Before 1851, letters sent through the mail were charged by the number of sheets it contained and the distance it travelled. For example, a letter consisting of one sheet of paper was charged the single rate; a double letter, that is two sheets, was charged double the single rate, a treble letter, was charged three times the single rate, and so on. In other words, each additional sheet of paper increased the charge by one rate. In Great Britain. Sealing a letter in an envelope effectively put an end to postal clerks' ability to count the number of sheets in a letter and an alternative method of determining the postage had to be found. Overweight mailings had previously required the items to be weighed but with the introduction of the Uniform Penny Postage act of 1839, the public could mail a letter not exceeding a half-ounce in weight within the United Kingdom for one penny if prepaid, or two pence if paid on delivery. At about the same time that the adhesive postage stamps and envelopes made their appearance, postal administrations began to experiment with strategically placed street letter boxes, known as pillar boxes because of their round, pillar-like shape, that permitted the public to mail letters from a place other than from a post office. For all these reasons, the use of postal scales became the nucleus of every post office. Scales had been in use since ancient Egyptian times so their use for everyday commerce was not unusual in the 1800s. What was new in 1840 was their ubiquitous use throughout the postal system. No post office could function effectively without one. Although the earliest scales used in post offices did not differ markedly from the ones in general use as time went on they were adapted specifically for postal use. For example, a paper sleeve, also known as a weight sticker, was attached that showed the applicable rate of postage for any given weight. This innovation was quite a time saver as postal clerks no longer needed to weigh the item first and then refer to a separate chart to determine the required postage for that particular weight. Victorian postal scales were used in village Post offices in the late 19th century, of which there are many examples today for sale. No maker can be attributed to the manufacture of the item. Postal scales with weights,. Balance scale has brass fittings and is mounted on a rectangular wooden stand, with depressions for brass weights; which measure 1/2oz, 1oz, 2oz, "Young Aton REL., C.N.0.9."flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, scales and weights, balancing scales, postal scales, letter scale

Postcard, WW1, B&W image of a captured German 8 inch Howitzer gun on the right. Another unidentified gun (?) at left. Located in a wooded depression. Copy A 42postcard, postcard, ww1, france, bray, german howitzer

In 1988, as part of a Defence of Mainland Australian policy, defence of facilities of strategic importance in northern Australia were allocated to Army Reserve units. ‘A’ Squadron was allocated the defence of Tindal Air Force base located 15 KM outside Katherine in Northern Territory. Consequently the Squadron deployed on Exercise ‘Northern Explorer’ to gain first-hand knowledge of operating conditions for mounted and dismounted patrolling in the area.Two colour photographs of sink holes/rock depressions cbserved while on patrol during Exercise " Northern Explorer. These features offered the only shade when temperature was 41oC.

A distinctive event for the Junior Technical School in 1942 was the retirement of the founding Headmaster, Mr A.W. Steane. His replacement was Mr C.F. Jeffery from Wangaratta High School. He revived the Annual Speech Night with a gathering in the Masonic Hall on 8 December 1942. These events may have been stopped during the Depression years when the number of students attending school dropped. The Students' Association introduced the House system in 1919 - blue, yellow and green - the School colours. .1 item lists three Houses - blue, yellow and green Twenty-five years later, in 1944, a fourth House was created due to the increased school enrolment in the Post Depression years. .2 item lists four Houses - blue, yellow, green and red.1 Blue printed sheet folded. Outlines the programme for the night, Staff names, prize winners for form levels, sports awards and entertainment by the students at the Speech Night - 1943. .2 Pink printed sheet folded. Outlines the programme for the night, Staff names, prize winners for each form, sports awards and entertainment by the students at the Speech Night - 1944.ballarat junior technical school, headmaster, a a w steane, c f jeffery, speech night, masonic hall, depression, wangaratta high school, house system

