Showing 163 items
matching vietnamese soldier
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National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Award, Presentation to Australian soldiers
... Doll presented by the Vietnamese Govt to soldiers who... presented by the Vietnamese Govt to soldiers who fought ...Doll presented by the Vietnamese Govt to soldiers who fought at the Battle of Long Tan. Australian soldiers are not allowed to receive foreign awards. Presented with dolls and cigarette cases. Doll in national costume in box.porcelin doll -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Photograph, Meeting The Local Children
... with three vietnamese children beside him. Soldier identified... Soldier kneeling with three vietnamese children beside him ...Framed coloured photograph of US Soldier kneeling with three vietnamese children beside him. Soldier identified as Jack Cogle stationed in Vietnam 1967 to 1969 with 101st Airbornephotograph, cam rahn bay, 101st airborne, jack cogle -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Newspaper, Diggers are funny blokes etc
... soldiers unloading helicopter. Two soldiers (Aust & Vietnamese.... Two soldiers (Aust & Vietnamese) talking. Radiomen relaxing ...Newspaper (Photocopy) Article dated 3/10/66. Photo showing soldiers unloading helicopter. Two soldiers (Aust & Vietnamese) talking. Radiomen relaxing outside of tent.Story and Photos by Sp4 B. Halton USA staff writernewspaper -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Photograph, National Route 23 Bridge
... A black and white photograph of a South Vietnamese Regional... Vietnamese Regional Force National Route 23 1st ATF Base Nui Dat ...A black and white photograph of a South Vietnamese Regional Outpost on Vietnams National Route 23 built near a bridge built by Engineers of 1 Australian Task Force Base, Nui Dat. The Vietnamese Regional Force soldiers had the responsibility for protecting the bridge against attack.photograph, south vietnamese regional force, national route 23, 1st atf base, nui dat, gibbons collection catalogue, engineers -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - PHOTOGRAPH VIETNAM, FRAMED, photo January 1968
... , gold edged wooden frame. Photo shows Australian soldiers... wooden frame. Photo shows Australian soldiers with Vietnamese ...Sgt Edmund Sidney Levy DCM, No 37178, Vietnam A Sqd 3 Cav Regt 29.4.67 to 23.4.68, A&B Sqd's 3 Cav Regt 3.9.70 to 2.9.71, Sgt Brian Francis Stewart No 36722, Vietnam A Sqd 3 Cav Regt 25.4.67 to 23.4.68, HQ 1 ATF 3.12.69 to 3.12.70. Kenneth Neil Turnham No 3790866, Vietnam A Sqd 3 Cav Regt 18.12.67 to 22.10.68. Photo is in the collection of Geoff Murray No 3411521, Vietnam A Sqd 3 Cav Regt 27.11.67 to 22.10.68, Survey Corp 15.10.69 to 15.10.70. Refer 638P.Colour photo with document on A4 sheet in brown stained, gold edged wooden frame. Photo shows Australian soldiers with Vietnamese children in a rubber plantation. The document is the citation for the Distinguished Conduct Medal for 37178 Sgt Edmund Sidney Levy on 31/12/70.vietnam, dcm, plantation, vietnamese -
Bendigo Military Museum
Booklet - POCKET BOOK SOUTH VIETNAM, AUSTRALIAN ARMY, C 1962-1972
Aust soldiers going to South Vietnam were issued with this booklet Pocket size booklet. The cover is cardboards, jungle green colour. The printing is white. At the top of front cover is the Crest of Australia 72 pages- History of South Vietnam and culture. Enemy descriptions and drawings. Viet language. Ranks of US Army and SVN army. Maps Inside front cover.. Pte. P. J. PENNO 3790111 NUI DAT 67/68 Page 24 has a map of South Vietnam. A bird mark “x” has been placed on PHUOC TOY vietnam war, booklet -
Bendigo Military Museum
Book - BOOK, VIETNAM, Terry Burstall, A Soldier Returns, A Long Tan Veteran Discovers the Other Side of Vietnam, 1990
Terry Burstall records his search for answers to his battle at Long Tan during four visits to Vietnam. He compares official war records with first hand accounts of Vietnamese veterans, villagers & a former POW.Soft card cover. Title in gold & white print on a green background. Front cover illustrated with a black & white photo. 215 pages with cut edges. Illustrated with black & white photos. Map of South Vietnam opposite title page.books-travelogues, military history-army, long tan, vietnam -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - PHOTOGRAPH VIETNAM, FRAMED, 2/6/68
