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Australian Nursing & Midwifery Federation
Card from Queensland Nurses Union (Bundaberg Branch) to Catherine Hutchings, visiting Victorian nurses union staff member, 1993
Thank-you card given to Australian Nursing Federation (Victorian Branch) staff member Catherine Hutchings by staff at the Bundaberg Branch of the Queensland Nurses Union. In 1993, Victorian Branch staff travelled throughout Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory for a series of meetings on recent events impacting nurses' conditions in Victoria. The meetings were strategically held ahead of the 1993 Federal election to discourage the election of a Coalition government. The election of the Coalition government in Victoria in 1992 had seen the introduction of the Employee Relations Act, which saw the end of the state award system in Victoria. This gave employers greater powers to establish wages and conditions and less power to the Industrial Relations Commission, foreshadowing what would later occur at a Federal level. An article in the Victorian Branch newsletter 'On the Record' from April 1993 describes the 'tour'. Entitled 'Vic. Nurses Spreading the Word in Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory', it explains: "Catherine Huntchin[g]s and Elizabeth Hulme recently spent a week in Queensland informing nurses about the effect of a Liberal Government on nurses. As well, Tracy Austin visited WA to talk to nurses there about life under Kenneyt [sic]. Catherine and Liz held a total of 23 meetings from Cairns to Brisbane, as well as giving media interviews. It was well worth the effort and certainly there was much support given to nurses in Victoria. Perhaps the most interesting issue was that many nurses did not realise that they may find themselves in the same situation if we have a change in Federal Government. In February, Catherine went to the NT to talk to nurses in Darwin, Alice Springs and Katherine and despite some minor hiccoughs (the Health Department banned all the meetings so alternative venues had to be found) the turnout was gratifying - you have to be dedicated to attend a meeting held in a carpark in 32 C heat! Catherine says that the reception she received in both QLD and the NT was superb. "Everyone went out of their way to make us feel very welcome, and to shower us with sympathy over the situation. More important, is the fact that the information was distributed so no matter how the votes go on March 13 [1993, federal election] - they will be informed votes." she said. Catherine, Liz and Tracy extend sincere thanks to all interstate nurses who made their visits a success."Typed card given with flower bouquet. Printed on one side with personalised, typed message 'DEAR CATHERINE, UNITED WE STAND DEVIDED [sic] WE BEG THANKS FOR SPEAKING UP FOR US. FROM B'BERG [Bundaberg] BRANCH Q.N.U. [Queensland Nurses Union]'.nursing, nurses, unionism, solidarity, victoria, queensland, bundaberg, campaigning, 1993 federal election, 1992 victorian election, australian nursing federation, trade unions, politics, queensland nurses union, qnu, anf -
Australian Nursing & Midwifery Federation
Australian Nursing Federation ratios campaign bumper sticker, 2001
... . nursing ratios workforce staffing nurses unionism stickers ...Sticker distributed to and used by Australian Nursing Federation (ANF) members and staff as part of a campaign to secure minimum nurse staffing in the public healthcare sector. This sticker was accompanied by a booklet 'Nursing the system back to health : Nurse patient ratios 2001', published in April 2002. The booklet describes some of the rationale for minimum staffing ratios and developments in 2000-2001 regarding campaigning for ratios, particular the landmark decision of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission in 2000 that saw the ANF securing the world's first mandated minimum nurse-to-patient ratios. After decades of campaigning from the ANF/ANMF, ratios were legislated for the public sector in Victoria with the passing of the Safe Patient Care (Nurse to Patient and Midwife to Patient) Bill in 2015. The web address on the sticker was active from 1999 to 2004, and the shortcut 'anfvic.asn.au' was active from April 2001, suggesting this sticker dates from around 2001.Rectangular yellow, blue and white bumper sticker. Badge printed with a blue and white ANF [Australian Nursing Federation] logo, the text 'Nurses Nursing the system back to health' and the (then) website of the ANF (Victorian Branch), 'www.vicnet.net.au/~anfvb/'.nursing, ratios, workforce, staffing, nurses, unionism, stickers, campaigning, trade unions, labour history, safe patient care (nurse to patient and midwife to patient ratios) act 2015, australian nursing federation, enterprise bargaining, victoria -
