Celluloids are a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, with added dyes and other agents. Generally considered the first thermoplastic, it was first created as Parkesine in 1856 and as Xylonite in 1869, before being registered as Celluloid in 1870. Celluloid is easily moulded and shaped, and it was first widely used as an ivory replacement. The main use was in movie and photography film industries, which used only celluloid films prior to acetate films that were introduced in the 1950s. Celluloid is highly flammable, difficult and expensive to produce and no longer widely used, although its most common uses today are in table tennis balls, musical instruments and guitar picks. Celluloid was useful for creating cheaper jewellery, jewellery boxes, hair accessories and many items that would earlier have been manufactured from ivory, horn or other expensive animal products. It was often referred to as "Ivorine" or "French Ivory". It was also used for dressing table sets, dolls, picture frames, charms, hat pins, buttons, buckles, stringed instrument parts, accordions, fountain pens, cutlery handles and kitchen items. The main disadvantage the material had was that it was flammable.. It was soon overtaken by Bakelite.A miniature, oval, Ivorine hand mirror with floral engraving on back. An accoutrement for use in a lady's Evening bag c19thCFloral design engraving on back of mirrormoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, craft work, mirors, ivorine, evening bags, celluloids, bakelite, plastics,

Celluloids are a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, with added dyes and other agents. Generally considered the first thermoplastic, it was first created as Parkesine in 1856 and as Xylonite in 1869, before being registered as Celluloid in 1870. Celluloid is easily moulded and shaped, and it was first widely used as an ivory replacement. The main use was in movie and photography film industries, which used only celluloid films prior to acetate films that were introduced in the 1950s. Celluloid is highly flammable, difficult and expensive to produce and no longer widely used, although its most common uses today are in table tennis balls, musical instruments and guitar picks. Celluloid was useful for creating cheaper jewellery, jewellery boxes, hair accessories and many items that would earlier have been manufactured from ivory, horn or other expensive animal products. It was often referred to as "Ivorine" or "French Ivory". It was also used for dressing table sets, dolls, picture frames, charms, hat pins, buttons, buckles, stringed instrument parts, accordions, fountain pens, cutlery handles and kitchen items. The main disadvantage the material had was that it was flammable. Items made in celluloid are collectible today and increasingly rare in good condition. It was soon overtaken by Bakelite and Catalin.. A miniature, square, Ivorine hand mirror with bird engraved on back. An accoutrement for use in a lady's Evening bag c 19thCbird engraved on back of mirrormoorabbin, cheltenham, brighton, market gardeners, pioneers early settlers, mirrors, ivorine, celluloids, bakelite, plastics,

These hat pins represents women's fashion in the late 19thC and early 20thC. As the material used in the construction is not of a high monetary value it can be assumed it was everyday woman's apparel to keep the hat firmly fastened into the hair. It does indicate that fashion of the time was important and many women used their craftwork skills to create their own hat pins. This item is a reflection of the fashion mode of the late 19thC and early 20thC when long hair needed to be controlled by hair pins It is also an example of society's mores of tidiness 14 lady's steel hat pins in various styles numbered A -i A) 6x pearl tear-drop ; B) 1x pink metal beads;C) gold ball in 'oyster shell'; D) gold ball; E) pink plastic weave; F) silver metal ball; g) black bead; h) white ball; i) pale blue glass set in brassmoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, craftwork, clothing

Foam rubber (also known as cellular, sponge, or expanded rubber) refers to rubber that has been manufactured with a foaming agent to create an air-filled matrix structure. Foam rubber was first produced in 1929 by Dunlop researcher chemist Eric Owen using whipped latex. In 1937 isocyanate based materials were first used for the formation of foam rubbers, after World War II styrene-butadiene rubber replaced many natural types of foam. Foam rubbers have been used commercially for a wide range of applications since around the 1940s. A foam rubber ,cylindrical, pin-cushion decorated with lace ribbon c1950 With steel dressmaking pinsmoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, dressmaking, craftwork

As make-up became more mainstream and women were increasingly active outside the home, compacts became more popular. A 'bakelite' cylindrical, lady's compact with face powder c 1930 CASHMERE/ BOUQUET / FACE POWDER/ BY/ COLGATE/ company logomoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, colgate, cashmere bouquet powder, cosmetics

W & J Knox Ltd were cotton millers in Kilbernie, Scotland during the time after the Industrial Revolution when Great Brittain exported manufactured cotton products globally. The early settlers in Moorabbin Shire had to be self reliant and made their own clothing, napery, tools and household goods. The women were skilful dressmakers and craft workers.A wooden reel of 'Knox's Three Cord' sewing cotton . 100 yardsW..J.KNOX / KILBIRNIE SCOTLAND/ 50/ 100ydsmoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, knox pty. ltd. kilbirnie scotland, cotton mills, dressmaking

