On 30th August 1901 The Chronicle, an Adelaide newspaper, announced that J.W.Hosking was leaving Terowie to establish a business in Port Fairy. He had lived in Terowie for 25 years and had been chairman of the District Council, a member of the school board and a Justice of the Peace. He was also a keen supporter of the cricket and other sporting teams. On leaving Treowie he was presented with a Gladstone bag and an illuminated address signed by 47 residents. Hosking had a wife and daughter and it was reported that with his brother, he had bought the drapery and furnishing business of W.T.Hattam in Port Fairy. Trading as G.E.Hosking &Co., the brothers already had branches in N.S.W. South Australia and Western Australia. By 1905 J.W.Hosking was President of the Port Fairy Hospital and, although in July of that year he announced that he was resigning because of pressure of business, he was obviously persuaded to stay on. Indeed, he remained President until 1907. In September 1907, the brothers were bought out by D.E.MacLellan, late of MacLellan & Craig of Mount Gambier. So when the silver cigar/cigarette case was presented to Hosking, he was not only ceasing to be President of the Hospital but was almost certainly leaving the town. On February 1908 he resigned as a JP for the Western Bailiwick of the State of Victoria.Typical of the type of item given to express gratitude for voluntary work especially in positions such as Presidents and Secretaries.silver cigar case, chased hall marked, interior gold washto J W Hosking Esq/ from the Committee/Port Fairy Hospital/14/11/07civic mementoes, presentations, hospital, hosking, g.e.hosking&co, port fairy, president, jp, western bailiwick, state of victoria, demaclellan, wthattam

Gertrude Perry was born in California Gully in 1917. Her singing skills were recognized at an early age. She later sang with local choirs and sang on radio. She was involved with the Bendigo Operatic Society for many years. Gertrude began her working life in sales. After studying book keeping she worked at the Bendigo Ordnance Factory during WW2 and then worked for local solicitors and accountants. Gertrude was involved with many community and sporting organizations.Gertrude Perry Collection - Bendigo Home & Hospital for the Aged (inc.) re admittance of Mrs. Evaline Rosa Perry on the waiting list for the Home, addressed to Miss Gertrude Perry.Signed by W. de Lisle, Social Welfare Officer for the Bendigo Home & Hospital for the Aged physical culture class, fitness, exercise

Black and white photograph of the dignitaries at the laying of the Foundation Stone by Sir John Harris MLC for the Rutherglen Bush Nursing Hospitalhospital, john richards harris, foundation stone

Black and white photograph of Old Fire Station during the ceremonial laying of the Foundation Stone for the Rutherglen Bush Nursing Hospital.On back of photo: "The Old Fire Station next library" Also rubber stamp: "Printed by W.H. Skey, Rutherglen"hospital, fire station, foundation stone

buff coloured manilla folder containing typed notes.non-fictionAlfred Hospital Medical Nursing lecture notes [ca. 1973-1976] - belonged to Susan Kim Hollands (2/73). Kim has been an AHNL member for many years, is now an archive volunteer. Her career was at the Alfred until 1980, during which time she completed nursing training, staffing and a renal-respiratory intensive care course. nurse lecture notes from 1970s, alfred hospital, nursing training, cardiac arrest

The 'Cancellation of Registration of the Melbourne District Nursing Society and After Care Hospital' was approved by the Hospital and Charities Commission on the 1st of September 1958.The Melbourne District Nursing Society was founded in February 1885 and in 1926 opened the After-Care Home. The name of the Society then became the Melbourne District Nursing Society and After-Care Home until 1935 when the word 'Home' was replaced with the word 'Hospital'. In 1957 the two bodies separated and the 'Incorporation of Melbourne District Nursing Service' occurred on the 5th of March 1957. The 'Cancellation of Registration of the Melbourne District Nursing Society and After Care Hospital' was approved by the Hospital and Charities Commission on the 1st of September 1958.Black and white Hospital and Charities document - 'Cancellation of Registration of the Melbourne District Nursing Society and After Care Hospital'. The document is bold black printing on a white background. It commences 'Hospital and Charities Act 1948 (No. 5300); follows are the names of those present being the Lieutenant Governor of Victoria and four other men. The body of the document contains thirteen lines and finishes with ‘A. Mahlstedt Clerk of the Executive Council’.melbourne district nursing society, mdns, after- care hospital, rdns, royal district nursing service, melbourne district nursing service