Unions Ballarat
Book - Contemporary Australian Industrial Relations (D.J. Spiers Collection)
Collected essays by various authors - industrial relations. Particular focus upon: employers and management; trade unions; methods of regulation; industrial conflict; theoretical approaches.Unionism, industrial relations and employment relationships.Paper; book. Front cover: green background; black and white picture of people sitting around a meeting table.Title page: D.J. Spiers, Ballaarat University College, May 1992 In black ink. Front cover: editors' names and title.ballarat trades and labour council, btlc, industrial relations, trade unions, industrial action, employment, enterprise bargaining -
Unions Ballarat
Work on paper - The Australian Labour Market (D.J. Spiers Collection)
Australian industrial relations and unionism. Arbitration, enterprise bargaining, unemployment/employment, policy, equal pay.Australian industrial relations and unionism.Paper; book. Front cover: yellow background; author's name and title; black and blue lettering; black and white blurry photograph.ballarat trades and labour council, btlc, industrial relations, employment, wages, trade unions, unemployment -
Unions Ballarat
Book - The Economics of the Trade Union (D.J. Spiers Collection), Booth, Alison L
... and industrial relations with a US-UK focus. Relevant to trade unionism ...Labour economics and industrial relations with a US-UK focus.Relevant to trade unionism in the US and UK.Book; paper.Front cover: author's name and title.btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, trade unions, economics, labour market -
Unions Ballarat
Book - Australian Education Review No. 24: Teacher Unionism in the 1980s - Four Perspectives (D.J. Spiers Collection), Spaull, Andrew et al, 1986
About teacher unions in Australia: policy; industrial relations; politics. Industrial relations - historical value. Significant to understanding the role and history of trade unions in Australia and workplace relations. Therefore directly relevant to the modus operandi of Ballarat Trades Hall.Book; paper.Front cover: authors' names and title. btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, trade unions - education, australian education union - aeu, industrial relations -
Unions Ballarat
Leaflets, pamphlets, periodicals, newspapers, cuttings and roneoed material retained by the Council, 1891-1962
TBATBATwo boxes, paper. 1. Anti-Hanging Committee - regarding hanging. 1962. 2. Ballarat Banking Co. Ltd. Chairman's address and 145th report. August 1954. 3. Country Municipal Association circular regarding conference on centralisation, Ballarat. 22 November 1916. 4. Geelong Town Band's weekly performance programme. n.d. 5. Ironmasters' Association of Victoria rules and regulations agreed upon at the General Iron Trades' Conference, Melbourne. 1891. 6. Melbourne Eight Hours Anniversary programme. 1901. 7. Museum of Applied Science of Victoria, on gas from our brown coal. n.d. 8. New Australian Trade Unionist Committee regarding rally to protect shooting of Polish workers. 195-? 9. Circular from Ballarat Trades and Labour Council to Ironmoulders' Society regarding the Congress. 1891. 10. List of subjects to be discussed at Congress. 11. Circular from Melbourne Trades Hall Council regarding financial help for Congress. 1891. 12. Reports of Standing Orders Committee appointed by the Congress, 23-29 April 1891. 13. Trade Mark Committee report. 14. Committee on Federation report. 15. Draft scheme of Federation (Australasian Federation of Labor). 16. Draft scheme of Federation (Australasian Federation of Labor) to the Labour Councils and Unions of Australasia. (2 copies.) 17. Asian and Pacific Regions Peace Conference, Peking, October 1962. Report on Peking, Melbourne. 1962. (2 copies). 18. Australian Bureau of Census and Statistics. Labour and Industrial Statistics, Melbourne. 1911. 19. Australia. Laws, Statutes, etc Trade Marks Bill, 1905. Workers' Trade Marks. Melbourne, 1905. 20. Australian Council of Trade Unions. Agenda paper for ... Congress, 1953. Melbourne, 1953. 21. Australian Labor Party. Work of the Labor government. Melbourne, 1928. 22. Australian Textile Union, Victorian Branch. Wages Sheet. Melbourne, 1953? 23. Baker, W.A. The Commonwealth Basic Wage. 1907-1953. Sydney, 1953? 