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Federation University Historical Collection
Photograph - Photograph - Colour, Alan Scarlett, Traralgon War Memorial, 2015
The Traralgon War Memorial was originally erected in memory of the fallen soldiers of World War One. The Gippsland Times of 01 March 1923."On Sunday a memorial that has been erected in memory of the fallen soldiers of the district was unveiled. The ceremony was performed by Mr G. H.Wise, and addresses were delivered by Mr W West, M.LA. the president of the shire and local clergymen. The memorial, which cost £700, and contains 54 names of young men who made the supreme sacrifice is a lifesized figure of an Australian soldier and is made white Italian marble. It now commemorates Australian servicemen and women who have served in all wars and conflicts. It was re-dedicated on 11 November 1999.Colour photograph of the Traralgon War Memorial with surrounding townscape. The war memorial features a life sizes sculpture of an Australian world war soldier wearing a slouch hat. Loy Yang Power stations are evident in the background. Traralgon Post office on right foreground. traralgon, world war one, anzac day, loy yang, traralgon post office, anzac centenary -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Book, David A Ryan et al, The British Armies in World War Two - An Organisational History, Volume Five: The Australian Army by David A. Ryan, David Hughes and Steve Rothwell, 2003
... West Chester, United States of America ...History of the Australian Army in the second World War, 1939-1945.. iv, 108 pages, 13 unnumbered pages ; bibliography pp 107-108, 28 cm.australian army history world war two -
Federation University Historical Collection
Postcard, Royal Army Medical Corps Picking Up the Wounded in a Captured Village, c1916
Most probabaly purchased by Harry Holmes.World War One official war postcard showing a number of ambulances and troops on the battlefield."These are King's soldiers and our conrades who have fought and suffered. The best we can give them is thei due." Such is the feeling of the devoted Red Cross service.world war one, harry holmes, ambulances, red cross, wounded, soldiers, royal army medical corps -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-18 - Volume IV - The AIF in France 1917 Author C.E.W.Bean, Fifth edition 1937
... Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-18 ...This volume discovers four of the five Australian Infantry Divisions expecting relief after their most depressing experience, the winter of 1916-17on the Somme.Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-18 - Volume IV - The AIF in France 1917 Hardcover cardboard, Chronology, Maps, Illustrationsaustralian infantry divisions, british armies, hindenburg line, bullecourt, battle of messines, battle of passchendaele, polygon wood, france, ypres, broodseinde ridge, hill 60 -
Federation University Historical Collection
Newsclip, Ballarat Courier, Memorial Wall to Remind of Locals' War Service, 1993, 17/07/1993
... Memorial Wall to Remind of Locals' War Service, 1993 ...Newsclip on Ballarat memorial wall for those who served during World War One.anzac, world war one, memorial, avenue of honour, ballarat shire, ballarat shire avenue of honour, chatham-holmes family collection -
Dandenong/Cranbourne RSL Sub Branch
Book - Commemerative book, The Speciality Press Limited. And W.D.Joynt & Company, The National War Memorial of Victoria, 1955
... The National War Memorial of Victoria. ...A4 sized book showing appreciation of the Shrine of Remembrance and the 1939 - 1945 War Memorial. -
Lakes Entrance Regional Historical Society (operating as Lakes Entrance History Centre & Museum)
Book, Rogers, J. G, For King and Country': The 1914-18 War Diaries of J.M. Laidlaw, 1985
... For King and Country': The 1914-18 War Diaries of J.M ...An edited version of the War Diaries of J.M. Laidlaw from January 1916 to June 1919.To dear Ruth Clark. This book is a gift to you as a way of saying thank you for your wonderful generosity in gifting me a copy of your late father's publication 'The Church of Our Fathers' 3 May 1997 Jane Gay Rogers.world war 1914-1918, diaries -
Wheen Bee Foundation
Publication, The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, Standing Committee on Primary Industries and Resources, More than honey: the future of the Australian honey bee and pollination industries (The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia), Canberra, 2008
... More than honey: the future of the Australian honey bee and...The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, House of...Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia ... -
Clayton RSL Sub Branch