Nylon is a thermoplastic, silky material, first used commercially in a nylon-bristled toothbrush (1938), followed more famously by women's stockings ("nylons"; 1940) after being introduced as a fabric at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Nylon was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce during World War II. It replaced silk in military applications such as parachutes and flak vests, and was used in many types of vehicle tyres. Nylon is clear and colourless, or milky, but is easily dyed. Multi-stranded nylon cord and rope is slippery and tends to unravel. The ends can be melted and fused with a heat source such as a flame or electrode to prevent this.A wooden reel of ' BLONDAL' Nylon sewing thread 100ydsBLONDAL 100ydsmoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, dressmaking, craftwork, nylon thread, blondal pty ltd

A lady's black silk belt with ornate silver buckle c 1880.belt buckle is filigree silvermoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, dressmaking, silversmiths, craftwork

A tie pin is a neckwear-controlling device, originally worn by wealthy English gentlemen to secure the folds of their cravats. They were first popularized at the beginning of the 19th century. Cravats were made of silk, satin, lace and lightly starched cambric, lawn and muslin, and stickpins were necessary accoutrements to keep these expensive fabrics in place and safe. Stickpins commonly used pearls and other precious gemstones set in gold or other precious metals and were designed specifically for their owners. By the 1860s, wearing cravats had been embraced by the English upper middle classes with a consequently lower quality of materials and designs used in both the neckwear and in the stickpins used to keep it in place. By the 1870s Americans had embraced stickpins and designs were mass-producedThe family of Lorna Risstrom were early settlers in Moorabbin ShireA tie-stud and chain in a small, blue velvet covered, silk lined, hinged jewellery box with . The tie-stud has a red stone set in gold metalmoorabbin, bentleigh, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, market gardneners, jewellery, risstrom lorna, tie-pins, tie- studs, cravats, silk, lace,

The Kennedy and Hume families were pioneer market gardeners and dairy farmers from the 1850's in the Parish of Moorabbin in the Shire of Bourke and later Shire of Moorabbin.A photocopied photograph of Mary Kennedy nee Hume in a clear plastic framekennedy mary, hume mary, market gardeners, dairy farmers, vegetables, milk products, moorabbin, moorabbin roads board, shire of moorabbin, city of moorabbin, cheltenham, bentleigh, brighton, dendy henry, pioneers, early settlers, photography

Early settlers in Moorabbin Shire used these hay cutters to provide food for their Draught Horses , the family cow and clear pasture. The blade was very sharp and using a swinging action efficiently cut the long grass.Hay cutters were an essential tool for the early settlers, market gardener and dairy farmers in Moorabbin Shire c 1880A long curved steel blade with a long wooden handlepioneers, early settlers, market gardeners, dairy farmers, moorabbin, brighton, dendy henry, tools, hay cutters, blacksmith,

These tin dippers were used on washing day for carrying water as requiredThis tin dipper is a reminder of wash days when women used coppers, wringers, mangles, large troughs and clothes lines before the introduction of washing machines and clothes dryers.c1930 A tin dipper for water, probably used in the Laundrypioneers, early settlers, market gardeners, moorabbin, brighton, cheltenham, laundry

An adjustable metal gauge with a copper plated sleeve and 2 pincers used for measuring areas where the use of a ruler is not practicalpioneers, early settlers, market gardeners, moorabbin, brighton, cheltenham, tools, guages

Early settlers had to be self sufficient, growing their own vegetables, making tools and clothing and usually had a house cow to produce their milk supply. .All the buttermilk separated from the butterfat had to be rinsed out. This would improve texture and flavour, and also help the butter keep well, since milk turns rancid more quickly than fat alone. Salt was usually mixed in at this stage - for flavour and preservation. The rinsing could be done simply by washing in water, followed by draining, salting and working or "kneading" the butter with a pair of wooden butter pats, or with bare hands. c1880 A pair of wooden butter patspioneers, early settlers, market gardeners, moorabbin, brighton, bentleigh, cheltenham, milk, dairy farmers, butter pats, dairy cows

The Blacksmith used these tongs to make repairs at his forge. He could mend wheel bands, tools, farm equipment and also fine tune generic sized horseshoes on site. He needed tongs to work on any heated metal as required at his forge A Blacksmith was an essential person for the maintenance and making of farm and household equipment, and shoeing horses, in the pioneer settlements of Brighton, Moorabbin, Cheltenham c1900 A pair of forged steel blacksmith tongsmarket gardeners, pioneers, early settlers, moorabbin, brighton, cheltenham, blacksmith, tools, metalwork, forges, ploughs, horse-drawn carts

