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Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.
Newspaper - Article, Augustus Schwerkolt, 1964
Obituary notice for Augustus Schwerkolt, died Nov 1924 at Unley Park, South Australia.schwerkolt, augustus -
Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.
Document, Noel Howard Webster, Esq. J.P, 15/11/1973 12:00:00 AM
Certificate of Noel Howard Webster being enrolled as a Justice of the Peace on 15 Nov 1973.Certificate of Noel Howard Webster being enrolled as a Justice of the Peace on 15 Nov 1973.Certificate of Noel Howard Webster being enrolled as a Justice of the Peace on 15 Nov 1973.webster, noel, justices of the peace -
University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus Archives
Photograph - 35mm Colour slides, Retaining Wall, 1986-1987
Collection of slides. Dated Nov 86, Dec 86, Feb 87. Appears to be the Quad.Labelled "Retaining Wall"retaining wall, quad -
St Patrick's Old Collegians Association (SPOCA)
Photograph - Students, 1960s
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St Patrick's Old Collegians Association (SPOCA)
Photograph - SPOCA, Annual Dinners
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Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.
Booklet - 1956 Olympic Games Official Programme, Athletics, Sands & McDougall, C 1956
Belonged to Ian Howie- 16-page booklet - Programme for Main Stadium Athletics - Monday 26th Nov 1956Olympic Games, Melbourne Australia 1956, Athletics1956 olympic games, athletics, programmes -
Bendigo Military Museum
Newspaper - OBITUARY ARTICLES 1947, c. Nov 1947
Allan Frederick Goodall DFC, RAAF was killed in a car crash on Nov 1st 1947 age 25 years. Refer Cat No 543.2 for his service details.Thirteen Newspaper articles of various sizes relating to the death and funeral of A.F. Goodall DFC, RAAF. The largest is the size shown.obituary, dfc, goodall -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Newspaper - LYDIA CHANCELLOR COLLECTION: 'MAD AS RABBITS.'
The cartoon strip 'Mad as Rabbits,' in serial form from 'The Sun' newspaper Nov. 3rd 1962 - Nov. 14th 1962. Are in a brown paper envelope sent to Mrs. Lydia Chancellor, 68 Panton St., Golden Square, Victoria, Australia.Mad as Rabbits from 'Sun.'entertainment, comic strip, lydia chancellor collection, collection, cartoon, comics, newspapers, amusements, recreations, art work, drawing, entertainment, comic strip -
Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.
Book, The Diary of Private L.A. Jones, 1940 - 1944
Transcription of diary covering period 16 Nov 1940 - 15 Nov 1944.Transcription of diary covering period 16 Nov 1940 - 15 Nov 1944. Covers journey to Middle East, experiences as soldier in Egypt, P.O.W. in North Africa, Italy, internee in Switzerland and return to Australia. Ref Photo are at NP3039 & NP3040.9Transcription of diary covering period 16 Nov 1940 - 15 Nov 1944. jones, lionel arthur, world war, 1939 - 1945, prisoners of war -
Bendigo Military Museum
Book - HMAS SYDNEY 2, 1941, Keith Shegog, "LOST - BUT NOT FORGOTTEN/ A BITTER SWEET VICTORY", 2002
From the Title page: "Lost - But Not Forgotten/ 'A Bitter Sweet Victory"/ HMAS SYDNEY/ In Memory of the 645". From Back Cover: "A Memorial Book with over 200 personal photographs based on the/ lives and families of the crew lost on HMAS Sydney II, 19 Nov 1941". Part of the "William (Bill) THOMASON" Collection. Refer Cat. No. 4136P for more items.Soft cover book. Cover - cardboard. Dark red and white colour print on front, spine and book. Cover illustrated in colour. Front montage of a sculpture of a woman with seascape in background. Back - Top - a memorial dome, Lower - Memorial Rose garden. 249 pages - cut, plain, white colour paper. Illustrated black and white photographs and maps. Front end papers - Gold colour adhesive label with black print. Title page - handwritten information. Handwritten information - blue ink pen. "Carnarvon book launch/ Keith Shegog/ 18th Nov '02" Grey lead pencil - "$25". Adhesive label - black ink print. "WINNER of the 2003/ Mavis Hoey Memorial Prize/ Awarded by the Port/ Adelaide Historical Society"publications, books, biographies, hmas sydney ii, william (bill) thomason collection -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Document - Plans, Lighthouse Keeper's Quarters Warrnambool, 1858-1909