24. Building Workers' Industrial Union. Building Workers support your convention. n.p. 1954? 25. Carters' and Drivers' Union. Committee of Management. Important to members of Carters and Drivers' Union. Melbourne, 1936. 26. Dougherty, Tom. Santamaria unmasked. Melbourne, 1954? 27. Eight Hours' Anniversary Sports Programme, 1893. Ballarat 1893. 28. Eight Hours' Anniversary Programme, 1894. Ballarat, 1894. 29. Fadden, Arthur W. The menace of political banking. Sydney, 1945. 30. Federated Clerks' Union, Victoria Branch. The Fennessy Story. The Braun Story. n.p., 1954. 31. Federated Clerks' Union, Victoria Branch. Manifesto, n.p., 1955. 32. Greater Ballarat Association. Seventeenth annual report. Ballarat, 1954. 33. Langridge, H.E. Employers in the Labor Party. Melbourne, 1914. 34. Metal Trades Federation. National Conference of Federal Council and delegates from State branches. Sydney, 1960. 35. Municipal Association of Victoria. Arbitration aware regarding employment of members of the Municipal Officers Association of Australia. Melbourne, 1950. 36. Municipality of the Town of Ballarat East. Annual report, 1919. Ballarat, 1919. 37. Plumbers and Gasfitters Employees' Association of Australia. Melbourne Branch. Why did Menzies abdicate when he had a working majority and 18 months to go? Melbourne, 1955? 38. Plumbers and Gasfitters Employees Union of Australia, Melbourne Branch. Who are the wreckers in the Australian Labor Party? Melbourne, 1955. 39. Spence, W.G. The ethics of New Unionism. Sydney, 1892. (42 copies) 40. Trades Hall Council, Melbourne. Statement of accounts, 1959. Melbourne, 1959. 41. Universal Business Directories (Australia) Pty. Ltd. Home edition for Ballarat. Melbourne, 1954. 42. Victoria, Apprenticeship Commission. Twenty-seventh annual report. Melbourne, 1956. 43. Victorian Labor College. Labor Colleges. Melbourne 191? (3 copies) 44. W.F. Williams. An appeal to the workers of Victoria. n.p., 19?? 45. Workers' Industrial Union of Australia. Preamble, classification and rules. Melbourne 1919? 46. ACTU Bulletin, 1955, Vol 2, No. 2 47. Amalgamated Engineering Union monthly journal, 1954, No. 3. March 48. American Economist, (New York), 1893, Vol 12, No 12, September 49. Australian Worker, (Sydney), 1955, Vol 64, No. 10, May; No. 15, September (held by ANU and at Trove online) 50. Building Workers' Organiser, official organ of the Building Trades Federation, 1954, June 51. Bulletin issued by the Economic Information Service, Melbourne. No. 2 1954, Nos. 10, September; 13 August; 1956, No 14, January 52. Ballarat Courier, 1890, Vol 46, No. 7096, April 53. Ballarat Star, 1888, Vol 33, No. 95, April 54. The Clerk, official journal of Federated Clerks' Union, Victorian Branch, 1955, Vol 10, No. 2, February/March 55. Common Cause, official journal of the Miners' Federation of Australia 1954 Vol 19, No. 10, March; No. 12, April 1955 Vol 20, No. 12, April; No. 19, May 1955 Vol 20, No. 23, June; No 28 July 1955 Vol 20, No. 29, August 1956 Vol 21, No. 17, May 56. Evening Echo, Ballarat, 1915, No. 6673, September 57. Evening Post, Ballarat, 1889, Vol 38, No. 6326, March 58. Industrial Herald, published by Labor Press, Geelong 1952 Vol 34, No. 35, June 1954 Vol 36, No. 20, March; No. 23, April 1954 No. 36, July; No. 39 July 1958 Vol 40, No. 19, March 59. Labor Call, published by Industrial Printing and Publicity Co., Melbourne. 1953, Vol 46, No. 2417, September 60. Labor Supplement. 1952, November 1954, February; March 61. Light, Ballarat diocesan journal. 1955, September. 62. Locomotive journal, published by the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen. 1954, Vol. 16, No. 4, January. 63. People's Tribune Supplement, ed. by E.E. Jones, Melbourne. 1886, Vol 5, No. 20, April. 64. Railways' Union Gazette, published by J.D. Michie, Melbourne. 1919, June, Frank Byett in memoriam edition. 65. Rehab News issued by Central Ex-Servicemen's Office, Melbourne. 1946, Vol 2, No. 30, May. 66. Sheet Metal Workers, official organ of the Sheet Metal Working, Agricultural Implement and Stovemaking Union of Australia, Sydney. 1954, No. 107, February. 67. Socialist Comment, Socialist Party of Australia, Melbourne. 1937, No. 2, February. 68. Tocsin, A.L.P. Victorian Branch. 1955?, No. 2, October; No. 4, December. 1956, No. 5, February. 69. Tribune, CPA Sydney. 1965, No. 958, August. 70. UN World, published by Egbert White, New York. 1948, Vol 2, No. 11, December. 71. Miscellaneous newspaper cuttings. Posters 72. Eight Hours' Anniversary, Ballarat, 22 April 1892. 