George Reed was a draftsman who lived in Bentleigh , City of Moorabbin in mid 20th C Phrenology is a process that involves observing and/or feeling the skull to determine an individual's psychological attributes. Franz Joseph Gall believed that the brain was made up of 27 individual organs that determined personality, the first 19 of these 'organs' he believed to exist in other animal species. Rev. Brown acknowledges that this printed delineation for self assessment is only approximate and proper analysis would cost time and money for personal consultation.After Charles Darwin, 1809 - 1882, English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. His nonreligious biology appealed to the rising class of professional scientists and the general public. Phrenology became a popular interest.A paper booklet with diagrams, charts and photos explaining Phrenology in 54 pages by Rev. J.J. Brown Coloured front and back covers have a drawing of a model of the human skull divided into 36 sections Front Cover ; SEVENTEENTH EDITION/ PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHRENOLOGICAL / CHART / ( IN BOOK FORM) /BY / REV. J.J. BROWN/ Illustrated with 70 Engravingson Wood by S. Calvertgall franz joseph, phrenology, darwin charles, naturalists, jewellers, ezard & clark company moorabbin, early settlers, moorabbin shire, mechanics institute cheltenham, ormond choral society, postworld war 11 settlers,housing estates moorabbin 1950, bentleigh, ormond, moorabbin, cheltenham, drama societies, musical society cheltenham, clark judy, reed gladys, reed george, draftsman, architect,

For about 40 years the corner of Hargraves and Williamson Streets in Bendigo in rural Victoria had been known for its arresting aroma. From a hole in a window wafted the smell of Gillies Brothers' meat pies.The Gillies window, along with the nearby Shamrock Hotel, ANZ Bank and Post Office, was one of the delights of Bendigo and proof that mass-produced food can still be delicious. Gillies went from strength to strength, surviving listing on the second board and a handover to a younger generation of managers.Gillies had three factories, 10 shops in rural Victoria and Melbourne. Les Gillies, one of three brothers who founded the baking business after the difficult drought years preceding 1950, admits that the company has not always been run along the most modern business methods. Change began with the preparation of a business plan subsidised by the Victorian Department of Industry, Technology and Resources in 1974. Prepared by Cruickshanks, the plan formed the basis of the company's float on the second board. Capital expanded to $4.4 million. In 1988, a second plan was produced by Chris Mason and Associates covering business, marketing, computer utilisation and human resources. This factory for Gillies pies originally opened in the 1950s, but has sadly been closed and abandoned since about 2006.CD Gillies History Photos containig 11 photos of shops, staff and factories in Bendigo.bendigo, business, gillies bros, gillies pies

As per another example in better condition displayed on shelf above Drawers 1+2 in Chemist ' Beechams Pills as sold by the proprietors St.Helens, Lancashire England. Beechams Pills Ltd. Melbourne VIC'. Earliest mention in Victorian Newspapers TROVE : Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), Friday 19 December 1884, page 7 'A WONDERFUL MEDICINE BEECHAMS PILLS Are admitted by thousands to be worth above a guinea a box for bilious and nervous disorders such as wind and pain in tho stomach, sick headache, giddiness, fulness and swelling after meals dizziness and drowsiness, cold chills, flushings of heat, loss of appetite, shortness of breath costiveness, scurvy, blotches on the skin, disturbed sleep, frightful dreams, and all nervous and trembling sensations, &c The first dose will give relief in 20 minutes This is no fiction, for they have done it in thousands of cases. Every sufferer Is earnestly invited to try one box of these pills, and they will be acknowledged to be WORTH A GUINEA A BOX. For females of all ages these pills are invaluable as a few doses of them carry off all humours and bring about all that is required No female should be with-out them There is no medicine to be found to equal Beecham's Pills for removing any obstruction or Irregularity of the system. If taken according to the directions given with each box they will soon restore females of all ages to sound and robust health For a weak stomach, impaired digestion, and all disorders of the liver they act like "Magic, and a few doses will be found to work wonders upon the most important organs of the human machine They strengthen tho whole muscular system, restore the long lost complexion bring back the keen edge of appetite, and arouse into action with the rosebud of health, the whole physical energy of the human frame These are ' facts ' admitted by thousands embracing all classes of society, and one of the best guarantees to the nervous and debilitated Is Beechams Pills have the largest sale of any patent medicine in the world Full directions are given with each box Sold by all druggists and patent medicine dealers throughout the colonies'. Most recent article in Victorian newspapers : TROVE : Wodonga and Towong Sentinel (Vic. : 1885 - 1954), Friday 24 December 1954, page 1. 'MUM KNOWS BEST SHE KEEPS THE FAMILY FIT WITH BEECHAM'S PILLS SAFE because Beecham's Pills contain no harmful habit-forming drugs-they are a purely vegetable laxative. Pills balanced formula gives natural laxative action without harsh purgative effects banishes constipation. MOTHERS know how to keep growing children in their teens fit and happy-with Beecham' s Pill, the family laxative. TAKE Beecham's Pills WORTH A GUINEA A BOX'. Relevant local newspaper article reference : TROVE : Gippsland Times (Vic. : 1861 - 1954), Thursday 29 October 1942, page 1 'ln times like these old friends are best You will not have to go far before finding a friend who can tell you by personal experience how gentle and reliable Beecham's Pills are--and how effectively they banish head aches. digestive upsets and liverish ness. Purely vegetable....1/-....2/...per box Worth a guinea a box' Cylindrical wooden box with the remains of an orange, red and white printed label on top, containing small orb shaped pills.Label on lid : Beecham's pills...............Beecham's Pills Ltd., Melbourne, Vic.laxitive, pills