Mary Howlett (1840-1922) began practising as a country midwife in 1866 in the western district of Victoria. She qualified as a 'ladies monthly nurse' in 1887 and continued to practise as a nurse and midwife until 1920.She began her six months training at the Melbourne Lying-In Hospital. She was known by many as 'Auntie', and her career spanned more than 50 years. Mrs Howlett's midwifery box and contents were given to Dr Frank Forster, and he donated them to the museum collection in 1993. Syringe attachment with 4 depressions of equal size around the base. Inside is a shallow rim. The inside is hollow and wider at the base rim than the top. It tapers to half the circumference size at the outlet.intravenous device, midwifery

Black and white photograph of a demonstration of a dental procedure on a patient who is receiving anaesthesia. Dr Geoffrey Kaye, wearing a white gown, is holding an instrument to the patient's mandible. An anaesthetist's hands are supporting the patient's head and administering anaesthesia to the patient through an inhaler. A fourth person's hand is holding a mouth gag dental instrument in the patient's mouth. The background of the photo has been covered with black ink so that only Dr Kaye, the patient, and the hands of the anaesthetist and fourth person are visible.•Printed text in black ink on paper label glued under photo: Depression of Mandible by the Operator. •Handwritten with blue ink on reverse: Photo. 5. / (Frame 22).dental procedure, dental instrument, anaesthesia, anaesthetist, patient, geoffrey kaye

Toolbox, made by Salvation Army Brigadier Warren Trestrail (1895-1971), during the Great Depression from recycled kerosene tins and packing boxes. It proved to be a useful piece of furniture as the family moved around Australia during various postings within the Australian States and Territories. In World War II, Warren Trestrail embarked with the first convoy of soldiers from Australia to the Middle East and served as Salvation Army welfare officer through the Libyan campaign, at Tobruk, and in Greece. In 1942, it was announced that Salvation Army war services at Darwin would be placed under his direction. He had previously been in charge of South Australian war activities. The item was donated to the Society in 2001 by Sadie Trestrail, who had been a teacher at Kew East Primary School for many years. It is a fine example of vernacular furniture made of recycled materials .Depression-era toolbox constructed from recycled kerosene tins and parts of wooden packing boxes. The five tin drawers are made of sections of kerosene tins with handles soldered to the centre of each new drawer. A number of drawers have separators constructed of tin or aluminium. The wooden planks encasing the the drawers are covered with a degraded shellac coating. An analysis of the interior indicates that the brand names of the original parts are largely extant. furniture - recycled - depession era - 1930s, great depression - 1930s - australia, warren trestrail, salvation army, vernacular furniture

BHS CollectionNewspaper article by Jack Perry. Published in the Bendigo Weekly 29.10.1999.drought, depression

Coloured photo of Reconstruction of Lane looking North to Harrison Street, Mitcham. Lane built during Depression C. 1930. Repaired by Whitehorse Council and Developer of Dual Occupancy in McDowall Street, Mitcham.harrison street, mitcham, mcdowall street

Coloured photo of Lane construction looking North to Harrison Street, Mitcham. Reconstruction of Lane built in Depression C.1930, repaired by Whitehorse Council and Developer of Dual Occupancy in McDowall Street, Mitcham. (R.S.L.)harrison street, mitcham, mcdowall street

This item belonged to Dr Geoff Bishop. Similar in appearance to Heath's glass aural syringe.Glass aural syringe with glass plunger, rod with compressed cotton plunger, and (loose) rubber cap [237.2]. The tip of the syringe is elongated and has no attachment for needles. Distal end of plunger has a widened area shaped like a small glass cork. Cottom thread is wound around a small depression. Distal end of plunger has been inserted through a small cork. Above the cork is a wooden cap with a central hole. The head of the plunger has a 'cotton reel' depression and fits into the outside of the wooden cap.irrigation

This device was used for the treatment of procidentia (severe utero-vaginal prolapse). Cotton tape would be attached via the holes at the distal end of the instrument and tied around the waist to hold the pessary in position. The usually enlarged cervix would sit in the inserted cup. The vagina and the uterus were returned to the anatomically correct position. The instrument would be removed for cleaning approximately every three months. Women deemed to be a severe surgical risk were the beneficiaries of this treatment.Black vulcanite pessary. Consists of an oval cup attached to a stem. The stem is slightly curved and ends in a bulb. There are three small holes inside a small depression at the base of the cup, and two holes on each side of the bulb of the stem.intrauterine device, pessary

