It took 15 years to invent the can. It took 100 more to invent a standard way to open it. In the 19th century, decades after the invention of canning, there were virtually no can openers. Canned food, such as sardines, came with its own "key" to peel back the tin lid. Birth of the can One of the oddest things about the can opener is that the can predates it by almost 150 years. Though common today, cans were once military-grade technology. In 1795, Napoleon, to whom the phrase "an army marches on its stomach" is attributed, offered 12,000 francs to anyone who could find a way to preserve food. Without any knowledge of bacteria or their role in food spoilage, scientists didn't even know where to begin. It took 15 years before a chef named Nicholas Appert claimed the prize after successfully jarring food. Soon after that, his countryman Philippe de Girard came up with a variant on Appert's method—metal tins—and sold the idea to the British. Spoiled food, and the sickness it caused, was a widespread problem. The public would have benefited from canned food, but for decades cans were almost exclusively for the army and the navy. The canning process, with its hours of boiling and steaming, its scrupulous cleanliness, its heated metal, and its need for a great deal of disposable material, made canned food far too expensive for anyone but the military. No can openers were needed or even possible. The metal of early cans was too thick to make openers practical. Soldiers and sailors had plenty of sharp objects on hand and made ample use of them when they wanted to eat. During the 19th century, the process of canning was refined and mechanised, and the metal wall of the average can slimmed down enough that a civilian could get it open—if that civilian had the right tool. No one had that tool yet, so early cans had to open themselves. In other words, they came with built-in openers. The result was a confusing but pleasing free-for-all, in terms of product engineering. Each type of food came with its own kind of can, and each kind of can came with its own kind of opener. Tinned fish and meat were often sold in rectangular cans. These cans were fitted with a "key" that would roll down the top of the can. Coffee, beans, and other types of meat were packaged in cylinders with metal strips that could be peeled back with their own kinds of built-in keys. Cans of milk, which didn't need to be completely opened, came with puncture devices. As tinned food became more common, its containers became more regular. A nice cylindrical can became the norm, and, as these cans filled kitchens, more engineers put their minds to finding a convenient way to open all of them. The first standalone can opener worked on a simple principle: point, stab, and pull. From the mid-19th century to the end of World War I, the typical can opener looked roughly like a wrench, if the lower 'jaw' of the wrench were replaced with a blade. People used the blade to puncture the top of the can near its edge, push the upper jaw against the side of the can, and drag the blade through the metal along the rim. Because meat was the first and most popular canned substance, these can openers were often shaped to look like cows and given the nickname 'bully beef can openers'. The bully beef can opener, popular in the mid-19th century, resulted in many lost fingers. Later, a corkscrew was added that was seated in the handle, and could be pulled out for use. Bully beef can openers were so common, effective, and sturdy that they are still frequently available on collectors' sites. Some are advertised as “still working,” and every last one of them is, without a doubt, soaked in the blood of our ancestors. Dragging a sharp blade along the edge of a can is certain to cause injury sooner or later. So once people got a reliable can shape and a reliable way to get the can open, the search was on for a reliable way to get a can open without the possibility of losing a finger. The answer came in 1925, from the Star Can Opener Company of San Francisco. This is probably the first can opener that resembles the one people have in their kitchens today. Instead of using a blade to pry open a metal can, buyers could clamp the edge of the can between two wheels and twist the handle of one of the wheels to move the blade around the lip. The Star can openers weren't perfect. Compared to the bully beef model, they were flimsy and breakable, but they probably prevented a few injuries. Six short years after the Star model came to market, the first electric can opener was invented. It was patented in 1931 by the Bunker Clancey Company of Kansas City, who had already been sued by the Star Can Opener Company for trying sell a double-wheeled can opener like the Star model (the case was dismissed). The electric can opener must have seemed like the wave of the future and a sure-fire seller, but it proved to be too far ahead of its time. In 1931 not that many households had electricity, and those that did weren't interested in buying can openers. The Bunker Clancey Company was subsequently bought by the Rival Company, which still makes small appliances like can openers today. It took another 25 years for electrically powered can openers to become practical. In the 1950s, Walter Hess Bodle and his daughter, Elizabeth Bodle, developed an electric can opener in the family garage. Walter came up with the opener's blades and motor, and Elizabeth sculpted the outside. Their can opener was a free-standing unit that could sit on the kitchen counter. The Udico brand of the Union Die Casting Company put it on the market in time for Christmas in 1956 and had great success with it. Over the next few years it came out in different styles and colours, and, like the bully beef can opener, has become a collector's item. Also like the bully beef model, Udico can openers often still work. They don't make 'em like they used to. Although there have been some design changes and refinements over the last sixty years, there have yet to be any more leaps forward in can opener technology. If you're resentfully opening a can, you are almost certainly doing it using the Star design, manually forcing the can between two wheels, or the Bodle design, clamping the can into a free-standing electrical opener. Whether or not you enjoy your holiday meals, at least you can be happy that you are not getting poisoned by your own food or cutting open your hand with the blade you use to get at it. That's something, right?The can opener, Bottle opener and the corkscrew are still very important and essential items in most kitchens.Metal can opener, chromed, with bottle opener, and a corkscrew seated in the handle.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, canning, can opener, corkscrew, bottle opener, kitchen equipment