Index, bib, p.552.non-fictionThis thorough overview of all aspects of the field of genocide studies brings together for the first time classic and contemporary writings from some of the most noted scholars writing on genocide in the fields of genocide studies, political science, history, and sociology. The Reader covers key aspects of a host of complex and thorny issues, such as the definition of genocide, theories of genocide, prevention and intervention, and its denial. This collection of writings is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand this most atrocious form of political violence that has plagued human history.genocide - history, genocide - case studies

Carnival (Dutch: Carnaval) is an important annual event heralding Lent in the southern provinces of The Netherlands, with each village often having its own "Carnavalsclub" and traditions. Many Dutch immigrantsg from the southern provinces have continued this tradition and formed their regional Carnavals Clubs in Australia. Each club has its own colourful uniforms, including specific hats. There are potentially three types of hats: A formal hat for official events, a work hat for use during normal club nights and for those members lucky enough to be chosen for a year as the "Prince" of the club, a Prince's Hat. Dutch Carnival is primarily a festival celebrating human folly which is why the hats are like jesters' caps. "Carnaval" comes with a rich tradition of ridiculing people and institutions of authority, and so, for instance, the "Prince" is saluted with military salutes which are performed the wrong way round, to the great merriment of onlookers. Special songs celebrating the foolishness of people in high places, such as politicians, are composed each year for "Carnaval". For people from the southern provinces of the Netherlands, the annual "Carnaval" is an important cultural event.Decorative hat from silk-like material, coloured orange, green and cream and finished off with silvery gold band and other decorative items (see picture - also see items 6352 and 6353).Has the name "L. Havel" on the inside.carnival hat; brabant; limburg; dutch migration