The Northern District School of Nursing opened in 1950 in to address the issues around nurse recruitment, training and education that had previously been hospital based. The residential school was to provide theoretical and in-house education and practical training over three years. The students would also receive practical hands-on training in the wards of associated hospitals. The Northern District School of Nursing operated from Lister House, Rowan Street, Bendigo. It was the first independent school of nursing in Victoria and continued until it closed in 1989.Nursing student attending newborn in NICUStanistreet House (Midwifery) Bendigo Base Hospitalndns, nursing training, nursing education equipment

Copy of photograph of Dr Lyle Andrews and staff in front doorway of Tatura Bush Nursing Hospital. Dr Andrews was in practice 1930-1940. Hospital opened 19 November 1933.copy of photograph of Dr L. Andrews and Staff, Tatura Hospital c 1940.Dr Lyle Andrews and staffdr lyle andrews, tatura bush nursing hospital

Eugene and Annie Mary (Mollie) Sibson married in 1933 and both were associated with the Bendigo Hospital. Eugene held a the position of Medical Officer for 48 years and Mollie as a paid nursing sister until her marriage in 1933, although Mollie did continue to hold an unpaid position on the Board of Management of the Hospital for many years afterwards. Eugene was first elected to council in August 1976 and elected Mayor of Bendigo for the 1978 – 79 term at which time Mollie served as Mayoress.Set of three black and white photographs, individually mounted on card. Each photograph depicts groups nurses and doctors from Bendigo Hospital onsite, posing for photograph. 0138.1; Interior of decorated hospital ward. Four nurses standing alongside beds with patients. 0138.2; Group portrait, exterior or building. Forty nine nurses and three doctors in four rows, seated and standing on lawn in front of building. 0138.3 Seven nurses and one doctor standing in front of decorated cars. Mollie Sibson is third from left, Eugene Sandner is on right. Verso 0138.3 tc; Bendigo Hospital Easter 1931 / Grace Adams?, Janet Redpath, Annie Mary (Mollie) Sibson, Mary Tatchell, Vera Chant, / Lil Turpie, Alice Downing, Dr Eugene Sandner ((Hon. Assistant Physician 1936 - 37, Hon. / Surgeon 1938 - 56, Hon Consultant Surgeon 1962 - 92).eugene and mollie sandner collection, bendigo hospital, eugene sandner, mollie sandner, mollie sibson, bendigo easter fair, mayor sandner, mayoress sandner

(number in album 03372.2)Black and white photograph, Gary Baker and Kim Woodward of Apex Club holding Certificate of Appreciation from the Royal Childrens Hospital Leukemia Auxiliary. Lakes Entrance Victoria charities, hospital

Black and white framed reprint of a photograph of the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital c. 1912 from the corner of Swanston and Lonsdale street. Plaque at the bottom of the frame reads "Presented by the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria 9th February 1999"hospital, photographs, historic sites

The shopping centre in Mt Beauty, both buildings and streetscape, have undergone significant changes since 1973. The kindergarten has undergone extensive remodelling, The Chalet has been replaced by Svarmisk Resort and Accommodation Spa. Tawonga hospital has undergone extensive renovation and is now Mt Beauty Hospital AND Kiewa Valley House. The Workman’s Club changed name to the Country Club and has since closed down. Hospital and Kiewa Valley House now occupy what is shown as a vacant lot opposite the motel which is now called Mt Beauty Motor Inn.The houses in Mt Beauty were brought in by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria when they constructed Mt Beauty Town for their workers building the Kiewa Hydro Electric Scheme. Mt Beauty is unique began as a construction town in the late 1940's.Colour photographs of various buildings in Mt Beauty taken in 1973 1. Workman’s Club 2. View over the pondage 3. Tawonga Hospital (Mt Beauty) 4. Mt Beauty Chalet 5. Mt Beauty Kindergarten 6. The Merjei Motel 7. 8 Valley Avenue 8. Shopping Centre Handwritten in ink on the back of photos 1. Workman’s Club 1973 (after the brick makeover) From the sports oval – the high school is to the right 2. A view over the pond 1973 3. Tawonga Hospital 1973 (Mt Beauty) 4. Mount Beauty Chalet 1973 5. Kindergarten 1973 6. The Merjei Motel 1973 7. Our house at 8 Valley Ave 1973, Owner after us erected the car port, let the front hedge run amok and vanquished the vegetable garden and citrus trees Dad created. 8. Shopping Centre 1973. At the end of the street is the hospital (believe it is now Mt Beauty Bush Nursing Hotel) mt beauty, workman's club, chalet, tawonga hospital