Photo in collection re Geoff Murray No 3411521, Vietnam 3 Cav Regt 27.11.67 to 22.10.68, Survey Corp 15.10.69 to 15.10.70. Refer 638P.Colour photo, Vietnam showing a captured NVA soldier sitting on the ground. Attached label gives details of time and place. Frame is cream painted wood.vietnam, viet cong, fsb balmoral -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - PHOTOGRAPH VIETNAM, MOUNTED, Pictureman, C.1969 -70
Maurice Betts 3795164 served two years National Service which included service in South Vietnam from, 10.12. 1969 - 22.12.1969 with B Sqd 1st Armd Regt, 23.12.1969 - 19.11.1970 with A Sqd 1st Armd Regt with the rank of Trooper.Black & white photo of a group of soldiers (15), 1 Armoured Regiment in uniform with local Vietnamese children (18) in an informal group on & surrounding a Centurion Tank. 2 small buildings in the background. Dark brown timber frame with cream mount & photo protected by glass. White label card on glass bottom far R: Donated by MAURIE BETTS (Bendigo) 3795164 1 ARMD REGT VIETNAMvietnam, photography, centurian -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Poster - Poster, Information Board 5RAR
An Poster, Information Board on 5 RAR 1st Tour 1966 to 1967. Below a black and white photograph reads: 5 RAR Operation Canberra 6th to 10th October 1966. Lance Corporal Shoebridge and Lance Corporal Brian supporting Private Riik and Private Birties securing weapons. Resulting from a booby trap explosion, 7 members of C Company 8 platoon were wounded when ascending the Nui Thi Vai mountain on the 8th Oct 1966. Overcoming difficult terrain, C Company prepared a landing zone (LZ) on the slopes for evacuation of the wounded - (Medevac). Under a coloured photograph of sodliers reads; 5 RAR - Bush Bashing 1966. Members of C Company 9 platoon after days of bush bashing - a soldier's term used to describe days of navigating dense terrain and vegetation while being always at the ready for enemy contact. Under a coloured photograph of APC reads: 5 RAR - Operation Hayman 8th to 12 November. Armoured Personnel carriers supporting 5 RAR during staging/forming mode prior to being air-lifted on to the summit of Nui Nua on Long Son Island. The Battalion's objective was to capture or eliminate the Chau Duc District VC Company that had been restricting movements of the local regional force. Thirteen Viet Cong survived and surrended days later to mainland police. Under a coloured photograph of soldiers walking on a log over water reads: 5 RAR - Hat Bands. The Viet Cong occasionally wore the same or similiar headgear as the Australian forces in an attempt to create confusion when contact was made. In the short term this was remedied by threading a coloured ribbon around the Australian bush hat. The ribbon served as an identification marker so as to quickly identify an Australian soldier from the enemy. Colours were regularly changed.5 rar, c coy, operation canberra, operation hayman, pte riik, l/cpl shoebridge, l/cpl brian -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Document, Propaganda Leaflet, 1970 (Approximate)
Black and white propaganda leaflet shows a western soldier helphing people in a village. Other side depicts two crossed flags - Australian and Vietnamese. Theme is "The Good Guys"246-352 (Leaflet no.)propaganda, leaflet -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Document, Hoi Chanh Vien Tran Van Minh, 5/04/1971 12:00:00 AM
Cream leaflet with black print. Photograph of Tran Van Minh. Chieu Hoi symbol. On reverse - hand written letter to soldiers remaining in C7 POW camp . Title, photograph, name and symbol framed by dual black lines.106/71 Hoi Chieu Vien Chiey-Hoi symbol Tran Van Minh Reverse - Letter in Vietnamese signed and datedtran van minh, propaganda -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Photograph, Making New Friends - 105 Field Battery - Vietnam 1969
Colour photograph of soldiers engaging with local children. Soldier at the centre of picture is shaking hands with one of the children who has a cigarette in his mouth. In back ground is an army truck - cannon at rear and other soldiers picture in Black frame and light Brown mat.My Vietnam Collection. Making new friends - 105 field battery - Vietnam 1969 Copyright Jed Robinson.Gift Horse Gallery - original works by local and Interstate artists and crafts people.photograph, 105 field battery, vietnamese children -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Banner
Red and blue cloth banner National Liberation Front Victory. Features man and woman soldiers. Machine embroideredVietnamese script and 1970vc, banner -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Document, Australian Military Forces: guarantee of performance
Certificate issued to Vietnamese women to be signed before having sex with an Australian soldieraustralia - armed forces - social life and customs -