Professor Alan Merry commissioned the work from New Zealand artist Heke Collier as a gift to the College at his retirement from Council. This artwork was carved by Heke Collier in May-July 2016. It is made from native New Zealand Rimu timber. Heke named this carving Mauri Ora which translates to vitality, well-being or the healing life-force. Tihei Mauri Ora (breath of life) is a well-known Māori saying that was uttered by the first human being. Māori believe that all people and all things have mauri. This carving symbolises the many shapes and forms of mauri with reference to the Māori creation story, and the spiritual and natural worlds. Māori refer to the heavens as Ranginui the sky-father and according to the Māori creation story, Ranginui was pressed against Papatūānuku the earth mother. Their children did not like living in the cramped, dark space between them. One of their sons Tāne separated Ranginui and Papatūānuku to allow light and life into the world. The central male figure carved into Mauri Ora (above) is Tāne. To his right (far right) is his mother Papatūānuku and to his left (far left) is his father Ranginui. Papatūānuku gives birth to all things including human kind and provides the physical and spiritual basis for life. The takarangi (spiral) design in the carving (to the left of Tāne) symbolises the life cycle. Whenua, the word for land also means placenta - organ that nourishes the baby in the womb. Women are associated with the land (whenua) because the land gives birth to people and so do women. In tribal history women have had influence over land and men. Papatūānuku is depicted in the carving to the right of Tāne. Ranginui played a pivotal role in the birth of the sun, moon, planets, stars and constellations – collectively called Te Whānau Mārama (the family of light). Human life and knowledge were said to originate in the realm of Ranginui. Tāne ascended the heavens to retrieve three baskets of knowledge: te kete-tuatea (basket of light), te kete-tuauri (basket of darkness) and te kete-aronui (basket of pursuit). Ranginui is depicted in the carving to the left of Tāne. Tāne had many different roles, and he was given different names to reflect these roles. He is called Tāne-mahuta as god of the forest, Tāne-te-wānanga as the bringer of knowledge, and Tāne-te-waiora as the bringer of life, prosperity, and welfare. His teachings and knowledge are relevant in contemporary times, and the cell-phone carved into his left hand represents this. Tuatara feature in the Māori creation story and some tribes view Tuatara as kaitiaki (guardians) of knowledge. Given that they have lived for more than 220million years. There are birds or manu surrounding Tāne in the carving, who represent Tane’s voice or the voice of the forest. The flax or harakeke depicted in the carving represent the family unit and reinforce the importance of kinship ties. There are plants, ferns, and birds carved into Mauri Ora play an integral role in the life-cycle which represent rongoa Māori or Māori medicine. Traditional Māori carving in Rimu, a native New Zealand wood, with paua insets.merry, alan, anzca council, collier, heke, kaiwhakairo, master carver, rimu

This is an Aboriginal artwork that depicts a Goanna Totem. Designed by Ballarat-based, Gunditjmara artist Aunty Diana Nikkelson, the design is inspired by the artist’s totem and is a tribute to the first artists of the region, the Wadawurrung people. It acknowledges Aboriginal survival and the dynamic regeneration of the Aboriginal art and culture in the region. The artwork is in-set to the basalt paving along Police Lane by a series of etched footsteps, which evolve from human footprints to goanna prints as viewers approach the rear of the Art Gallery of Ballarat. The artwork was originally located only outdoors and half of it was brought into the Art Gallery of Ballarat in 2011, when the former Federation Plaza was enclosed to form the Art Gallery of Ballarat's McCain Annexe. The artwork was created in 2006 as part of the cultural festival of the Commonwealth Games. The artwork is of cultural and aesthetic significance to the people of BallaratSand blasted petroglyph forms into bluestone on laneway surface. The carved inlay of the Goanna Totem design into the bluestone of Police Lane (beside Art Gallery of Ballarat) continues inside the building.goanna totem ballarat, goanna totem, diana nikkelson, aboriginal, dreaming, nikkelson, gunditjmara

Home is a collection of birdhouses on floating islands using the iconic form of the human house - a pitched roof, square walls, windows and doors. This minimal form is often drawn by children; a dolls house, a cubby house, a letter-box or a chook house. Home creates a safe refuge for birds with the plants acting as a water filtration system. The exposed roots draw out pollutants, such as nitrogen, phosphorous and toxic metals, which have entered the waterway through urban run-off. The result is a beautiful sculptural experience and a healthier water system for all to enjoy. The artwork was funded by The City of Ballarat and The Victorian State Government.The work is of aesthetic significance to the people of BallaratHome is a collection of birdhouses on floating islands home, chris mether, studio mether, public art, ballarat, delecombe, wetlands