The set of seven 1858 plans shows proposed plans for the original Lighthouse Complex that was built on Middle Island in 1858-1859. The whole complex was then transferred to Flagstaff Hill in 1871. The plan, dated 1909, is for proposed additions and repairs to the Quarters at Flagstaff Hill. The plan 'Alterations and Additions' shows alternate plans for changes to the quarters at the Flagstaff Hill location. This plan has no date. The Complex comprised the Lighthouse, the Lighthouse Keepers’ Quarters, the Store (now called the Chart Room) and a Privy, which was not included in these plans. The Keeper’s bluestone Quarters was a cottage divided into two compartments, one for each keeper and his family. The bluestone Store was divided into three; a store, a workshop an oil store (or office). The Privy comprised of a small building also divided into two separate, back-to-back toilets, one for each Keeper and his family. The Flagstaff Hill Keeper's Quarters have had extensions and additions at various times, and these have also been removed at various other times. THE PLANS - *Dec. 1858 (12/58) ‘Lighthouse Keepers Quarters No.2 Warrnambool’ (2375.01)* Public Works Office Melbourne – Front and Back elevations, sections, and floor plan. The drawing shows timber walls. [The floor plan is the closest plan to the current building, however, the walls are timber in this plan.] *Nov. 1858 – No.3 ‘Lighthouse Keepers Quarters Warrnambool’ (2375.02)* Office of Public Works, Melbourne – Back and End elevations and section through. The drawing shows stone walls. One side; Senior Keeper’s bedroom, living room and kitchen with storeroom. Another side; is the Assistant’s bedroom, living room and storeroom. *Nov. 1858 - No.4 ‘Lighthouse Stores Warrnambool’ (2375.03)* Office of Public Works – Front, Side and end elevations, centre section. The drawing shows stone walls. *Nov. 1858 – No.4, ‘Lighthouse Stores No. 2 Warrnambool’ (2375.04)* Office of Public Works – Front, side and end elevations, centre section. The drawing shows timber walls. *Nov. 1858 – ‘Details Lighthouse Keepers Quarters No. 2 Warrnambool’ (2375.05)* Public Works Office Melbourne. The plan shows the foundations, joists and eaves. The drawing shows timber walls. (Nov. 1858 – ‘No.4 ‘Lighthouse No. 2 – Warrnambool’ (2375.06)* Public Works Melbourne (Part of the paper is missing). This plan shows an octagonal tower, internal stairs, a balcony landing, and a weather vane on top. *November 1858 – No. 1, ‘Lighthouse – Warrnambool’ (2375.07)* Office of Public Works Melbourne. This plan shows a round tower, including the stairs, windows on the tower and the weather vane on the top. *4/3/9 [1909] – ‘Additions and Repairs, Lighthouse Quarters, Warrnambool, General Plan’ (2375.8)* Department of Public Works Melbourne’s official stamp is signed by Croft. It shows the floor plans of the Store, Upper Lighthouse and the Quarters. The Store building has three sections; a Store, Work-Shop and Office, with an internal wall between them and separate entries. The Quarters are divided into two dwellings. The Senior Keeper’s side on the left has fireplaces in two of the three bedrooms and there is a pantry and wash house. The Assistant’s side has no fireplaces in the bedrooms and there’s no pantry or washhouse. These plans include proposed changes to the buildings. The Senior Keeper’s Quarters would have a partition on bedroom 2, a bath with plumbing and drainage, a wall moved and a built-in side porch. The Store would also have a built-in porch. The undated plan 'Additions and Alterations' (2375.9) shows alternative arrangements for water tanks, plumbing and such. WARRNAMBOOL'S LADY BAY LIGHTHOUSES- In the 1800s ships sailing from England to Australia began to use Bass Strait as a faster route to Melbourne. Small navigation errors led to many tragic shipwrecks. From 1848 lighthouses were operating along Victoria’s southern coast as a guide for sailors. Coastal towns such as Warrnambool grew and the exchange of trade and passengers were of great benefit. However, the uncertain weather changes, relatively shallow waters and treacherous, hidden rocky reefs were not suitable for a Harbour and in the 1840s and 1850s there were many shipwrecks in the area, with some even stranded in its Lady Bay harbour. A jetty was built in 1850 