Monbulk RSL Sub Branch
Book, John Essex - Clark, Maverick Soldier: An infantryman's story, 1991
... -and-the-dandenong-ranges soldiers - australia - biography vietnamese ...This is the forthright, nuts-and-bolts account of the author's unmatched experience as a warrior, leader and teacher. Always one to lead from the front and to trust the courage and good sense of the ordinary infantryman, his interests have been strategy and battle tactics, leadership and training.index, ill (b/w). p.226non-fictionThis is the forthright, nuts-and-bolts account of the author's unmatched experience as a warrior, leader and teacher. Always one to lead from the front and to trust the courage and good sense of the ordinary infantryman, his interests have been strategy and battle tactics, leadership and training.soldiers - australia - biography, vietnamese conflict 1961-1975, malayan emergency 1948-1960 -
Monbulk RSL Sub Branch
Book, Jonathon Cape Ltd, The barracks thief, 1984
The discovery of a barracks thief ruins the relationship between three soldiers. Suspicion supplants sympathy, fear of betrayal fosters alienationp.101fictionThe discovery of a barracks thief ruins the relationship between three soldiers. Suspicion supplants sympathy, fear of betrayal fosters alienationvietnamese war 1961-1975 - fiction, vitnamese conflict 1961-1975 -
Monbulk RSL Sub Branch
Book, Indra Publishing, Best we forget, 1998
Donkey Simpson, a typically naive young Australian, thrust into uniform by his country, sets out on the adventure of a lifetime -- or so he thinks. But Vietnam is not what he expected. It's a horror story. It's a story over which he has no control, at first a 'typical Army stuff-up' which wrenches him this way and that, like a puppet soldier on a string, and then something far more dangerous and sinister threatens to destroy him -- but who's pulling the strings? This is the story of Simpson and his mates, caught in a war between powerful ideologies which none of them understood. They walk the fine line of sanity, swinging wildly between love and hate, pathos and humour, patriotism and treason, life and pointless death. Donkey Simpson's story is centred around the Public Relations Office of the Australian contingent, and a spy in the nearby Intelligence Office -- a spy of unclear loyalties, working for the South Vietnamese allies, working for the enemy, or working only for survival? The novel has its ugly aspects -- most soldiers' lack of respect for the Vietnamese, whether ally or enemy, the callous disregard for human life, and the treachery practised on both sides. Collapse summaryp.390.fictionDonkey Simpson, a typically naive young Australian, thrust into uniform by his country, sets out on the adventure of a lifetime -- or so he thinks. But Vietnam is not what he expected. It's a horror story. It's a story over which he has no control, at first a 'typical Army stuff-up' which wrenches him this way and that, like a puppet soldier on a string, and then something far more dangerous and sinister threatens to destroy him -- but who's pulling the strings? This is the story of Simpson and his mates, caught in a war between powerful ideologies which none of them understood. They walk the fine line of sanity, swinging wildly between love and hate, pathos and humour, patriotism and treason, life and pointless death. Donkey Simpson's story is centred around the Public Relations Office of the Australian contingent, and a spy in the nearby Intelligence Office -- a spy of unclear loyalties, working for the South Vietnamese allies, working for the enemy, or working only for survival? The novel has its ugly aspects -- most soldiers' lack of respect for the Vietnamese, whether ally or enemy, the callous disregard for human life, and the treachery practised on both sides. Collapse summary vietnam war 1961-1975 - fiction, vietnam war 1961-1975 – personal recollections – australia -
Monbulk RSL Sub Branch
Book, Random House, Write home for me : a red cross women in Vietnam, 2006