73. Eight Hours' Anniversary, Ballarat, 21 April 1894. 74. Eight Hours' Anniversary, Ballarat, 21 April 1913. 75A. Eight Hours' Anniversary, Ballarat, 3 April 1922. 75B. Electoral Rolls, persons entitled to be enrolled and to vote, 1922. 76. Progress, prospectus of debentures to publish a daily Labour paper to be called "Progress". 1904, Vol 1, No. 1, December. Cards 87. Smoke night social 88. Bi-election 89. How to vote card Roneoed material 77. Circular letter regarding new morning newspaper. n.d. 78. Circular letter from Trades Hall Council, Melbourne. 21 March 1955. 79. Article, History of the recent ALP dispute. n.d. 80. Article: What is freemasonry (from Ballarat St. Patrick's Gazette, October 1854). (2 copies) 81. Information summary of HRH Duke of Edinburgh's study conference on the human problems of industrial communities. ALP Broadcasts from Station 3KZ 82. Incentive payments by Norman A. Gibbs. 17 August 1953. 83. Escalating wages by F.J. Riley. 25 February 1954. 84. Margins by F.J. Riley. 4 March 1954. 85. Freezing margins by F.J. Riley. 17 March 1954. 86. The struggle across the Ages (No. 2) by F.J. Riley. 7 May 1954. ballarat trades and labour council, ballarat trades hall, unions, anti-hanging committee, hanging, ballarat banking co. ltd., country municipal association, geelong town band, ironmasters' association of victoria, general iron trades' conference, museum of applied science of victoria, new australian trade unionist committee, ironmoulders' society, melbourne trades hall council, btlc, intercolonial trades and labor union congress, 7th., trade mark committee report, committee on federation report, australasian federation of labor, asian and pacific regions peace conference, australian bureau of census and statistics, abs, australian bureau of statistics, trade marks bill, actu, australian council of trade unions, australian labor party, alp, australian textile union, w.a. baker, building workers' industrial union, carters and drivers' union, tom dougherty, eight hours' anniversary sports programme, labour and industrial statistics, workers' trade marks, building workers, santamaria, arthur w. fadden, federated clerks' union, fennessy, braun, greater ballarat association, h.e. langridge, metal trades federation, municipal association of victoria, ballarat east, plumbers and gasfitters employees' union of australia, menzies, w.g. spence, new unionism, universal business directories, victoria apprenticeship commission, victorian labor college, w.f. williams, workers' industrial union of australia. preamble, classification and rules. melbourne, 1919?, amalgamated engineering union, american economist, australian worker, building workers' organiser, building trades federation, economic information service, the courier, ballarat star, the clerk, common cause, miners' federation of australia, evening echo, evening post, industrial herald, labor call, labor supplement, light journal, locomotive journal, australian federated union of locomotive enginemen, people's tribune supplement, railways union gazette, frank hyett, rehab news, central ex-servicemen's office, sheet metal worker, sheet metal working, agricultural implement and stovemaking union of australia, socialist comment, tocsin, tribune, un world, eight hour anniversary, electoral rolls, progress, freemasonry, st patrick's gazette, hrh duke of edinburgh, incentive payments, wages, f.j. riley -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Lisa Gervasoni, Understanding Ballarat's Heritage Education Kit
A CD-ROM education package providing information on: VELS History 4 – Ballarat's heritage can tell us about key events such as Eureka, democracy, gold rushes, federation. Deakin was the member for Ballarat and was involved in the development of the Fine Art Gallery. - Ballarat’s goldfields were very multicultural in comparison to Ballarat today. Chinese made an impact on the goldfields – miners, mining techniques and in medical treatments. VELS History 5 – Eureka – what did that say about governance and justice in the 1850’s. - Working conditions and unionism .. Why would work safety and working hours be important to Ballarat. What was life like 100 years ago – what work did people do, how were domestic tasks undertaken, how was travel undertaken). culture and art – what aspects / collections tell us about life in Ballarat. (note the focus is not on medieval times but the early years of Ballarat – lessons of change and continuity still apply) VELS History – 6 – Eureka and democracy Gold rushes and development of tools and skills Trade unions and work conditions Remembrance of war Early multiculturalism Changes in technology – medical, educational, communications Technological changes made by Ballarat or Ballarat residents ballarat heritage, city of ballarat education kit -