and a flagstaff to guide seafarers was placed up high on what became known now as Flagstaff Hill. In November 1857 the Victorian Government recommended that Warrnambool Harbour had beacons and two lighthouses to guide vessels into and out of the Harbour safely. The white light of the Middle Island lighthouse was to be used for the first time on September 1, 1859. The red light of the Beach Lighthouse, a wooden obelisk structure, was first operated on March 25, 1860, but in 1868 this light was ‘discontinued’ due to it being too low. Melbourne’s Department of Public Works decided to relocate the Middle Island Lighthouse Complex - Lighthouse, Keeper’s Quarters, Privy, Store Room and even water tanks - to Flagstaff Hill. The lower obelisk was shortened, and a protruding gallery, railing, and external ladder were added, as well as the light from the Beach Lighthouse. A green guiding light was erected on the end of the jetty. The transfer of the Complex began in March 1871. Each shaped stone of the lighthouse was carefully numbered, removed then reassembled on Flagstaff Hill. In 1872 the well was sunk behind the Lighthouse Keeper’s Cottage. The Keepers and families had left Middle Island in April and moved to Flagstaff Hill in October 1871. Vessels entering Lady Bay align the Upper and Lower Lighthouse towers during the day and the lights at night. The Upper Lighthouse is a round tower, the Lower Light is square. The Lighthouses were categorised as harbour lights rather than coastal lights, so they remain under the control of the Victorian Government’s Ports and Harbours section. The lights were originally powered by oil, then acetylene gas, later by electricity, and then converted to solar power in 1988. In 1993 the solar panel was replaced by a battery charger. A decision was made in 1936 to replace the lighthouses’ lights with unattended lights that no longer required Keepers and Assistants. At least 29 Keepers had attended to the lighthouse from its opening in 1859 to when the last official Lightkeepers left In April 1916. The Warrnambool Harbour Board rented out the Quarters from 1916 to 1936. The Board closed down but the rentals continued with other unknown landlords. In the 1970s the Flagstaff Hill Planning Board was set up under the chairmanship of John Lindsay. The Board was to make recommendations to the Warrnambool City Council regarding the use of the buildings and the rest of the Crown Land on the site. The Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village opened in 1975 and began renovating the Cottage in stages, during which time evidence of a 1920s fire was found in the eastern section of the cottage. Additions of a porch on the west and a washroom on the east were made in the 1980s. The western part of the building is now a Shipwreck Museum and the east has returned to a late 19th-century Lighthouse Keeper’s cottage and includes the screen made by Assistant Lighthouse Keeper Thomas Hope during one of his two periods of service there. THE LIGHTHOUSE KEEPERS Lighthouse Keepers were responsible for keeping their Lighthouse’s lights shining at night. They kept a lookout for passing vessels and changes in weather. They were expected to clean, polish and maintain the equipment and buildings. They kept regular and detailed records of who was on watch, and the time the light was lit, trimmed and extinguished. They kept a journal about other events that occurred. They keep regular, accurate Meteorological Logs. It was expected that they were competent in Morse code signalling. They would be called to help in times of disasters and shipwrecks, and to give official statements about these events. Many Lighthouse Keepers also volunteered as members of the lifeboat crew. The Lady Bay lighthouses were officially classified as small, so the Keepers had the official titles of Senior Assistant Lighthouse Keeper and Assistant Lighthouse Keeper. They were employed by the Public Service and paid rent to live in the Lighthouse Quarters. They were compulsorily retired at the age of 60, with most receiving a superannuation payment. Despite their time-consuming duties, there was time to follow hobbies and crafts such as growing vegetables, playing musical instruments, making models of buildings including lighthouses, and crafting furniture pieces. An example of a keeper’s