Working as a journalist at the Adelaide Advertiser in 1966, Jean Debelle yearned to be involved in the biggest story of the decade - the Vietnam War. But only male journalists in Australia were being sent to cover the escalating conflict. Instead, she volunteered to work in Vietnam for the Red Cross to tend to the non-medical welfare of the sick and wounded ANZAC forces. Jean had planned to report on the war in spare moments - but there were none. For one year she lived in the spotlight: a young Australian woman among 5,000 men. This intimate personal account is told from the rare and compassionate perspective of a young woman living close to the battlefront. Jean tells of the resilience of the soldiers in the face of daily atrocities and of the international medical personnel fighting to save lives and to rebuild shattered bodies and minds. It is also the story of the Vietnamese, struggling to maintain not just their traditions but their very lives in the face of brutal hardship. With infectious humour, Jean tells of striving to be like a sister to the men when sex was in the very air they breathed. But she experienced stark terror when she faced a crazed gunman, had a close call in a minefield and was caught in the midst of a Vietnamese skirmish. Jean also offers an unvarnished look at the Australians' worst battle in Vietnam, Long Tan, and their worst landmine disaster. With unblinking candour, she writes of the harsh realisation that after nine months in Vietnam she had grown cold to the unrelenting horror of war. From diaries, letters and Red Cross reports, Jean Debelle Lamensdorf has researched and written a story not only of tragedy but also of hope and humour. It is a compelling adventure story - and one of love.Index, bibliography, ill, maps, p.302.non-fictionWorking as a journalist at the Adelaide Advertiser in 1966, Jean Debelle yearned to be involved in the biggest story of the decade - the Vietnam War. But only male journalists in Australia were being sent to cover the escalating conflict. Instead, she volunteered to work in Vietnam for the Red Cross to tend to the non-medical welfare of the sick and wounded ANZAC forces. Jean had planned to report on the war in spare moments - but there were none. For one year she lived in the spotlight: a young Australian woman among 5,000 men. This intimate personal account is told from the rare and compassionate perspective of a young woman living close to the battlefront. Jean tells of the resilience of the soldiers in the face of daily atrocities and of the international medical personnel fighting to save lives and to rebuild shattered bodies and minds. It is also the story of the Vietnamese, struggling to maintain not just their traditions but their very lives in the face of brutal hardship. With infectious humour, Jean tells of striving to be like a sister to the men when sex was in the very air they breathed. But she experienced stark terror when she faced a crazed gunman, had a close call in a minefield and was caught in the midst of a Vietnamese skirmish. Jean also offers an unvarnished look at the Australians' worst battle in Vietnam, Long Tan, and their worst landmine disaster. With unblinking candour, she writes of the harsh realisation that after nine months in Vietnam she had grown cold to the unrelenting horror of war. From diaries, letters and Red Cross reports, Jean Debelle Lamensdorf has researched and written a story not only of tragedy but also of hope and humour. It is a compelling adventure story - and one of love. vietnam war 1961-1975 – australian involvement, vietnam war 1961-1975 - red cross - women -
Monbulk RSL Sub Branch
Book, University of North Carolina Press, A Vietnam War reader : a documentary history from American and Vietnamese perspectives, 2010
... , Saigon loyalists, and North Vietnamese soldiers Index ...An essential new resource for students and teachers of the Vietnam War, this concise collection of primary sources opens a valuable window on an extraordinarily complex conflict. The materials gathered here, from both the American and Vietnamese sides, remind readers that the conflict touched the lives of many people in a wide range of social and political situations and spanned a good deal more time than the decade of direct U.S. combat. Hunt brings together the views of the conflict's disparate players--from Communist leaders, Vietnamese peasants, Saigon loyalists, and North Vietnamese soldiersIndex, bibliography, p.223.non-fictionAn essential new resource for students and teachers of the Vietnam War, this concise collection of primary sources opens a valuable window on an extraordinarily complex conflict. The materials gathered here, from both the American and Vietnamese sides, remind readers that the conflict touched the lives of many people in a wide range of social and political situations and spanned a good deal more time than the decade of direct U.S. combat. Hunt brings together the views of the conflict's disparate players--from Communist leaders, Vietnamese peasants, Saigon loyalists, and North Vietnamese soldiersvietnam war 1961-1975 – history, vietnam war 1961-1975 - sources -
Monbulk RSL Sub Branch