soft cover non-fiction book, World War I, 2004
Factual description of WWI in association with the Imperial War MuseumDK publication for Imperial War Museum, part of the Eyewitness series -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Folder, Nagata, Yuriko. et al, Japanese internees at Loveday, 1987
... Journal of the Historical Society of SA no 15 1987 ...Japanese internees at Loveday Camp South AustraliaPlastic folder clear cover black border and back page. Right hand page hand written. Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia Japanese internees at Loveday 1941-1946 and Repatriating. Japanese internees at Loveday Camp by Yuriko Nagata. Report written by Yuriko Nagata japanese internees, loveday camp -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Document, New Zealand's Vietnam War
A framed miniturised book cover of the book "New Zealand's Vietnam War" A history of combat, committment and controversy written by Ian McGibbon. The photos on the document depict soldiers attending a wounded man and a helicopter landing with a solder giving hand signals to the pilot.The definitive history of New Zealand's involement in the most controversial war of the 20th centurynew zealand -
Morwell Historical Society
Book - Paperback, Morwell District Boer War Soldiers and Civilians, May 2019
Boer War Soldiers and Civilians of MorwellSoft cover, portrait orientation, predominantly dark green cover, front features image of sculpture garden with four mounted soldiers in upper quadrant featured at the National Boer War Memorial, Canberra. Circular emblem of Boer War service and authorship credit. 368 pages. non-fictionBoer War Soldiers and Civilians of Morwell boer war, soldiers -
Greensborough Historical Society
Photograph - Digital Image, Marilyn Smith, Rotunda at War Memorial Park Plaque, 16/05/1993
Photograph of the plaque commemorating the opening of the Rotunda at War Memorial Park Greensborough on 16th May 1993.Digital photograph of plaque at War Memorial Park rotunda.Shire of Diamond Valley / Cr. Ian MacA. Wallace / Shire President / officially opened this rotunda / on Sunday, 16 May 1993 / Council gratefully acknowledges the assistance provided by / Northern Metropolitan College of TAFE / for the assembly of the Rotunda / Diamond Valley Eltham Skillshare / for landscaping works / Central Riding Councillors / Ian Wallace, David Hay, Les Smith / Chief Executive Officer Michael Balkingreensborough war memorial park, war memorials greensborough -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Book, Australian War Museum, 1965
Guide to Australian War Memorial, Canberra. Description of Galleries and displays. 1 st Edition, 1941Red and cream cover. Sketch of Canberra War Memorialcanberra, military, australian war memorial canberra -
Melbourne Legacy
Letter, War Widows Guild, 1970
Two letters on Melbourne Legacy letterhead to Mrs Lois Hurse, the War Widows' Guild president in 1970. The address showed the Guild was also known as The Vasey Housing Auxiliary (War Widows' Guild) Ltd. Both letters discuss the 45 bed nursing home that the Guild was establishing in Church Street Brighton. One is signed by the Executive Officer Ivan Layton and the other by EP Evans the Hon. Secretary. The letters were returned to Legacy by the Guild when the Guild closed. The War Widows Guild was founded by Mrs J M Vasey, the wife of Major-General Vasey. During the second world war she became secretary of the AIF Women's Association, a body which sought to help soldiers' wives. Her work with this body drew her attention to the plight of war widows. After Major-General George Alan Vasey died in an aircraft accident on 5 March 1945 she became a widow herself. At the end of the war Mrs Vasey founded the War Widows Guild. The Victorian War Widows Guild closed in 2021. Some items, including this letter, were donated to the Legacy archive for preservation - it shows a close bond between the two organisations. It was possible for a widow to be members of both Legacy and the War Widows Guild. Both organisations helped war widows in various ways.A record of a close link between Legacy and the War Widows Guild.White letter x 2 from Legacy to the War Widows' Guild in 1970.war widows guild, wwg -
Federation University Historical Collection
Postcard - Postcard - Black and white, London Scottish Going to Their Trenches, c1916
Most probabaly purchased by Harry Holmes.World War One official war postcard showing a number of troops walking along a path.world war one, harry holmes, soldiers, western front -
Mission to Seafarers Victoria
Photograph - Photograph, Black and white, Herald, Captain R. Sunter of the M.S. Manunda , at the invitation of the War memorial in Melbourne, plants a tree, 04 August 1934