skills is the carved fire screen made by /assistant Keeper Thomas Hope in the early 20th century and displayed in the Lighthouse Keeper’s cottage at Flagstaff Hill. The last occupants of the Middle Island Complex were Senior Keeper Robert Deverell, his Assistant Keeper, Andrew Farncombe, and their families. They all became the first occupants at the Lady Bay Lighthouse Keepers’ Quarters on Merri Street. The Warrnambool Lighthouse Complex plans are the origin of what is now the Lady Bay Lighthouse Complex. They are a record of the people, process and departments involved in bringing the complex into fruition. The plans are significant to the Complex, which is now listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, H1520, for being of historical, scientific (technological) and architectural significance to the State of Victoria. The Complex is significant as an example of early colonial development. The plan are significant for their connection with the important navigational function of the Lighthouses, a function still being performed to this day. The plans are also significant as an example of a product from the Public Works Department in Victoria in the mid-to-late 19th century. The structures built to these plans still stand strong. Plans for the Lighthouse Complex in Warrnambool, including Lighthouses, Keeper's Quarters and Stores. Seven of the plans are on thin fragile paper, one is on thicker, stronger paper. The drawings have been made in pens coloured red and black. They originate from Public Works in Melbourne. Seven were drawn in 1858, one in 1904, the other is not dated.Dec. 1858 - Lighthouse Keepers Quarters No.2 Warrnambool. Public Works Office Melbourne. Nov. 1858 - No.3 ‘Lighthouse Keepers Quarters Warrnambool. Public Works Office Melbourne. Nov. 1858 - No.4 ‘Lighthouse Stores Warrnambool. Office of Public Works. Nov. 1858 - No.4, ‘Lighthouse Stores No. 2 Warrnambool. Office of Public Works. Nov. 1858 - Details Lighthouse Keepers Quarters No. 2 Warrnambool. Public Works Office Melbourne. Nov. 1858 - No.4 ‘Lighthouse No. 2 – Warrnambool. Public Works Melbourne. Nov. 1858 - No. 1, Lighthouse - Warrnambool. Office of Public Works Melbourne. 4/3/9 [1909] - Additions and Repairs, Lighthouse Quarters, Warrnambool, General Plan. Department of Public Works Melbourne. SIGNED "Croft" "15A" on reverse [no date] - Lighthouse Quarters Warrnambool, Additions and Alterations. "9A" on reverseflagstaff hill, warrnambool, lighthouse keeper's cottage, lighthouse residence, lighthouse, plans, public works, melbourne, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, chart room, quarters, privy, middle island, beach lighthouse, obelisk, lighthouse keeper, assistant keeper, lighthouse complex, lady bay, lady bay complex, keepers, upper lighthouse, lower lighthouse, ports and harbours, cottage, harbour board, flagstaff hill planning board, meteorological record, robert deverell, andrew farncombe, warrnambool port, warrnambool harbour, residence, alterations, repairs, department of works -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Negative - Photograph, Open Day, Eltham Living and Learning Centre, 7 Nov 1987
Possibly Rodney Roscholler CEO Eltham Shire Council with unkown, Open Day, Eltham Living and Learning Centre, part of the Eltham Community Festival activites, 7 Nov. 1987eltham, eltham festival, eltham living and learning centre, living and learning centre, open day, rodney roscholler -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Document, Melbourne edition Jewish News The Australian, The Australian Jewish News, 29th Nov 91
Tatura's Lurline Knee was a guest when memories and old friendships were rekindled when the Dunera Boys held a reunion dinner at the Beverly Crest Hotel. Mr Robert Kahn kindly forwarded a copy of the relevant section of the Jewish News and receipt of acknowledgement of Mr Kahn's "Chapters from my past".In clear plastic cover - purple printing- The Australian Jewish News. Print copy of photos of personalities. Also a letter (part obscured), from R Kahn. The obverse has the same people. from The Australian 29th Nov '91 pg 28As abovedunera reunion -
Glenelg Shire Council Cultural Collection
Document - Invitation, Ticket and Programme - Portland Historical Society to Portland's 135th birthday dinner, Henty Commemorative Dinner, c. 1969