Inside driver's side of Ford Fairlane 300 showing steering wheel, column shift and seat belt draped over driver's seat. Circa 1961police vehicles; wireless patrol; motor transport branch; ford fairlane car

HUttleyB/W. Studio Portrait of Wartime Bride in white, Groom in Uniform flanked by seated Bestman in Uniform and seated Brides Maid with short Sleeved dressKeith Donald, Lorna, Jack, Hazel Richhuttley

Black and white photograph. Staff group 1968 seated and standing on tiered benches in the Gardens. E. B. Littlejohn, Principal, seated front row centre.Names in paper catalogue. On reverse, "Staff 1968," and, "Photograph by Information Branch Victorian Department Of Agriculture Ref. No. D.1341.D."staff, 1968, e b littlejohn, principal, staff group, publicity

First Nation child at Carrs Plains with slate on her lap. Dressed in simple frock and laced boots. (May be linked to no. 5563-1 series in records). This photograph is a copy of the original held by Museum of Victoria. Carrs Plains was one of the early runs. Once described as a desirable spot, with the Richardson river running through it into the first level part of the country. In later years it was described as having a fascinating view of the Grampians thirty-fourth miles to the South West. To the South the Pyrenees, East the Bolangum Ranges, North limitless Plains. Black and white photograph of a young child seated holding a slate on her lap. The child is dressed in a simple frock with laced boots and seated in front of a plant. Copyright Museum of Victoriastawell aboriginal portrait

sculpture, australian artist, figure, female figure, hoodie, jeans, sitting, seated

Presentation of Life Membership to William James Norman Smart (Norm) at the Bendigo RSL Sub Branch Annual Dinner in 1998. Norm served on the Committee of the Sub Branch from 1985 to 2003, he was Treasurer from 1989 to 2003. He also served on the Welfare and Charitable Sub Committee, as a delegate to the 27/27A District Board of the RSL, an Office Bearer of the RSL Flats in Kangaroo Flat from 1987 to 2002, as a museum guide in the RSL Museum SMI from 1998 to 2015. With Appeals Norm raised some $250,000.00 in the Anzac & Poppy Appeals. The men seated are Bert Pollard, Harold Trahair Eaglehawk RSL, Ivan Hutchison, Hugh Connolly Kangaroo Flat RSL.Two photographs colour an award being presented. .1) Shows a man in a suit and tie, microphone in one hand and a certificate n the other. .2) Shows same man standing n front of a table with men seated. Text in red pen on rear off.“Presentation N. Smart Life Membership Annual Dinner”brsl, smirsl, life memberrship, 1998

Black and white photo of 4 women, 2 seated, and a baby (seated) 1 woman has a dog in her arms. The group is situated by a small weatherboard houseOn back of photo: "RH Society | Richard Power home Carlyle | Power Family"community, family, power family, carlyle

Black & white studio photograph showing Lesley Hogan in uniform standing behind Leslie Jnr, with Frances seated and holding Edna. Both children are seated on a table.Aunty Dot & Uncle Les- little Les & Edna.hogan frances, hogan leslie, hogan leslie jnr, hogan edna

Colour photograph of man and woman in period costume seated in open four-wheel buggy with man in front seat driving horse, man riding horse behind."Linton Park Exhibition 1982 Len McDonald Trevor and Gaye Mason James Mason".ldhs activities, ldhs exhibition linton park 1983, len mcdonald, trevor mason, gaye mason, jim mason

Amy Huxtable was born at Cheltenham in 1918, to Robert Henry Huxtable and Violet a Dagg. Her father was an installer for an oil company and travelled the State. taking his family with him. She completed her education at the Bendigo High School and later attended the Bendigo Business College, becoming an expert shorthand writer. Her first position was as a copy writer with Radio 3BO, in the mid 1930s. She worked with an advertising agency in Melbourne and then with the Age,newspaper. In 1953, Miss Huxtable was appointed temporarily to succeed Miss E B Millane as social editress of the Bendigo Advertiser, during the latter's absence abroad. In 1956, Amy travelled abroad and on her return in 1957 was appointed permanently as Women's editor, a position she held for twenty-three ears. During her early years with The Advertiser she wrote under the name Toora, but in later years her own name became widely known. Miss Huxtable was well known both in her professional capacity and through a interest and involvement in community activites. She was life governor of the Bendigo Hospital, the Bendigo Home for the Aged, and Mirridong Home for the Blind, she was a member of Soroptimist International and the Business and Professional Women's Club. Amy was also a tireless worker for the spastic society and a strong supporter of the YWCA. When Amy Huxtable died at Mt AJvernia Hospital on 16 January 1980 Mayor Campbell ordered the city flag to be flown at half-mast. "Lowering the flag is the least we can do for such a lady" Cr Campbell said. Douglas Lockwood, editor of the Bendigo Advertiser said, "She was a devot d colleague who gave her craft and her newspaper the kind of service which identified a rare and generous spirit." She was a true professional who decided to make Bendigo her home. More than 300 people packed St Paul's Church for her funeral ervice the bell tolled as the casket was carried from the church. At a ceremony in the Conservatory Gardens on No ember 22 1981 The Amy Huxtable Memorial Committee presented to the City of Bendigo, a garden seat in memory of the late Miss Huxtable. This Bendigo manufactured seat was a fitting tribute to one ofBendigo's most loved and esteemed citizens. All Miss Huxtable's Advertiser articles were microfilmed and presented to the Library by the above committee. Amy Huxtable Memorial Committee Receipts for 1980. Envelope included and breakdown of the costs and donations for the Amy Huxtable memorial seat which is opposite the former Bendigo Advertiser office in Pall Mall, Bendigo.history, amy huxtable, bendigo, amy huxtable memorial committee