... Captain R. Sunter of the M.S. Manunda , at the invitation ...On the 4 August 1934, to mark the 20th anniversary of the Great Britain declaration of war on Germany, 106 trees were planted, during a ceremony, on the lawns of the newly created garden of the Shrine of Remembrance. The Shrine of Remembrance was built to provide a place to grieve and remember Victorians killed in the First World War (1914-18). Prince Henry, the Duke of Gloucester and son of King George V, officially opened the Shrine before a crowd of 300,000 people in November 1934. Captain Robert Sunter, commander of the coastal liner Manunda, Adelaide Steamship Company, was chosen to plant a Queensland kauri (tree - number 100) on the main avenue from Domain Rd leading to the Shrine of Remembrance. The photograph was published in the Herald (4 August 1934, p. 40). In the Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), Friday 3 August 1934, page 8 In Memory of the Merchant Service- Captain Sunter to Plant Tree at the Shrine Tomorrow will be the 20th anniversary of Great Britain's declaration of war on Germany, and at 10 and. Captain R. Sunter, the commander of the coastal liner Manunda, will plant a tree in the Shrine! of Remembrance reserve In memory of the officers and men of the Australian merchant service who gave their lives during the war. The tree, , which will be No.100 in the reserve, will bear the following inscription based on the wording of the ' British Mercantile Marine memorial at Tower Hill. London: "1914-1918. In remembrance of the officers and men of the Australian Mercantile Marine who died for King and Country and have no grave but the sea. Planted August 4, 1934." During the war 12 ships of the Australian merchant service were sunk and 95 officers and men lost their lives.The Shrine of Remembrance committee recently asked the director of navigation (Captain J. K. Davis) to nominate a member of the mercantile marine to plant a tree in the reserve. Captain Davis passed on the request to the secretary of the Merchant Service Guild of Australia (Captain T. D. Snape) and, after having conferred with various sections of the sea-going service, Captain Snape announced yesterday that Captain Sunter had been chosen unanimously. Captain Sunter has a distinguished war record as commander of the hospital ship Wandilla. Born at South Shields, in England, in 1878, he is a son of the late Canon Sunter, of Adelaide. He served an apprenticeship in sailing ships, and soon after obtaining his master a certificate entered the service of the Adelaide Steamship Company, where he has remained. In the Wandilla during the war Captain Sunter became known to thousands of wounded soldiers and troops." Padre Frank Oliver of MtS can be seen assisting with dedication at far left. Captain Robert Sunter who also served in WW1, a friend of the seamen and the mission, died a month later in Cairns. A window funded by crew of the Manunda and friends was dedicated to his memory in St Peter's Chapel, MtSV in February 1936 by Padre Oliver. (see item 0038).Depicts one of the few memorials specifically commissioned for Merchant seamen of WW1 and in later years also a focus for those who died in WW2 and other conflicts. Mounted black and white photograph of a group of people at a tree planting, minister of religion at far left, on dark grey mount with typed caption label on the lower edge of mountTyped caption in upper case: CAPTAIN R. SUNTER OF THE M.S. “MANUNDA”, AT THE INVITATION OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE WAR MEMORIAL IN MELBOURNE , PLANTS A TREE IN THE AVENUE OF REMEMBRANCE TO COMMEMORATE THE OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE AUSTRALIAN MERCANTILE MARINE WHO BETWEEN 1914 AND 1918 DIED AS A RESULT OF ENEMY ACTION AND WHO HAVE NO GRAVE BUT THE SEA. AUGUST 4TH 1934padre oliver, captain robert sunter, m.s. manunda, war memorial, mercantile marine memorial tree, melbourne, shrine of remembrance, wandilla, hospital ship, adelaide steamship company, memorial trees, queensland kauri -
Victoria Police Museum
Photograph (police car), Kodak
Victoria Police Tug-of-war team 1927Back: S/C Jackson (coach), Yardley, Polmere, Franklin, James. Front: Frank Sanders, Leeche, Keirce, Whiteside (all from Depot)victoria police tug-of-war team -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Book, Australia in the War of 1939-1945 The Final Campaigns