Portland Historical Society to Portland's 135th birthday dinner in Wesley Hall 1969Identification numbers 8020 a,b,c a. Invitation from Portland Historical Society to Portland's 135th birthday dinner in Wesley Hall, Sat. Nov. 22nd 1969, Henty Commemorative Dinner b. Ticket for Commemorative Dinner, Sat. Nov. 22nd, 1969. White card, black print c. Programme for Commemorative Dinner, 22 Nov. 1969. Salmon coloured paper, folded, black printFront: b. '16' - blue biro, top right hand corner -
Glenelg Shire Council Cultural Collection
Newspaper - Newspaper - 21 November 1929 Portland Victoria, 21/11/1929
Black and white photograph with inscription beneath, from newspaper dated 21 NOV. 1929, headlined, 'How Portland Recalled Its Early History' Re-enactment of Henty landing on beach at Portland, 19 NOV. 1929. Stuck to white cardboard. -
University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus Archives
Album - 35mm Colour slides, Group Crops, 1988-1991
18 slides labelled "Group Crops 1988" 1 labelled "Marigold 'Boy O Boy'" Nov 88, 2 Dec 88.27 slides labelled "Group Crops 1991" individually labelled Oct, Nov. Seedlings and cuttings at various ages.marigold, group crops, seedlings, cuttings -
Glenelg Shire Council Cultural Collection
Photograph - Photograph - Main Breakwater construction, Portland, 17/11/1958
Port of Portland Authority ArchivesFront: Purplestamp- '17 Nov 1958' L81-Pencil Back: Purple stamp- '17 Nov 1958' L81 - Pencilport of portland archives, main breakwater, construction, harbour development -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)
Photograph, Colour 'Reconstruction of Box Cottage’ 1984, 1984
The original small, pioneer cottage was built in the late 1840s to early1850s, by an unknown pioneer. It was located on part of a 30 Acre allotment that was originally part of Dendy’s Special Survey granted in 1841. The doors and window sashes, (made of red deal joinery timber), as well as the brass locks and fittings, are from the original cottage, and were imported from England. The fire-place bricks are from the original cottage, and are sun-dried, (not kiln fired), and are hand-made. Convict marks can be seen on two bricks. There is a small display of external cladding shingles from the original pioneer cottage. These shingles were hand-split, and most likely made from locally collected timber The nails included in this display were used to fasten the shingles on the original cottage, and are also hand-made. The cottage was occupied by William Box and family from 1865 until 1914 when it was sold to William Reitman who resided there until 1950. The enamel nameplate, “Colonial”, on the wall of the cottage, was the name chosen for the original pioneer cottage by Mr William Reitman, when he purchased the property in around 1915, for 1200 Pounds approximately. In 1974 Mr Lewis, a timber specialist, found the dilapidated building on property he had recently purchased in Jasper Rd and suggested it be reconstructed and relocated. Moorabbin Council agreed and the cottage was rebuilt just about 250 metres from its original site. The cost of the rebuild was met by 'Victoria's 150th Committee, plus a small grant from the City of Moorabbin, and Mr Laurie Lewis donated much of the timber for the reconstruction. The re-constructed cottage plan has followed faithfully the original dimensions, and plan of the original pioneer cottage, and as many original items from that cottage’s long occupation have been incorporated. The photographs in Album 1 record the progress of the reconstruction from February 1984 to the First Public Open Day November 18th 1984These 3 photographs show the 'Box Cottage' and CMHS members at the first Open Day after the 'Reconstruction' in November 1984. Mrs H. Deam and Mr A. Smith, CMHS members, took these photographs to record the progress of the ‘Reconstruction’ from February 1984 to November 1984. Although 'Box Cottage' is a re-construction, it is an unique museum that, being located in the midst of a modern community in Ormond Victoria, can educate and demonstrate many aspects of the early settler’s way of life in Victoria. As such, it is an invaluable resource for students and all kinds of visitors. 3 x colour photographs of the first Open Day after the reconstruction of Box Cottage in Joyce Park November 1984 a) Box Cottage 1984; b) Box Cottage 18th Nov 1984 ; c) Box Cottage 18th Nov. 1984brighton, moorabbin, highett, ormond, mckinnon, cottages, pioneers, colonial, dendy henry, box william, box elizabeth, reitman william, convicts lewis timber co. ltd., deam h, smith arthur, museums, box alonzo, moody & smith builders highett, -