Unions Ballarat
Alice Henry: The power of pen and voice, Kirkby, Diane, 1991
... union movement. Relevance to trade unionism, women's suffrage ...Biography of Alice Henry, Australian suffragist, journalist and unionist. She also became prominent in the USA trade union movement. Relevance to trade unionism, women's suffrage and feminism. Biographical interest.Hardback; purple cover; pink, white and black lettering; 254 pages.Front cover: title and author's name.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat regional trades and labour council, feminism, women's issues, trade unions, trade unions - history, biography -
Unions Ballarat
W. G. Spence and the rise of the trade unions, Palmer, Helen et al, 1964
Contents: 1. Masters and servants 2. Miners 3. Shearers and bushworkers 4. The new unionism 5. Conflict and clash 6. Parliaments and unions Spence played a considerable role in the development of craft and industrial unions including the Shearers Union. He attended the 7th Intercolonial Trades Union Congress in 1891 and supported the Australasian Federation of Labour, which envisaged a firm link between industrial and political organization. Direct relevance to unionism in Ballarat and the 7th Intercolonial Trades Union Congress.Book; 56 pages. Cover: pink and white background; illustration of a union members' gathering; white and black lettering; author's name and title. Australian Landmarks series.Title page: name - unreadable.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, spence, william guthrie, spence, wg, shearers and rural workers' union, masters and servants act, miners union, parliaments, australasian federation of labour -
Unions Ballarat
Billy Hughes (Don Woodward Collection), Horne, Donald, 2000
... . Trade unionism. BTLC Ballarat Trades and Labour Council Ballarat ...Billy Hughes was Prime Minister of Australia from 1915-1923. He represented the following parties at different times: Labor (to 1916) National Labor (1916–17) Nationalist (1917–29) Independent (1929) Australian (1929–31) United Australia (1931–44) Independent (1944–45) Liberal (from 1945) He was expelled from three parties. Before going into politics, Hughes was involved in the trade union movement - particularly the Wharf Labourer's Union, founder of the Trolley, Draymen and Carters; Union and the Waterside Workers Federation of Australia.Politics - Australian. Trade unionism.Book; 196 pages. Cover: white background; picture (black and white) of Billy Hughes; blue and black lettering; author's name and title.btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, ballarat trades hall, prime ministers - australia - billy hughes, trolley, draymen and carters union, waterside workers' federation, alp, australian labor party, national labor party, nationalist party, politicians - independent, biography, politics and government, australian party, united australia party, liberal party australia, lpa -
Unions Ballarat
Minutes of meetings of Eight Hour Anniversary Committee, 11 November 1892-27 January 1916
The establishment of the 8hours day by the Operative Stone Masons in 1856 gave an impetus to the Trade Union Movement in the colony and the slogan “8hrs Work 8hrs Rest 8hrs Recreation” became established fact for the first time in the world. This event was rightly regarded as worthy of celebration and 8hr anniversary committees were formed throughout Victoria. In 1883, the Ballarat Eight Hours Anniversary Committee was renamed Ballarat Regional Trades and Labour Council.The minutes are a core historical source of information from the inception of Eight Hours Anniversary Committee, subsequently known as Ballarat Trades and Labour Council. They represent the history of unionism in the Ballarat region. The minutes include items relating to industrial campaigns, social justice and are of political significance to the region. Bound, paper. Vol 1: 11 November 1892-23 March 1900. Vol 2: 3 April 1900-23 June 1911. Vol 3: 12 December 1911-27 January 1916 - also contains minutes of the Progressive Political League of Victoria, Ballarat West Branch, 22 June 1891-14 March 1892.eight hours anniversary committee, ballarat regional trades and labour council, btlc, unions, eight hour day, ballarat trades hall, progressive political league of victoria -
Unions Ballarat