... Australia in the War of 1939-1945 The Final Campaigns ...This item is from the ‘Pattison Collection’, a collection of books and records that was originally owned by the Warrnambool Mechanics’ Institute, which was founded in Warrnambool in 1853. By 1886 the Warrnambool Mechanics’ Institute (WMI) had grown to have a Library, Museum and Fine Arts Gallery, with a collection of “… choice productions of art, and valuable specimens in almost every branch and many wonderful national curiosities are now to be seen there, including historic relics of the town and district.” It later included a School of Design. Although it was very well patronised, the lack of financial support led the WMI in 1911 to ask the City Council to take it over. In 1935 Ralph Pattison was appointed as City Librarian to establish and organise the Warrnambool Library as it was then called. When the WMI building was pulled down in 1963 a new civic building was erected on the site and the new Warrnambool Library, on behalf of the City Council, took over all the holdings of the WMI. At this time some of the items were separated and identified as the ‘Pattison Collection’, named after Ralph Pattison. Eventually the components of the WMI were distributed from the Warrnambool Library to various places, including the Art Gallery, Historical Society and Flagstaff Hill. Later some were even distributed to other regional branches of Corangamite Regional Library and passed to and fro. It is difficult now to trace just where all of the items have ended up. The books at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village generally display stamps and markings from Pattison as well as a variety of other institutions including the Mechanics’ Institute itself. RALPH ERIC PATTISON Ralph Eric Pattison was born in Rockhampton, Queensland, in 1891. He married Maude Swan from Warrnambool in 1920 and they set up home in Warrnambool. In 1935 Pattison accepted a position as City Librarian for the Warrnambool City Council. His huge challenge was to make a functional library within two rooms of the Mechanics’ Institute. He tirelessly cleaned, cleared and sorted a disarrayed collection of old books, jars of preserved specimens and other items reserved for exhibition in the city’s museum. He developed and updated the library with a wide variety of books for all tastes, including reference books for students; a difficult task to fulfil during the years following the Depression. He converted all of the lower area of the building into a library, reference room and reading room for members and the public. The books were sorted and stored using a cataloguing and card index system that he had developed himself. He also prepared the upper floor of the building and established the Art Gallery and later the Museum, a place to exhibit the many old relics that had been stored for years for this purpose. One of the treasures he found was a beautiful ancient clock, which he repaired, restored and enjoyed using in his office during the years of his service there. Ralph Pattison was described as “a meticulous gentleman whose punctuality, floorless courtesy and distinctive neat dress were hallmarks of his character, and ‘his’ clock controlled his daily routine, and his opening and closing of the library’s large heavy doors to the minute.” Pattison took leave during 1942 to 1945 to serve in the Royal Australian Navy, Volunteer Reserve as Lieutenant. A few years later he converted one of the Museum’s rooms into a Children’s Library, stocking it with suitable books for the younger generation. This was an instant success. In the 1950’s he had the honour of being appointed to the Victorian Library Board and received more inspiration from the monthly conferences in Melbourne. He was sadly retired in 1959 after over 23 years of service, due to the fact that he had gone over the working age of council officers. However he continued to take a very keen interest in the continual development of the Library until his death in 1969. The Pattison Collection, along with other items at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village, was originally part of the Warrnambool Mechanics' Institute’s collection. The Warrnambool Mechanics’ Institute Collection is primarily significant in its totality, rather than for the individual objects it contains. Its contents are highly representative of the development of Mechanics' Institute libraries across Australia, particularly Victoria. A diversity of publications and themes has been amassed, and these provide clues to our understanding of the nature of and changes in the reading habits of Victorians from the 1850s to the middle of the 20th century. The collection also highlights the Warrnambool community’s commitment to the Mechanics’ Institute, reading, literacy and learning in the regions, and proves that access to knowledge was not impeded by distance. These items help to provide a more complete picture