William the Conqueror inherited Old Sarum from the last Saxon king of England. It was an ideal site for a royal castle. It was here in 1070 that William paid off his army after a long and bitter campaign in northern England. It was here in 1086 that he called together all the major landholders in England so they could swear allegiance to him. It was a crucial moment. The Domesday Book was being written, a threatened Viking invasion had only just been averted and William's eldest son was in armed rebellion. Old Sarum was an important place where this Norman king of England held power. In 1794 the Ordnance Survey set out to check the accuracy of the first mapping of Southern England, which had begun ten years earlier. From a point just below Old Sarum Lieutenant William Mudge laid out a base-line 36,574 feet (11,253 metres) long. From each end of the line the positions of distant places were plotted using a huge theodolite made in 1791 by Jesse Ramsden. The accuracy of the process, which was repeated all over England, depended on Jesse Ramsden's craftsmanship and on William Mudge's surveying skill in setting out this first base-line from Old Sarum. The nearer end of Mudge's line is marked by an inscribed stone beside the modern A345 at Old Sarum. King William devised the Domesday Book, considered to be the first listing of land owners in England. Among the names is that of D'Arques, from Normandy, France. Descendants of this family later emigrated from England and settled in Victoria, Australia under the surname 'Dark'. ordnance survey, william mudge, jesse ramsden, william the conqueror, old sarum, saxon, 1086, england

Many immigrants left for their new land from Hamburg, GermanyWaterside buildings at the Port at Hamburg, Germanyhamburg, germany, immigration, emigrations, port, german

The SS Schomberg was a clipper built in Aberdeen by Alexander Hall & Co. for "the Black Ball line" which was a subsidiary of James Baines & Co., for carrying large cargoes and steerage passengers. When built, she was regarded as the most luxurious and well-built clipper of the period. She was sunk on her maiden voyage in 1855 on the Shipwreck Coast of Victoria, Australia.Baines & Co were the owners of the SS Great Britain, and Alexander Hall & Co. was the leading clipper shipbuilder in Britain. She was named after Captain Charles Frederick Schomberg R N., the Emigration Commissioner for Liverpool, an influential man when it came to securing government contracts for the carriage of emigrants. The Black Ball Line’s owners clearly sought his favour. She was launched in Aberdeen, Scotland, on 7 April 1855 and sank on her maiden voyage in 1855 on the Shipwreck Coast of Victoria, Australia.A cast brass boot spurschomberg, salvage, diving, shipwreck coast

The book presents a rich picture of a nation in the making. It is a portrait of Australia's development during the 19th and 20th centuries seen through the eyes of people arriving to make their homes here. It also looks at the new arrivals - those accepted and those rejected - from the points of view of people already established in the country.The book has a place in this collection by virtue of Michael Dugan having been a local resident.34 cm H; 200 p; includes chronology, List of sources and texts for each chapterTitle page: signed by one of the authors: Michael Dugansocial interaction--australia--history, australia - social life and customs, australia - social conditions, australia - emigration and immigration - history, minorities - australia - history, (mr) michael dugan, (mr) josef szware

Index, bib, ill, p.187.non-fictionA history of the Irish diasporaireland - emigration, ireland - society and culture

Ill, p.184.non-fictionThe story of the author's boyhood adventures in the early days of Rhodesia, with a brief account of his work as founder of the Child Emigration Society.kingsley ogilvie fairbridge 1885-1924, child emigration society (london)

History of the Ellis family in Diamond Creek and Yarra Glen.William Ellis emigrated to Victoria in 1847 and bought most of the Wattle Glen area in 1850. He also had family connections to Kangaroo Ground.A black and white booklet, 12 pages, black and white illus.John Mackey in pencil inside front coverwattle glen, kangaroo ground, nillumbik historical society, william ellis, diamond creek, farming, walters family, ellis cottage