Mawul Rom Project: Openness, obligation and reconciliation Morgan Brigg (Universtiy of Queensland) and Anke Tonnaer (University of Aarhus, Denmark) Aboriginal Australian initiatives to restore balanced relationships with White Australians have recently become part of reconciliation efforts. This paper provides a contextualised report on one such initiative, the Mawul Rom crosscultural mediation project. Viewing Mawul Rom as a diplomatic venture in the lineage of adjustment and earlier Rom rituals raises questions about receptiveness, individual responsibility and the role of Indigenous ceremony in reconciliation efforts. Yolngu ceremonial leaders successfully draw participants into relationship and personally commit them to the tasks of cross-cultural advocacy and reconciliation. But Mawul Rom must also negotiate a paradox because emphasis on the cultural difference of ceremony risks increasing the very social distance that the ritual attempts to confront. Managing this tension will be a key challenge if Mawul Rom is to become an effective diplomatic mechanism for cross-cultural conflict resolution and reconciliation. Living in two camps: the strategies Goldfields Aboriginal people use to manage in the customary economy and the mainstream economy at the same time Howard Sercombe (Strathclyde University, Glasgow) The economic sustainability of Aboriginal households has been a matter of public concern across a range of contexts. This research, conducted in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia, shows how economically successful Aboriginal persons manage ?dual economic engagement?, or involvement in the customary economy and the mainstream economy at the same time. The two economies sometimes reinforce each other but are more often in conflict, and management of conflicting obligations requires high degrees of skill and innovation. As well as creating financially sustainable households, the participants contributed significantly to the health of their extended families and communities. The research also shows that many Aboriginal people, no matter what their material and personal resources, are conscious of how fragile and unpredictable their economic lives can be, and that involvement in the customary economy is a kind of mutual insurance to guarantee survival if times get tough. Indigenous population data for evaluation and performance measurement: A cautionary note Gaminiratne Wijesekere (Dept. of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Canberra) I outline the status of population census counts for Indigenous peoples, identifying information on Indigenous births and deaths, and internal migration estimates. I comment on the ?experimental? Indigenous population projections and question the rationale for having two sets of projections. Program managers and evaluators need to be mindful of limitations of the data when using these projections for monitoring, evaluating and measuring Indigenous programs. Reaching out to a younger generation using a 3D computer game for storytelling: Vincent Serico?s legacy Theodor G Wyeld (Flinders University, Adeliade) and Brett Leavy (CyberDreaming Australia) Sadly, Vincent Serico (1949?2008), artist, activist and humanist, recently passed away. Born in southern Queensland in Wakka Wakka/Kabi Kabi Country (Carnarvon Gorge region) in 1949, Vincent was a member of the Stolen Generations. He was separated from his family by White administration at four years of age. He grew up on the Cherbourg Aboriginal Reserve in the 1950s, when the policies of segregation and assimilation were at their peak. Only returning to his Country in his early forties, Vincent started painting his stories and the stories that had been passed on to him about the region. These paintings manifest Vincent?s sanctity for tradition, storytelling, language, spirit and beliefs. A team of researchers was honoured and fortunate to have worked closely with Vincent to develop a 3D simulation of his Country using a 3D computer game toolkit. Embedded in this simulation of his Country, in the locations that their stories speak to, are some of Vincent?s important contemporary art works. They are accompanied by a narration of Vincent?s oral history about the places, people and events depicted. Vincent was deeply concerned about members of the younger generation around him ?losing their way? in modern times. In a similar vein, Brett Leavy (Kooma) sees the 3D game engine as an opportunity to engage the younger generation in its own cultural heritage in an activity that capitalises on a common pastime. Vincent was an enthusiastic advocate of this approach. Working in consultation with Vincent and the research team, CyberDreaming developed a simulation of Vincent?s Country for young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal persons from the Carnarvon Gorge region to explore Vincent?s life stories of the region. The use of Vincent?s contemporary paintings as storyboards provides a traditional medium for the local people to interactively re-engage with traditional values. Called Serico?s World, it represents a legacy to his life?s works, joys and regrets. Here we discuss the background to this project and Vincent?s contribution. A singular beeswax representation of Namarrkon, the Lightning Man, from western Arnhem Land RG Gunn (La Trobe University) and RL Whear (Jawoyn Association) Samples from a beeswax representation of Namarrkon, the Lightning Man, from western Arnhem Land were analysed for radiocarbon and dated to be about 150 years old. An underlying beeswax figure was found to be approximately 1100 years old. The Dreaming Being Namarrkon is well known throughout Arnhem Land, although his sphere of activity is concentrated around the northern half of the Arnhem Land plateau. Namarrkon is well represented in rock-paintings in this area and continues to be well represented in contemporary canvas-paintings by artists from the broader plateau region. We conclude that representations of Namarrkon in both painted and beeswax forms appear to be parallel manifestations of the late Holocene regionalisation of Arnhem Land. ?Missing the point? or ?what to believe ? the theory or the data?: Rationales for the production of Kimberley points Kim Akerman (Moonah) In a recent article, Rodney Harrison presented an interesting view on the role glass Kimberley points played in the lives of the Aborigines who made and used them. Harrison employed ethnographic and historical data to argue that glass Kimberley points were not part of the normal suite of post-contact artefacts used primarily for hunting and fighting or Indigenous exchange purposes, but primarily were created to service a non-Indigenous market for aesthetically pleasing artefacts. Harrison asserted that this market determined the form that these points took. A critical analysis of the data does not substantiate either of these claims. Here I do not deal with Harrison?s theoretical material or arguments; I focus on the ethnographic and historical material that he has either omitted or failed to appreciate in developing his thesis and which, in turn, renders it invalid. The intensity of raw material utilisation as an indication of occupational history in surface stone artefact assemblages from the Strathbogie Ranges, central Victoria Justin Ian Shiner (La Trobe University, Bundoora) Stone artefact assemblages are a major source of information on past human?landscape relationships throughout much of Australia. These relationships are not well understood in the Strathbogie Ranges of central Victoria, where few detailed analyses of stone artefact assemblages have been undertaken. The purpose of this paper is to redress this situation through the analysis of two surface stone artefact assemblages recorded in early 2000 during a wider investigation of the region?s potential for postgraduate archaeological fieldwork. Analysis of raw material utilisation is used to assess the characteristics of the occupational histories of two locations with similar landscape settings. The analysis indicates variability in the intensity of raw material use between the assemblages, which suggests subtle differences in the occupational history of each location. The results of this work provide a direction for future stone artefact studies within this poorly understood region.document reproductions, maps, b&w photographs, colour photographskimberley, mawul rom project, 3d computer game, storytelling, vincent serico, beeswax, namarrkon, artefact assemblages, strathbogie ranges, groote eylandt, budd billy ii