of our community’s ideals and aspirations. The Warrnambool Mechanics Institute book collection has historical and social significance for its strong association with the Mechanics Institute movement and the important role it played in the intellectual, cultural and social development of people throughout the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. The collection of books is a rare example of an early lending library and its significance is enhanced by the survival of an original collection of many volumes. The Warrnambool Mechanics' Institute’s publication collection is of both local and state significance. Australia in the War of 1939-1945 The Final Campaigns The seventh and final volume in the army series of the Australian offical history describes the operations of the first Australian Army in 1944-1945 Author: Gavin Long Publisher: Australian War Memorial Date: 1963Label on spine cover with typed text PAT 994.04 AUS The top of the text block has stamp from Warrnambool Public Library Front loose endpaper has a stamp from Corangamite Regional Library Servicewarrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, book, pattison collection, warrnambool library, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, ralph eric pattison, corangamite regional library service, warrnambool city librarian, mechanics’ institute library, victorian library board, warrnambool books and records, warrnambool children’s library, great ocean road, australia in the war of 1939-1945 the final campaigns, australia in the war of 1939-1945, australian war memorial, gavin long -
Federation University Historical Collection
Booklet, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, The Families and Genera of Victorian Plants, February 1992
... The Families and Genera of Victorian Plants...School of Botany, University of Melbourne...School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne ...Spiral bound booklet with green card covers.botany, victorian flora, families, genera, taxonomy, plants, school of botany, university of melbourne, identification, plant identification, flora -
Greensborough Historical Society
Photograph - Digital Image, Marilyn Smith, GHS Barbeque at War Memorial Park, March 2017, 31/03/2017
Photograph of a Greensborough Historical Society social barbeque held at War Memorial Park Greensborough on 31/03/2017.Digital photographs of GHS members War Memorial Park.greensborough war memorial park, greensborough historical society -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Document - Instruction, Ministry of Munitions, Special Instruction No 1 for War Loan Display through Melbourne on Friday 29 October 1943, Oct. 1943
... Ministry of Munitions ...Special Instruction No 1 for War Loan Display through Melbourne on Friday 29 October 1943 Letter from Ministry of Munitions to MMTB advising of parade of munitions through Melbourne on Friday 29 October 1943. 4 page letter plus 13 pages of appendices"Mr Harry" written in black in on top left corner.trams, tramways, instructions, events, world war 2, munitions factory -
Greensborough Historical Society
Photograph - Digital image, Marilyn Smith, World War 2 Memorial Block and Plaque commemorating 50th year of the end of the war, 23/04/1995
... year of the end of the war. ...This photograph shows the memorial block in War Memorial Park Greensborough, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the end of World War 2, unveiled 23 April 1995.Digital copy of colour photograph.greensborough war memorial park, world war 2 -
Ringwood and District Historical Society
Biographies, War histories of two brothers: Leonard Grant Collett and Keith Charles Collett c1950, c. 1950
... War histories of two brothers: Leonard Grant Collett and ...War histories of two brothers: Leonard Grant Callett and Keith Charles Collett who joined the VX41760 2/23 Battalion. Both were killed within a week of each other. Their mother Cecilia Evelyn Collett lived in Greenwood Avenue, Ringwood.War histories of two brothers: Leonard Grant Collett and Keith Charles Collett who joined the VX41760 2/23 Battalion. Both were killed within a week of each other. Their mother Cecilia Evelyn Collett lived in Greenwood Avenue, Ringwood. +Additional Keywords: Collett, Leonard Grant / Collett, Keith Charles / Collett, Cecilia Evelyn -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Newspaper - The Sun News Paper Special Dated 24/ 5/ 1941 - My War Part 14 - Australians Fighting In Crete, Local Newspaper reporting on World War 2 Events - Dated 24/5/1941 - Tragety At Crete