This book by Ronald Parsons contains information on the emigrant ships coming to South Australia from 1836 to 1850, the type of migrant, the voyage out and the arrival in South Australia. The ships are listed alphabetically and include information on the captain, the size and type of ship, departure and arrival dates and the number of passengers. European settlement with free settlers commenced in South Australia in 1836 and in the next four years more than a hundred migrant ships came to South Australia.This book is of some interest to those in the Warrnambool area as many 19th century settlers in the Western District of Victoria had emigrated initially to South Australia. The book will be useful to family history researchers.This is a soft cover book of 130 pages. It has a brown cover with a sketch of a sailing ship on the front. The cover has been covered with plastic. There is a Contents page, an Introduction and information on South Australian migrant ships from 1836 to 1850. The book contains three sketches of ships. It is bound with glue.Front cover: ‘Migrant Ships for South Australia 1836–1850’ ‘Ronald Parsons’ ‘A Sketch of the Coramandel that arrived in Holdfast Bay January 1837’ history of south australia, emigrant shipping to south australia, ronald parsons, warrnambool history

non-fictionThe memoirs of Margaret Emily Brown (nee Youngman) who emigrated to Australia with her parents, Arthur and Mary Youngman. The book describes the family's declining fortunes, her schooldays in Port Fairy and her experiences as a governess with several different Western District families. (google books)margaret emily youngman, port fairy (vic.), governess

non-fictionThis is a biography written by Alexandra Hasluck. It explores the life of Georgiana Molloy, an Englishwoman who emigrated to Western Australia in 1829 and became a pioneering botanist. Despite the hardships of colonial life, she made significant contributions to the study of Australian flora, collecting and classifying native plants with remarkable precision. The book includes excerpts from Molloy's letters and provides insight into her resilience and passion for botany. (AI generated)georgiana molloy 1805-1843, biography, botany, western australia

This image is a reproduction of an 1899 original depicting the 'Williams Good Luck Mine' on the Mopoke Reef (also called 'Morepork Gully') in the Dingle Ranges, approximately three miles from Beechworth. A large opening to a mine can be seen behind the men in the photograph, with a wheeled cart on a track leading to the men's position, where the soil and rocks have been hauled away. This photograph interestingly contains dogs alongside the miners. While dogs have been recorded as deterrents to thieves in the Victorian goldfields, these dogs appear as companions to these men. Following the discovery of gold at Beechworth in 1852, rushes quickly followed at surrounding creeks and gullies in the district. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, small syndicates of miners continued to work old or abandoned quartz reefs, often persisting without the assistance of heavy machinery to remove the large amounts of rock, in order to obtain yields at ever greater depths. The group of miners in this photograph are Mr. Roger Williams and Sons, who revived operations at the ‘Old Good Luck’ mine on the Mopoke Reef in the Dingle Range near Beechworth around 1892, working the site for more than two decades. An emigrant from Cornwall with experience in the tin mining industry, 19 year old Roger Williams senior sailed to New Zealand in 1840, then to Australia where he spent time in the Bendigo Gold Fields before settling in Beechworth in the early 1860s. Mr Williams senior worked on various mining activities in the district, including the Rocky Mountain Tunnel project. Conversant with the character of gold-bearing reefs in the area, the syndicate dug an eight hundred foot tunnel, digging down as far down as two hundred feet with little capital save their labour, to connect and provide better working access to the mass of reefs and veins in the vicinity. Progress was hampered by poor air quality charged with fumes from dynamite and large quantities of rock had to be crushed to obtain payable yields. The Victorian Goldfields are filled with ruins and remnants of the area's rich mining history, ranging from small alluvial diggings to the remains of huge mining companies. Site names often changed several times throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some sites were abandoned and forgotten, others were worked continuously over many decades. The names of mines were often repeated at different locations throughout the Victorian Goldfields. For example, there is a Mopoke Gully heritage mine near Fryers Creek, Victoria. 'Mopoke' is a common onomatopoeic name for Morepork and Australian Boobook owls.This image has historical, social and research significance for patterns of emigration during of the Victorian Gold Rush, and the historical, social and environmental impacts of mining at Beechworth at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As gold became scarce and government support and large company investment waned, poor hard-working miners laboured intensively to make a living through periods of high unemployment. This image can be compared and studied alongside other historical mining photographs and objects in the Burke Museum Collection. It has potential to improve our understanding of miners working conditions and the shifting character of mining in the Beechworth district.Sepia coloured rectangular photograph printed on gloss photographic paper mounted on card. Obverse: Williams/ Good/ Luck Reverse: A02498/ 1997. 2498/ Good Luck/ Mine/ 1899/ Mopoke. burke museum, beechworth museum, beechworth, gold fields, gold rush, victorian gold rush, gold ming history, colonial australia, australian gold rushes, mining technology, beechworth historic district, indigo gold trail, migration, indigo shire, good luck gold mine, victorian goldfields, mining syndicates, gold fever, quartz-mining, small-scale mining, old good luck mine, mopoke gully, quartz reefs beechworth