Introduction: The significance of international law /? Sarah Pritchard.-- Linking international standards with contemporary concerns of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples /? Mick Dodson.-- The UN Charter-based human rights system: The UN Charter-based human rights system: an overview /? Garth Nettheim.-- Working Group on Indigenous Populations: mandate, standard-setting activities and future perspectives /? Sarah Pritchard.-- The UN treaty-based human rights system and individual complaints: The UN treaty-based human rights system: an overview /? Hilary Charlesworth.-- Individual complaints: an overview and admissibility requirements /? Hilary Charlesworth.-- Individual complaints: historical perspectives and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights /? Philip Alston.-- Individual communications under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Elizabeth Evatt.-- Individual communications: the Convention against Torture and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination /? Michael O'Flaherty.-- The UN treaty-based human rights system and periodic reporting: Periodic reporting: the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child /? Philip Alston.-- Periodic reporting: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women /? Elizabeth Evatt .-- The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: non-governmental input and the early warning and urgent procedure /? Michael O'Flaherty.-- Indigenous peoples and some relevant human rights standards: Substantive provisions of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination /? Michael O'Flaherty.-- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Indigenous peoples /? Sarah Pritchard.united nations -- history. indigenous peoples -- legal status, laws, etc. aboriginal australians -- civil rights. aboriginal australians -- legal status, laws, etc. human rights.

A kangling is a trumpet made out of a human thighbone, used in Tibetan Buddhism for various chöd rituals. The practitioner, motivated by compassion, plays the kangling as a gesture of fearlessness, to summon hungry spirits and demons so that she or he may satisfy their hunger and thereby relieve their sufferings. It is also played as a way of "cutting off of the ego." The hip end of the thigh bone is cut off, forming a nearly circular opening in the bone’s shaft, and it becomes the mouthpiece. The large flaring at the knee is left intact except for two gouged openings through which air and sound escape. The “bell” end of a kangling is usually covered with tightly sewn skin to ensure durability. Made out of a human thighbone, reinforced with leather. tibetan buddhism, musical instruments, ceremonies, ritual implements