A scythe is an agricultural hand tool for mowing grass or reaping crops. It was largely replaced by horse-drawn and then tractor machinery. A scythe consists of a wooden shaft and a long, curved blade is mounted at the lower end, perpendicular. Scythes always have the blade projecting from the left side when in use. Mowing is done by holding the handle , with the arms straight, the blade parallel to the ground and very close to it, and the body twisted to the right. The body is then twisted steadily to the left, moving the scythe blade along its length in a long arc from right to left, ending in front of the mower, thus depositing the cut grass to the left. Mowing proceeds with a steady rhythm, stopping at frequent intervals to sharpen the blade. The correct technique has a slicing action on the grass, cutting a narrow strip with each stroke Mowing grass is easier when it is damp, and so hay-making traditionally began at dawn and often stopped early, the heat of the day being spent raking and carting the hay cut on previous daysEarly settlers and market gardeners used these scythes as they established their farms in Moorabbin Shire c1880A large metal scythe with a wooden handle x 2early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, tools, blacksmiths

This Water tap is typical of those used by early settlers in Moorabbin Shire c1900 Water tap, small brassearly settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, tools, metal workers, plumbers

A gimlet is a hand tool for drilling small holes, mainly in wood, without splitting. A gimlet is always a small tool made of a piece of steel of a semi-cylindrical form, hollow on one side, having a cross handle at one end and a worm or screw at the other. A similar tool of larger size is called an auger. Early settlers in Moorabbin Shire had to be self reliant as they established their farms and built their homes using tools like this gimlet. 2 x small hand tool with a screw point, grooved shank, and cross handle for boring holes early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, tools, blacksmiths

Richard Carter Ltd is still making edge tools in Honley, near Huddersfield. Established in 1740 by Jeremiah Carter in High Burton: the 1834 Piggots directory list three edge tool CARTER - makers at Kirk Burton: Henry Carter, John Carter and Robert Carter. By 1870 the company was known by its current name. The Stanley Rule and Level Company was founded in 1857 by Henry Stanley in New Britain, Connecticut. In 1920, this company merged with the separate but related Stanley Works, founded by Henry Stanley's cousin Frederick Trent Stanley, and continued operating as its hand tools division.. 2010 merger of The Stanley Works with Black & Decker Subsequent reports by visitors to Vic. Collections are noted Geoff Thomas 2019, Mitchell 2019 , Bob Burgess 2022 The early settlers were resourceful and self sufficient so they made and repaired their tools as required.Early settlers were self sufficient and resourceful making and mending their tools, farm and household equipment.c1900 A 'Carter' hand wood plane, made of metal with an adjustable screw for blade thickness.early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, tools

A hand plane is a tool for shaping wood Hand planes are generally the combination of a cutting edge, such as a sharpened metal plate, attached to a firm body, that when moved over a wood surface, take up relatively uniform shavings, by nature of the body riding on the 'high spots' in the wood, and also by providing a relatively constant angle to the cutting edge, render the planed surface very smooth. A cutter which extends below the bottom surface, or sole, of the plane slices off shavings of wood. A large, flat sole on a plane guides the cutter to remove only the highest parts of an imperfect surface, until, after several passes, the surface is flat and smooth.The family of Mr Lamb were early settlers in Moorabbin Shire and had to be self reliant and made their own clothes and tools as they established homes and farms for their families.c1880 A hand made wood planeearly settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, tools

Early settlers had to be self sufficient, growing their own vegetables, making tools and clothing and usually had a house cow to produce their milk supply. .All the buttermilk separated from the butterfat had to be rinsed out. This would improve texture and flavour, and also help the butter keep well, since milk turns rancid more quickly than fat alone. Salt was usually mixed in at this stage - for flavour and preservation. The rinsing could be done simply by washing in water, followed by draining, salting and working or "kneading" the butter with a pair of wooden butter pats, or with bare hands. c1880 2 wooden butter patsearly settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, dairy farmers, dairy cows, milk, butter

Cream china basket with red roseearly settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, tools

Early settlers in Moorabbin Shire had to be self reliant and made their own clothes, tools and utensils as they established their farms, market gardens and retail businesses, Bootmakers, farriers and blacksmiths were very important in these communitiesA pair of child's brown leather shoes c1890 with button hole strapsboots, shoes, footwear, bootmakers, leatherworkers, early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltemham,