This image is a reproduction of an 1899 original depicting the 'Williams Good Luck Mine' on the Mopoke Reef (also called 'Morepork Gully') in the Dingle Ranges, approximately three miles from Beechworth. The foreground of the image is littered with piles of smashed rock and detritus, known as ‘mullock’, beside a reinforced mine shaft, a vertical access passageway allowing miners to enter the mine and haul ore out using lifting technology such as a poppet heads, whims or windlasses. A group of miners and a dog appear close to an open-sided miner’s hut. Following the discovery of gold at Beechworth in 1852, rushes quickly followed at surrounding creeks and gullies in the district. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, small syndicates of miners continued to work old or abandoned quartz reefs, often persisting without the assistance of heavy machinery to remove the large amounts of rock, in order to obtain yields at ever greater depths. The group of miners in this photograph are Mr. Roger Williams and Sons, who revived operations at the ‘Old Good Luck’ mine on the Mopoke Reef in the Dingle Range near Beechworth around 1892, working the site for more than two decades. An emigrant from Cornwall with experience in the tin mining industry, 19 year old Roger Williams senior sailed to New Zealand in 1840, then to Australia where he spent time in the Bendigo Gold Fields before settling in Beechworth in the early 1860s. Mr Williams senior worked on various mining activities in the district, including the Rocky Mountain Tunnel project. Conversant with the character of gold-bearing reefs in the area, the syndicate dug an eight hundred foot tunnel, digging down as far down as two hundred feet with little capital save their labour, to connect and provide better working access to the mass of reefs and veins in the vicinity. Progress was hampered by poor air quality charged with fumes from dynamite and large quantities of rock had to be crushed to obtain payable yields. The Victorian Goldfields are filled with ruins and remnants of the area's rich mining history, ranging from small alluvial diggings to the remains of huge mining companies. Site names often changed several times throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some sites were abandoned and forgotten, others were worked continuously over many decades. The names of mines were often repeated at different locations throughout the Victorian Goldfields. For example, there is a Mopoke Gully heritage mine near Fryers Creek, Victoria. 'Mopoke' is a common onomatopoeic name for Morepork and Australian Boobook owls.This image has historical, social and research significance for patterns of emigration during of the Victorian Gold Rush, and the historical, social and environmental impacts of mining at Beechworth at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As gold became scarce and government support and large company investment waned, poor hard-working miners laboured intensively to make a living through periods of high unemployment. This image can be compared and studied alongside other historical mining photographs and objects in the Burke Museum Collection. It has potential to improve our understanding of miners working conditions and the shifting character of mining in the Beechworth district.Sepia coloured rectangular photograph printed on gloss photographic paper mounted on card.Obverse: Reverse: A02497/ 1997.2497/ 'Good/ Luck/ Mine'/ Morepork/ Gully/ Mrs Joyce/ Bright/ Tunnel/ 800 ft/ 1899. burke museum, beechworth museum, beechworth, gold fields, gold rush, victorian gold rush, gold ming history, colonial australia, australian gold rushes, mining technology, beechworth historic district, indigo gold trail, migration, indigo shire, good luck gold mine, victorian goldfields, mining syndicates, gold fever, quartz-mining, small-scale mining, old good luck mine, mopoke gully, quartz reefs beechworth