Magnet Galleries Melbourne Inc
Soldiers posing on ship / ship passing, red cliffs00149.tif
Two photos on a page from an albumOn board torp ship "benalla" ... Nov 1914 h.m.s. ... passing up line of transport at full speed ... nov 1914ww1, a.i.f, world war 1, soldiers, ship, benalla, november, 1914 -
Magnet Galleries Melbourne Inc
view on board ships leaving Australia, red cliffs00156.tif
Four photos on a page from an albumLast view of Australia off Albany W.A. coast line of transport of a.i.f. 1st nov 1914 ... going along line of transport indian ocean nov 1914 crossing the equator - " ... neptune visit" nov 1914 Before dipping commenced on crossing the equator nov 1914ww1, world war 1, a.i.f., albany, western australia, 1914, ship, indian ocean, equator -
Bendigo Military Museum
Mixed media - DVD MEMORIAL SERVICE, Derek Gibson Photography and Video Production, c. Nov 2006
Part of the "Ian Lyons MBE Collection". Refer Cat No. 5374P for service details. Tape of funeral service for Ian Alfred Lyons on 14th Nov 2006 who served in WW2 and Korea.White video case with video. On cover picture of Ian Alfred "Joe" Lyons for his funeral service on 14th November 2006. On back is picture of his medals and his uniform. A Teddy bear wearing flying goggles.On front says "Memorial Service RSL Eaglehawk, Tuesday November 14th 2006." On back Ad for Derek Gibsonian lyons mbe collection, korean war, funeral video -
Waverley RSL Sub Branch
Print War Dance, Wardance
Painting of Aircraft 1914 Geoffrey Lea, Aviation artist from the North of England, specialised in Aviation oil paintings. Geoff lea has been painting for over 35 years and his aviation art has featured in many aviation books and a number of sought after aviation art prints. Geoff now resides in Australia,Print "War Dance" Watercolour R.A.A.F. 3 Sqn. Bf110 Alemein Nov.20 1914War Dance by Geoff Leabf110 3squadron raaf -
Glenelg Shire Council Cultural Collection
Article - Newspaper Article, 23/11/1963
Newspaper article from the literary supplement of the Age, NOV 23 1963 about the Hentys and 'Burswood' -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Parade, Eltham Festival, Main Road, Eltham, 1976, 1976
Three colour photographs showing the parade at the Eltham Festival along Main Road, Nov 1976Manufacturing print code indicates prints were processed Aug 1977.eltham, main road, festivals, parade -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Parade, Eltham Festival, Main Road, Eltham, 1976, 1976
Three colour photographs showing the parade at the Eltham Festival along Main Road, Nov 1976Manufacturing print code indicates prints were processed Aug 1977.eltham, main road, festivals, parade -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Parade, Eltham Festival, Main Road, Eltham, 1976, 1976
Two colour photographs showing the parade at the Eltham Festival along Main Road, Nov 1976eltham, main road, festivals, parade -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Parade, Eltham Festival, Main Road, Eltham, 1976, 1976
Three colour photographs showing the parade at the Eltham Festival along Main Road, Nov 1976Manufacturing print code indicates prints were processed Aug 1977.eltham, main road, festivals, parade -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Parade, Eltham Festival, Main Road, Eltham, 1976, 1976
Two colour photographs showing the parade at the Eltham Festival along Main Road, Nov 1976eltham, main road, festivals, parade -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS NO. 3770 COLLECTION: CORRESPONDENCE
Letter of apology dated Nov 14 1877 for his absence that evening. Signed Henry ?eter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - correspondence, henry ?eter, court king of the forest -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Document, Newspaper article: Warning to Australians, Saigon no place to be. by Bruce Wilson in1972, 1972
From: Brisbane Sun, Monday 6 Nov, 1972. Attached to an email from Barry Petersenvietnam war, 1961-1975 - participation, american