreted in sediment, from the wreck of the SCHOMBERG (1855). The limestone accretion includes sand, shell grit and marine worm casings. The exposed surface of the wood is broken and worn smooth along the grain. One end of the timber has been cut or sawn off across the grain, presenting a smooth and shiny surface.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, wood segment, schomberg, shipwreck timber, alexander hall and son, limestone concretion, oak-framed hull