The four Varigos boys, from L-R: Menelaus (Dennis), Andrew, Nikolaos and Con were photographed in the 1920s outside 38 Bourke Street, Melbourne where they lived, above the family business. Their parents, Ioannis and Ioanna-Giannoula (Lekatsas) Varigos (Varvarigos) arrived in Melbourne from Ithaca in 1914 with three children - Nikolalos (Nick), Aikaterini (Rini) and Dimitrios (Jim). A further four children were born in Melbourne - Andrew, Con, Menelaus and Olga.Like many Ithacan men, Ioannis, emigrated for work and to support his family back home. Around 1900 he travelled to Umtali, Rhodesia and worked for six years before returning to Ithaca where he married Giannoula. The couple returned to Umtali where two children were born (Nikolaos and Aikaterini) and then returned to Ithaca in 1911. In 1914 they once again departed for Rhodesia but after being stranded in Port Said Ioannis decided to take the next boat which by chance was heading for Australia. The intention of was to somehow get passage to Africa from Australia, however WWI intervened and they settled in Melbourne. Ioannis and Giannoula ran the Palace Tea Rooms at 38 Bourke Street from 1920 - 1940.A black and white photograph of four young boys standing in a street in a shopping strip.

The 1953 catastrophic earthquakes on Ithaca and nearby Cephalonia caused extensive damage destroying many houses and buildings. The tremors reached 7.2 on the Richter Scale and the devastation was exacerbated by the quake occurring at midday when many people were cooking so fires spread rapidly across the island. The Holy Church of Taxiarchion, located in northern Ithaca on the hill overlooking the village of Platrithia and Afales Bay, was extensively damaged. A committee was formed to rebuild the church and its reconstruction following the earthquake is testament to the determination and resilience of the island's people to overcome hardship and disasters. A black and white photograph of scaffolding supporting a building destroyed in earthquake. A trench along the side of the structure is being prepared for further reinforcement with steel rods before the concrete is poured.The photo a has stamp on the back from the local committee overseeing the rebuilding of the church. It is written in Greek and states the following: REBUILDING COMMITTEE/ HOLY CHURCH OF TAXIARCHES/PLATRITHIA ITHACA.

In the photograph a young Nakis Raftopoulos is arranging the fruit display in his father's (Spiro Raftopoulos) shop which was at 250 Johnson Street in Abbotsford. Many Ithacan Greeks who settled in Melbourne opened businesses as it was difficult for non-British immigrants to secure employment in the early years when Ithacans first started arrive. The business were mostly associated with food vending, either cafes, restaurants, oyster bars and sea food shops, or fruit shops, stalls or barrows. They ventured into the food vending business because it was an area the had skills in. Also some of these business didn't require enormous initial capital outlay and provided a springboard for entrepreneurial Ithacans to progress to larger scale businesses. The ownership of businesses by Ithacans assisted the development of chain migration with Ithacan business owners providing employment to relatives who wished to emigrate to Melbourne. A black and white photograph of a young man in a fruit shop. he is arranging apples in a display behind a counter. The photograph has been reproduced and is mounted on board.

Nikolaos Vrettos with African workers, road making, Belgium Congo. Many Ithacans emigrated to African colonies, including Belgium Congo, Rhodesia and South Africa.A scanned Black & White photograph of Nick Vrettos with 4 black African men in the Belgium Congo in 1948.N. VRETTOS . IN THE KONGO ROAD MAKING IN 1948 belgian congo., road making.

The photograph was taken in Ithaca, possibly in the village of Kioni where those in the photo are all from, hence the term Kiniotes (ie people from Kioni). Pictured from L-R: Diamando (Mando) Raftopoulos , Yianni Raftopoulos (Tsagaris) and Kalypso Sofianos (nee Raftopoulos). The identity of the little girl is uncertain. She could be Tasia Diamond (nee Paizis) the daughter of Nick and Dora Paizis. All in the photo eventually emigrated to Australia and settled in Melbourne. The population of Kioni, and the rest of the villages on Ithaca, began to decline from the beginning of the 20th century. By the 1950s, following the mass migration of the post war and post 1953 earthquakes, the population declined dramatically, leaving only a few hundred permanent residents.A black and white photograph of two ladies, a man and a little girl; standing in front of a hedge with some rocks behind them.

The seven men were at an Ithacan social function at a venue in Franklin Street, Melbourne. Pictured from left: Peter Paxinos, Diogenis Cominos , Peter Black (Mavrokefalos), Jim Kandiliotis , Athansi Papanikolaos, and Peter (Bouli) Dellaportas.The men pictured all emigrated to Melbourne from Ithaca at various decades dating from the 1930s through to the 1950s. The Ithacan club was a home away from home, where friends and relatives could catch up and socialise.A black and white photograph at a social function of five men sitting at a table while another one is standing behind the group.