Book, Transworld et al, We were soldiers once -and young : Ia Drang : the battle that changed the war in Vietnam, 2002
... by 2,000 North Vietnamese soldiers. Three days later, only two ...In November 1965, some 450 men of the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, under the command of Lt. Col. Hal Moore, were dropped by helicopter into a small clearing in the Ia Drang Valley. They were immediately surrounded by 2,000 North Vietnamese soldiers. Three days later, only two and half miles away, a sister battalion was chopped to pieces. Together, these actions at landing zones X-Ray and Albany constitute one of the most savage and significant battles of the Vietnam War. The Americans faced what seemed to be certain destruction. How these men persevered - sacrificed themselves for their comrades and never gave up - makes a vivid portrait of war at its most inspiring and devastating. General Moore and Joe Galloway, the only journalist on the ground throughout the fighting, have interviewed hundreds of men who fought there, including the North Vietnamese commanders. The result is a story of unparalleled human interest. We Were Soldiers Once... and Young also brings the war back home with unforgettable stories of those who lost family members to combat. This devastating account rises above the specific ordeal it chronicles to present a picture of men facing the ultimate challenge, dealing with it in ways they would have found unimaginable only a few hours earlier. It reveals to us, as rarely before, man's most heroic and horrendous endeavor. Collapse summaryIndex, bibliography, notes, ill, maps. p.483.non-fictionIn November 1965, some 450 men of the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, under the command of Lt. Col. Hal Moore, were dropped by helicopter into a small clearing in the Ia Drang Valley. They were immediately surrounded by 2,000 North Vietnamese soldiers. Three days later, only two and half miles away, a sister battalion was chopped to pieces. Together, these actions at landing zones X-Ray and Albany constitute one of the most savage and significant battles of the Vietnam War. The Americans faced what seemed to be certain destruction. How these men persevered - sacrificed themselves for their comrades and never gave up - makes a vivid portrait of war at its most inspiring and devastating. General Moore and Joe Galloway, the only journalist on the ground throughout the fighting, have interviewed hundreds of men who fought there, including the North Vietnamese commanders. The result is a story of unparalleled human interest. We Were Soldiers Once... and Young also brings the war back home with unforgettable stories of those who lost family members to combat. This devastating account rises above the specific ordeal it chronicles to present a picture of men facing the ultimate challenge, dealing with it in ways they would have found unimaginable only a few hours earlier. It reveals to us, as rarely before, man's most heroic and horrendous endeavor. Collapse summary vietnam war 1961-1975 – us involvement, vietnam war 1961-1975 – battles – ia drang valley -
Monbulk RSL Sub Branch
Book, Big Sky Publishing et al, Long Tan : the start of a lifelong battle, 2016
... Force base at Nui Dat, a group of Viet Cong soldiers walked ...On the afternoon of 18 August 1966, just five kilometres from the main Australian Task Force base at Nui Dat, a group of Viet Cong soldiers walked into the right flank of Delta Company, 6 RAR. Under a blanket of mist and heavy monsoon rain, amid the mud and shattered rubber trees, a dispersed Company of 108 men held its ground with courage and grim determination against a three-sided attack from a force of 2,500 Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army troops. When the battle subsided, 18 Australian soldiers lay dead and 24 had been wounded. Battlefield clearance revealed 245 enemy bodies with captured documents later confirming the count at over 500 enemy killed and 800 wounded. These men were led by a gruff and gusty perfectionist, Major Harry Smith. Now, some 47 years after the battle, Harry tells his story for the first time. But Long Tan is more than just an account of a historic battle. Harry Smith takes his readers on an extraordinary journey - one that ultimately reveals a remarkable cover-up at the highest military and political echelons. Long Tan is also Harry's life story and portrays his many personal battles, from failed marriages to commando-style killing; from a horrific parachute accident through to his modern-day struggles with bureaucracy for recognition for his soldiers. Harry's battles are tempered by