A typical Olsen painting combines an implied aerial view with an ambiguous and seemingly unpremeditated figuration. His characteristically quizzical line and irregular squiggles and dots deftly render countless organisms, large and minute. Their environment is conjured through loosely brushed and stained expanses of colour (on canvas or hardboard) and lines which sometimes read as geological mappings. In Olsen's work there is no foreground/ middle ground/ background, nor any sign of European landscape's concern with "human scale." Instead he employs simultaneously the contrary vantages of naturalist and geographer. 'Tropical Rain Shower' by John Olsen forms one of the eight artworks represented in the Bodford Terrace Suite. Eight of Australia's finest artists were brought together to create a folio of lithographic prints to celebrate the restoration of historic Bodford Terrace. Printed at the Druckma Press by John Robinson under the supervision of master printer Jock Abbott. The folio edition was limited to 300 signed and numbered folios. The lithographs were printed on special heavy weight french Arche's paper in accordance with the tradition of this artistic medium. Lithographic print on paper.Signed John Olsen '78, lower right hand corner. Edition 179/300bodfford terrace collection, john olsen, tropical rain shower

The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952 (Kray twins),[3] although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site. The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history. It was besieged several times, and controlling it has been important to controlling the country. The Tower has served variously as an armoury, a treasury, a menagerie, the home of the Royal Mint, a public record office, and the home of the Crown Jewels of England. From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II, a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch. In the absence of the monarch, the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle. This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period. In the late 15th century the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower. Under the Tudors, the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery. The peak period of the castle's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as Elizabeth I before she became queen, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Elizabeth Throckmorton were held within its walls. This use has led to the phrase "sent to the Tower". Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death, popularised by 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century writers, only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century. Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle, with 112 occurring there over a 400-year period. In the latter half of the 19th century, institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations, leaving many buildings empty. Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance, clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures. In the First and Second World Wars, the Tower was again used as a prison, and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage. After the Second World War, damage caused during the Blitz was repaired, and the castle reopened to the public. Today the Tower of London is one of the country's most popular tourist attractions. Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower, it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site.(Wikipedia) A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by UNESCO. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some other form of significance, and they are legally protected by international treaties. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the collective interests of humanity. More specifically, a World Heritage Site is an already classified landmark on the earth, which by way of being unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable piece is of special cultural or physical significance (such as either due to hosting an ancient ruins or some historical structure, building, city, complex, desert, forest, island, lake, monument, or mountain) and symbolizes a remarkable footprint of extreme human endeavour often coupled with some act of indisputable accomplishment of humanity which then serves as a surviving evidence of its intellectual existence on the planet. And with an ignoble intent of its practical conservation for posterity, but which otherwise could be subject to inherent risk of endangerment from human or animal trespassing, owing to unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted nature of access or threat by natural or accelerated extinction owing to local administrative negligence, hence it would have been listed and demarcated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to have been identified or recognised and officially christened and internationally elevated through multilateral declaration by UNESCO as a universally protected zone. [1] The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 UNESCO member states which are elected by the General Assembly. (Wikipedia)The Tower of London is a UNESCO world heritage site.tower of london

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.Photograph of stained glass windows at Greenwich Chapel and Museum, Englandgreewich, stone, museum, chapel, stained glass

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.Colour photograph of Greenwich Chapel and Museum, England, Mason's Mark on stoneworkgreenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.Photograph of interpretation information in Greenwich Chapel and Museumgreenwich, stone, museum, chapel, stone, musuem, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.Colour photograph of a sculptural portrait. greenwich, stone, museum, chapel, portrait, sculpture

Greenwich Palace no longer exists however archaeology had added greatly to our understanding of life at the Tudor Court at Greenwich. Since 1971 there have been well over 20 digs on the site. Many wonderful and intriguing items from gold coins to tiled floors and human skeletons have been found. The first major dig uncovered the structure of the royal apartments next to the river. Not only did it clarify the floor plan but finds included some rare Tudor ceiling decorations, a hoard of gold coins and many personal items such as dice used for gaming. Perhaps the most revealing excavations have been the most recent. In 2005 while monitoring the digging of a drainage trench archaeologists found brickwork and tiles that formed the floor of the east end of the Tudor Chapel Royal where the altar once stood.greenwich, stone, museum, chapel