Local Newspaper reporting on World War 2 Events - My War Part 14 - Dated 24/5/1941Local News Paper Reporting on World War 2 Events = Special Dated 24/5/1941The Sun Newspaper - Special - My War Part 14 - Reporting on Events - The Tragedy at CreteAustralians Fighting in Crete - Te Tragedy at Creteaustralians fighting in crete, world war 2 history, local newspaper dated 24/5/1941 -
Lakes Entrance Regional Historical Society (operating as Lakes Entrance History Centre & Museum)
Book, Pratt, Ambrose and Barnes, John, The National War Memorial of Victoria, 1934
... The National War Memorial of Victoria ...An interpretation and history of the National War Memorial of Victoria - the Shrine of Remembrance - produced for the year of its dedication.memorials, architecture -
Federation University Historical Collection
Postcard - black and white, Daily Mail War Pictures, Helping an Ambulance Through the Mud, c1917
Ernest William Dark was born at Ballarat East. Before his enlistment on 10 April 1915, aged 19, Dark was a boot salesman. His next of kin on the enlistment papers was his mother Sarah Dark of 40 Bridge Street, Ballarat East. Ernest Dark was a very early World War One enlistment with the regimental number of 19A. He was a member of the 6th Field Ambulance. Black and white photograph of soldiers pushing an ambulance through the mud during World War One. The scene is most probably in France. Verso: "Dear Miss Holmes, I am sending this P.C. to thank you for a pair of sox which I received from the red cross, (sic) with a note inside on which was your your name and address. My unit, the 6th Aus. Field Ambulance, had received quite a lot of red cross goods from the Ballarat district, and I am writing to let you know how much the boys appreciate them. Please accept my best thanks. Yours sincerely. Pte E.W. Darkchatham, chatham family collection, ernest dark, dark, world war one, world war i. world war 1, ambulance -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph, Clare Gervasoni, Sheep Hills War Memorial, 2017, 08/10/2017
Sheep Hills is located Sheep Hills in the northern Wimmera region, north-west Victoria between Warracknabeal and Minyip.The Sheep Hills cenataph is opposite the Mechanics' Institute. The cenotaph commemorates those from the district who served in World Wars One and Two and lists the names of those who died in the conflict. Sheep Hills War Memorialsheep hills, sheep hills cenataph, sheep hills war memorial, allan albert, walter robert childs, joseph william darling, william pleass gove, george laing, herman percy robert schultz -
Melbourne Legacy
Badge, War Widows' Guild Badge, 2020
A badge made for War Widows Guild members to wear to show they were members. The Kookaburra is the symbol of the Guild. From the War Widows' Guild of Australia website: 'the Guild badge would feature the kookaburra, an industrious and cheerful bird who mated for life, was fearless and aggressive in the defence of its young and the area of territory it regarded as its own. The bird also had a unique call, not a song but a laugh; a chortle of rollicking mirth (to bring the widows back to laughter). Also, the kookaburra is a typically and completely Australian symbol, one that could be worn proudly by every widow whatever her creed or ideals. The kookaburra was also the mascot of the 7th Division of the 2nd AIF, commanded by Mrs Vasey’s husband, Major-General Vasey. Mrs J M Vasey was the founder and president of the War Widows Guild. During the second world war she became secretary of the AIF Women's Association, a body which sought to help soldiers' wives. Her work with this body drew her attention to the plight of war widows. After her husband Major-General George Alan Vasey died in an aircraft accident on 5 March 1945 she became a widow herself. At the end of the war Mrs Vasey founded the War Widows Guild, established on 22 November 1945. The Victorian War Widows Guild closed in 2021. Some items, including this badge, were donated to the Legacy archive for preservation. It was possible for a widow to be members of both Legacy and the War Widows Guild. Both organisations helped war widows in various ways.A identity badge of the War Widows Guild.Dark silver badge with a kookaburra logo and a butterfly clip.Engraved on reverse 'M2155' and stamped 'Property of War Widows' Guild'.war widows guild, wwg -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Document, To the Anti-War American Servicemen!, 1968-1973
Leaflet. Propaganda, anti-war. Yellowing with black print. Four pages.Two inside pages in Vietnamese. Front and back pages in EnglishTo the Anti-War American Servicemen! Consisting of preamble followed by pre-emptive position statemant including a ser of 3 steps of action. Conclusion - request for actionleaflet, propaganda, vietnam war, 1961-1975 - psychological aspects