An old bridge on the Heatherlie Quarry rail line at Back Creek, this line was used to transport sandstone from the quarry to Stawell.Photo shows an old bridge with 3 adults at the end, one male standing and 2 adults sitting. The bridge consists of large wooden beams,cross beams and supports .water can be seen at the bottom of the depression. Bush surrounds the bridge.structures, bridges

Sustenance relief Labour Bureau ticket: voucher for bread to be picked up Wednesday at the Salvation Army depot. Digital image on databasedepression, religion - salvation army, domestic life

This political cartoon depicts a black and white drawing; “General Depression”, a large ugly man wearing a German pike helmut, representing the Great Depression which Australians suffered from 1929 through the 1930s with a period of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement. This figure overshadows a small man, representing Prime Minster James Scullin with a suitcase labelled “Jim S, London to Australia”. This is a reference to the PM’s decision to travel to London to seek an emergency loan and to attend the Imperial Conference (a meeting of Prime Ministers of the British Empire) He is holding a sling shot. The image has a “David and Goliath theme” denoting Australia as the underdog, a contest where a smaller, weaker opponent faces a much bigger, stronger adversary. The artist Percy Leason (1889 - 1959) was a painter and cartoonist renowned for his depictions of Australian society in the 1920s and 1930s. He lived in Eltham at his property 'Landscape' which he built in New Street (present day Lavender Park Road) from about 1924 to 1938 when he moved to the USA. In 1931 his cartoons were published in the Melbourne magazine “Table Talk” (although it cannot be confirmed that this one was). The original source of this image for the SEPP collection was the Publisher Thomas Nelson based in Melbourne. This photo forms part of a collection of photographs gathered by the Shire of Eltham for their centenary project book,"Pioneers and Painters: 100 years of the Shire of Eltham" by Alan Marshall (1971). The collection of over 500 images is held in partnership between Eltham District Historical Society and Yarra Plenty Regional Library (Eltham Library) and is now formally known as 'The Shire of Eltham Pioneers Photograph Collection.' It is significant in being the first community sourced collection representing the places and people of the Shire's first one hundred years.Digital image and 4 x 5 inch B&W Negsepp, shire of eltham pioneers photograph collection, percy leason, depression, cartoon, comic, james scullin, david and goliath, drawing, political cartoon

.1) Base, round varnished wood, has a depression cut into top side to hold the mug. .2) Mug, silver, approx 10 fl oz volume, has handle mounted. On the side is a silver crest of the 38th Batt, laurel wreath with rampant against a shield. No hallmarks.“Motto of battalion on a banner”metalcraft - unknown metal, military history - souvenirs, passchendaele barracks trust, 38th

Black and white photograph showing Jack Lyons in his pharmacy. The pharmacy was established circa 1933 when Jack could not find a job due to the depression. His father was Dr. Lyons of Eaglehawk. In 1972 the pharmacy was bought by Malcom Andrew now 22 Williamson Street, Bendigo.business, retail, lyons pharmacy

Date is approximate - early 1930s. Mr Oswald Joyce and Mr Bert Lamble used to ride their bicycles to the country to find work when they became unemployed. This included reworking old gold mines. Here they are seen leaving for Enoch's Point where they fossicked for gold during the Depression. A check of the electoral rolls points to this being the home of Frederick Harry Percival Lamble, labourer, born in Collingwood. He and his family continued to live at 87 Essex Road until his death in 1968 and his occupation is consistently given as labourer. His wife Bessie Louisa Woods died in 1957.Black and white photo of 2 men identified, but not specifically, as Mr Joyce and Mr Lamble, both of Essex Road, Surrey Hills. They are standing next to their bicycles on a roughly made path. The bikes are loaded up with swags and kit as if the two are about to depart on a journey. Behind is a picket fence and in the background the shops along Canterbury Road can be seen.essex road, frederick harry percival (mr), bicycles, depression, 1929-1939, unemployment, economic depression, mr joyce, bert lamble, frederick harry percival lamble, bessie ethel lamble, bessie ethel smith