Victorian Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (VIOSH) Australia is the Asia-Pacific centre for teaching and research in occupational health and safety (OHS) and is known as one of Australia's leaders on the field. VIOSH has a global reputation for its innovative approach within the field of OHS management. VIOSH had its first intake of students in 1979. At that time the Institution was known as the Ballarat College of Advanced Education. In 1990 it became known as Ballarat University College, then in 1994 as University of Ballarat. It was 2014 that it became Federation University. VIOSH Australia students are safety managers, senior advisors and experienced OHS professionals. They come from all over Australia and industry. Students are taught active research and enquiry; rather than textbook learning and a one-size fits all approach. VIOSH accepts people into the Graduate Diploma of Occupational Hazard Management who have no undergraduate degree - on the basis of extensive work experience and knowledge. Group at Graduation DinnerColour photograph of eight people seated around tableviosh, victorian institute of occupational safety and health, graduation dinner, ballarat

A tutor watches two students seated behinf a computer.computers, student activities

b/w portrait photograph of Charles Page (seated)charles page, seaman

One of a collection of over 400 photographs in an album commenced in 1960 and presented to the Phillip Island & Westernport Historical Society by the Shire of Phillip IslandPhotograph of Captain John Cleeland seated with walking stick.local history, photography, photographs, captain john cleeland, black & white photograph, ships captains, john cleeland, pioneers, john jenner, bryant west

BLACK AND WHITE PHOTO seated female - mounted on cardboardphotograph, person, female

Black wooden horse and cart ornament with seated driver.ornaments, wood, horse & cart

Born: Uxbridge, Middlesex, England 1872; Active Australia from 1908; Died: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1952ImpressionismGift of Pamela Davies, 2005Seaside landscape with seated figure and figures on sand and in the water.Recto: Not signed; Not dated; Not titledbeachscape, figures, summer, sand, waves, umbrella, australian art

Norval Conference Centre was located in Halls Gap, and belonged to the Methodist Church before union.Baker is seated, dressed casually with rolled up sleeves.As per title.baker, ian, norval

The photo was part of the September 24 1986 edition of C&N as the 'cover story', entitled "House of fallen angels", and the article was about Moreland Hall (in 2015 renamed as ReGen) and its work with alcohol and other drug addictions. Croxford was the executive director and Mulheisen the pharmacist at Moreland Hall. The Rev. Ron Croxford had been ordained in 1966, and parishes included Yirrakala (1961-64), Caulfield (1967-68), Mt Waverley (1969-74), Sth & Port Melbourne Mission (1975-77), South-Port-Parks 1977-?Ron Croxford is shown standing by a seated Peter Mulheisen.Their names.croxford, ron, mulheisen, peter, moreland hall (regen)

Article entitled "Exit Pam, with strong words". The article begins, "Let sleeping dogs lie is not a Morison motto. In the tradition of a John Stone, the retiring Executive Secretary of Community Services clearly believes in the maxim: When you get out, speak out. Pam Morison says: The church and community have turned their backs on community services. The Uniting Church has lost the desire to pioneer new programs. Government has moved ahead of the church. The Uniting Church is a very sexist organisation. Its community services work is substantially under-resourced." The article covers four pages.Pam is shown facing the camera, seated at her desk.C&N identification.morison, pam, uc community services

Greg Scott organised the National Christian Youth Convention in 1983 and 1985.B & W photograph of Greg Scott seated with a phone. "C&N 11/6/1986 p.13"scott, greg, national christian youth convention

David Harris Prest (1931 - 2018) was brought up in Crystalbrook South Australia. He attended Prince Alfred College and was a resident at Lincoln Methodist College, taught in schools in South Australia, New South Wales and Cambridge United Kingdom before becoming head of Scotch College in Perth. He was Principal of Wesley College Melbourne 1972 - 1991. Waist length photograph of David Prest seated at a desk.Prest D.H.prest, david, wesley college

WW1 soldier Great WesternStudio Portrait of Stan Harris seated in suite. c1910Stan Harrisww1

Wooden chair with rounded back and green painted seatfurniture, domestic

Black and white photograph of a church group seated for a meal.On back of photo: "From Eunice (Turner) Fawcett"parishoners, churches, eunice turner, eunice fawcett