his love of sailing, where he has at last found some peace. Long Tan portrays the wrenching, visceral experience of a man who has fought lifelong battles, in a story that he is only now able to tell. Harry can still hear the gunfire and smell the blood spilt at Long Tan. For him, the fight continues. Collapse summaryIll, maps, p.336.non-fictionOn the afternoon of 18 August 1966, just five kilometres from the main Australian Task Force base at Nui Dat, a group of Viet Cong soldiers walked into the right flank of Delta Company, 6 RAR. Under a blanket of mist and heavy monsoon rain, amid the mud and shattered rubber trees, a dispersed Company of 108 men held its ground with courage and grim determination against a three-sided attack from a force of 2,500 Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army troops. When the battle subsided, 18 Australian soldiers lay dead and 24 had been wounded. Battlefield clearance revealed 245 enemy bodies with captured documents later confirming the count at over 500 enemy killed and 800 wounded. These men were led by a gruff and gusty perfectionist, Major Harry Smith. Now, some 47 years after the battle, Harry tells his story for the first time. But Long Tan is more than just an account of a historic battle. Harry Smith takes his readers on an extraordinary journey - one that ultimately reveals a remarkable cover-up at the highest military and political echelons. Long Tan is also Harry's life story and portrays his many personal battles, from failed marriages to commando-style killing; from a horrific parachute accident through to his modern-day struggles with bureaucracy for recognition for his soldiers. Harry's battles are tempered by his love of sailing, where he has at last found some peace. Long Tan portrays the wrenching, visceral experience of a man who has fought lifelong battles, in a story that he is only now able to tell. Harry can still hear the gunfire and smell the blood spilt at Long Tan. For him, the fight continues. Collapse summary vietnam conflict - australian involvement, vietnam war 1961-1975 – battles – long tan -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Letter
Letter (copy) from vietnamese Community in Australia dated 3/12/1992 conveying condolences to families of deceased soldiers during the Vietnam War. copy of articl re the biggest king cobra killed by Australian troops in south East Asia with emblem of D & E Platoon Nui Dat, South Vietnam dated 1966 - 1971vietnamese community in australia, letter, nui dat, south vietnam -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Uniform - Tiger Suit
Belonged to Leon, translator Vietnamese translator, who gave it to Australian soldier Michael Hagan on his last day in-country as it was his most prized possession.A two piece uniform, shirt and pants in cotton tiger stripe camouflage fabric tailor made in Vietnam for owner. The shirt has buttons down chest and pockets (left button missing). Four button on fly, one button on waist, one button on each side pockets and drawstrings at hem.tiger suit, vietnam, leon, michael hagan, hagan, translator, vietnamese uniform -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Photograph
Coloured photograph of a soldier in jungle greens talking to six vietnamese boys. Four of the boys are in boy scout uniforms.photograph, boy scounts -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Photograph, Ox Cart
Black and white photograph of an Ox cart laden with wood. three male vietnamese and a child have their credentials checked by a soldier.photograph, ox cart -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Photograph, Boy In A Field
A Vietnamese boy in the foreground. five arnoured vehicles, soldiers and a white two storey house can be seen in the backgroundphotograph, armoured vehicle, vietnamese children -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Photograph, Helping The Locals
A Photograph of a soldier interacting with a local mother and baby. Interested locals look on.photograph, vietnamese people -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Photograph, Enemy Engagement
Four Photograph of soldiers in Jungle Green making contact with Viet Congviet cong, photograph -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Letter, La Thu Xuan - A Spring Letter, 1968 (estimated)
A letter from the Vietnamese Prime Minister is a general call for NVA/VC CADRE and soldiers on the other side of battle lines to arms. With Photograph of Prime Minister and Floral Picture.Recovered from an abandoned bunker systemvietnamese prime minister, letter, propaganda, psycological warfare, nva/vc