‘Seraph Shoes’ possibly manufactured by the Badorf Shoe Company Inc. Pensylvania USA Badorf Shoe Company, Inc. has been producing and distributing the finest children’s footwear brands since 1928. Badorf Shoe Company, Inc. was started in Lititz, PA, by brothers Norman and Paul Badorf. The company was owned and operated by the Badorf family for nearly 40 years until its purchase by Ura Gingerich in 1967. Forty six years later, the family tradition has continued and the company is now operated by Ura’s son Duane Gingerich and grandsons, Justin and Brandon Gingerich. A pair of child's cream leather shoes.SERAPH SHOES / J.E. ROBERTSON / APPROVAL No. 2047boots, shoes, footwear, bootmakers, leatherworkers, early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltemham

Shoe stretchers can expand the width and the length of shoes. Shoes can shrink, feet can swell and bunions, corns or other foot imperfections can make the shoes hurt.. Shoe stretchers work best for suede, leather, and other natural materials. A pair of lady's wooden shoe stretchers, decorated with pink laceboots, shoes, footwear, bootmakers, leatherworkers, early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltemham, shoe stretchers,

This baby’s hand crocheted silk bib is an example of the dressmaking and craftwork skills of the women of the early settlers families in Moorabbin Shire in the early 20th C Early settlers and market gardeners established their families in Moorabbin Shire and this item shows the skill and craftsmanship of the women of these families A hand crocheted cream silk baby's bibclothing, brighton, moorabbin, pioneers, dressmaking, craftwork, crochetwork, market gardeners, early settlers,

These baby’s hand crocheted silk bootees are an example of the dressmaking and craftwork skills of the women of the early settlers families in Moorabbin Shire in the early 20th C Hand crocheted cream silk baby's booteesclothing, brighton, moorabbin, pioneers, dressmaking, craftwork, crochetwork, market gardeners, early settlers,

Pocket Watches became popular in the late19th C. Gentlemen put their 'Fob' watch in their waistcoat pocket attached to a chain that had a bar that slipped through a button hole. Ladies attached their Watches by a chain to their chatelaine. Nurses usually used a bar with a pin to attach the pocket watch to their uniform. All Train Conductors had a Fob Watch to keep check of the Train Timetable.This small silver plated pocket watch with a hinged case has a white enamel dial with black Roman numerals, a seconds dial at 6 and black metal hands.unreadable on back of Casebrighton, moorabbin, pioneers, watchmaking, jewellers, market gardeners, early settlers, craftwork, watches, clocks

A Letter of condolence sent to Lily (Elizabeth Ann Jones) for the death of her Mother, Mary Ann Jones, who died on 18 January 1903, from her school friend Jane Clark. Following Queen Victoria’s example, it became customary for families to go through elaborate rituals to commemorate their dead. This included wearing mourning clothes, having a lavish (and expensive) funeral, curtailing social behaviour for a set period of time, and erecting an ornate monument on the grave. . Relatives and friends were expected to give handwritten Condolence Cards and Letters, preferably by hand when visiting the bereaved. The different periods of mourning dictated by society were expected to reflect the natural period of grief. In recent years some traditions have given way to less strict practices, though many customs and traditions continue to be followed. Condolence Cards and Letters are still expected for relatives and close friends. These can be individually composed and handwritten or purchased from a Greeting Card Manufacturer. The letter shows Tucker Road as being in East Brighton. Due to the confusion caused by so many 'Brightons' in the area of Henry Dendy's Special Survey of 1841 this area was renamed Bentleigh after Sir Thomas Bent. The Clark family and the Jones family were early settlers in Moorabbin ShireWhite paper with a black border used for a hand written condolence letter sent by Mrs Jane Clark in 1903 during the mourning period for the mother of her school-friend Lily, (Elizabeth Ann Jones).market gardners, pioneers, early settlers, mooorabbin, brighton, east brighton, bentleigh, correspondence, writing equipment, pen and ink, clarke jane, clarke janet, mourning customs, bereavement, condolence letters,

This copy book was used by Maggie McKay in 1902 when in 6th Grade at Meeniyan State School (no 3165) and was learning to write in the approved manner. Vere Henry Louis Foster (1819-1900), an educationist, philanthropist, and humanist, who worked devotedly to improve the situation of the Irish poor, published a series of these copy books to improve writing skills, as better literacy and penmanship meant better chances of employment. The books were first published in 1865 and were sold for 1 penny, a fraction of what they cost to produce. In the first year alone one million Foster's Copy Books were sold. The series of books taught children the alphabet and writing. Copy books for older children taught basic business studies and book-keeping.The family of Maggie McKay were early settlers in Moorabbin ShireA school writing copy book with 14 pages divided so that the student copied the text on one half of the page. VERE FOSTERS NEW COPY BOOKS / BOLD WRITING / OR CIVIL SERVICE SERIES London BLACKIE & SON Glasgow and Dublin market gardners, pioneers, early settlers, mooorabbin, brighton, east brighton, bentleigh, correspondence, writing equipment, pen and ink, education, vere foster, irish