Minutes of meetings of Building Committee, 29 October 1886-15 May 1889
The 1889 London Dock Strike grew from unrest about poor living conditions as a result of the casualised labour force. Money raised in Australia (30,000 pounds) helped to support striking workers to continue the action and feed their families. The strike led to the formation of the General Labourers' Union and strengthened unionism amongst dockers. The 1890 Maritime Strike: marine officers walked out because shipowners would not negotiate terms and conditions of employment whilst the Mercantile Marine Officers' Association was affiliated with the Victorian Trades Hall Council. Union officials proposed to disaffiliate on the condition that employers would agree to meet and reach a compromise with union delegates. The shipowners refusal to meet triggered strike action.The London Dock Labourer's Strike correlates with significant National growth in the trade union movement. The Maritime Strike demonstrates an historical example of an employer's attempt to undermine workplace unionism. Parallels (i.e. employers attempting to weaken union power) have been drawn between this and the Australian waterfront dispute of 1998.Bound, paper, 1 volumebuilding committee, maritime strike, mercantile marine officers' association, general labourers' union, london dock strike, casualisation, strikes, unions, ballarat trades hall -
Unions Ballarat
Correspondence of the Council re the One Big Union Movement. (Includes pamphlets.), 10 September 1918-13 February 1919
The mission of One Big Union, was to align all workers belonging to trade and craft unions into a whole union movement to include all Australian workers. Documents in the collection include: (a) Proposed schemes for closer unionism in Victoria (b) Reorganisation. Report of a Committee appointed to draft a scheme for the Reorganisation of the Trade Union movement.Documents are part of the international One Big Union campaign that took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for alignment of trade and craft unions.Paper and folders. Pamphlets.one big union movement, unions, craft unions, btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, eight hours anniversary committee, trade unions, ballarat trades hall -
Unions Ballarat
Correspondence re receipts, printed balance sheet of the London Dock Labourers' Relief fund, 6 September 1889-18 February 189?
The 1889 London Dock Strike grew from unrest about poor living conditions as a result of the casualised labour force. Money raised across Australia (30,000 pounds) helped to support striking workers to continue the action and feed their families. The strike led to the formation of the General Labourers' Union and strengthened unionism amongst dockers.The London Dock Labourer's Strike correlates with significant National growth in the trade union movement.Includes chequebook, bank deposit slips and rough notebook with Wilson's memoranda. btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, unions, strikes, london dock strike, casualisation, actu, ballarat trades hall -
Unions Ballarat
Under the hook : Melbourne waterside workers remember working lives and class war, 1900-1980, Lowenstein, Wendy et al, 1982
... to the history of trade unionism and especially waterfront workers. btlc ...An oral history of rank and file wharfies - history of working on the Melbourne waterfront.Relevant to the history of trade unionism and especially waterfront workers.Paper; book. Front cover: black background; black and white image of two men; red and white text.Front cover: author's name and title.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, oral histories, wharfies, waterfront workers, unions, maritime workers' union, maritime workers' strike, class wars -
Unions Ballarat
The general strike, Morris, Margaret, 1976
... to the General Strike and to history of trade unionism in Britain. btlc ...The General Strike took place in 1926 in Britain. The nine day strike across many industries was called by the Trades Union Congress to protect pay rates and working conditions for coal miners. Relevant to the General Strike and to history of trade unionism in Britain.Paper; book. Cover: collage - picture of 6 men superimposed over a copy of the British Worker; background is white with red text; blue spine.Front cover: title and author's name.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, general strike - britain, trades union congress - britain, tuc - britain, unions, strikes, industrial action, miners, coal miners, wages