These photocopied documents were used in the Orbost Secondary College Library. In the latter half of 1913 working bees, concerts, balls, sports carnivals and collections were held to raise funds before The Hospital Movement felt they were ready to ask The Public Health Department for plans for a suitable building (2000 -2500 pounds) for use as a permanent hospital in Orbost. A Hospital Committee was formed and despite several a major setback (the president died in November 2013), continued to hold many public events in order to raise the funds necessary. Orbost Hospital was officially opened in 1930. ( Read Margaret Holland's "Orbost Hospital: History, Personalities and Stories.) These documents are a useful research tool on the history of Orbost Regional Health.A stapled collection of photo-copied minutes from the fund-raising committee for the Orbost Hospital.orbost-hospital health-fund-raising

Black and white photograph of Bendigo hospital 1978 on cream board. Inscription (U1590. At B.R.Corner). N.T on back.buildings, hospital, bendigo hospital 1978?, prev acc no. 'mp 377'

BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPH. MAN AND WOMAN VISITING A PATIENT (MRS TOM HARVEY) IN CLUNES HOSPITAL 1951local history, photography, photographs, hospital

Black and white image: shows tunnel under either Anne Caudle or Bendigo Hospital during construction works in 1975. Tunnel has concrete walls, arched ceiling.bendigo, buildings, hospital, bendigo, hospital, anne caudle

The name Melbourne District Nursing Society and After-Care Hospital came into being in 1935. In 1957 the two bodies separated and the Hospital and Charities Commission of Victoria received the document a 'Petition to Incorporate the After Care Hospital'The Melbourne District Nursing Society was founded in 1885 and in 1926 opened the After-Care Home. The Society then became the 'Melbourne District Nursing Society and After-Care Home' until 1935 when the word 'Home' was replaced b the word 'Hospital'. In 1957 the two bodies separated and the Hospital and Charities Commission of Victoria received a 'Petition to Incorporate the After Care Hospital'Black and white document 'Petition to Incorporate the After Care Hospital' The document is bold black printing on a white background. It commences; 'Hospital and Charities Act 1948 (No. 5300), Section 46. The body of the document contains nineteen lines and finishes with ‘'E. P. Cameron, Minister of Health’.melbourne district nursing society, after- care hospital, rdns, royal district nursing service

Early invention and testing of equipment for the Deaf in a hospital setting.This newspaper article is significant and it relates to the emerging use of equiptment/technology for the Deaf in a hospital setting.A5 sized newspaper clipping from 1927 Melbourne newspaper. RADIO MAGIC: Although deaf and dumb since birth, Frances Owen, a girl patient at the Eye and Ear Hospital has amazed hospital officers by her ability to listen to the wireless.

Used to lay the foundation stone of the Geelong Hospital (Barwon Health) in 1850, and the Kitchener Memorial in 1924.Ceremonial Silver Trowel, with wooden handleUsed to lay the foundation stone of the Geelong Hospital in 1850, and in 1924freemason, freemasons victoria, freemasons geelong, geelong, barwon health, geelong hospital, george faircloth, earl of stradbroke, ceremonial trowel

BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPH PRESIDENTS OFFICERS AND MEMBERS. HOSPITAL FANCY FAIR CLUNES 1892.GRETCHEN WEICKHARDTlocal history, photography, photographs, events and celebrations, hospital

How to safely syringe ear wax Irrigation, or ear syringing, should be performed only after taking a full history, doing an ear examination and explaining the potential complications to the patient. It is also important to ensure appropriate assembly and use of equipment. Gentle irrigation of the ear canal can be performed with a large syringe (20 mL) and warm water. The use of sterile water or saline as opposed to tap water or bacteriostatic agent (eg dilute hydrogen peroxide) can decrease the risk of infection. Direct visualisation of the ear canal is not necessary for safe and effective syringing. The tip of the syringe should not pass the outer one-third of the ear canal (approximately 8 mm) – the use of a rounded nozzle may assist with this. The jet of water should be aimed towards the edge of the cerumen to enable the debris to flow out of the ear canal. Cease immediately if the patient experiences pain or if bleeding occurs. Mechanical jet irrigators are available and some allow better control of water pressure and direction of spray. After syringing, examine the external canal and tympanic membrane. Document the patient’s consent, procedure, and pre- and post-examination findings. https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/october/ear-wax-management This ear syringe was donated to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village by the family of Doctor William Roy Angus, Surgeon and Oculist. It is part of the “W.R. Angus Collection” that includes historical medical equipment, surgical instruments and material once belonging to Dr Edward Ryan and Dr Thomas Francis Ryan, (both of Nhill, Victoria) as well as Dr Angus’ own belongings. The Collection’s history spans the medical practices of the two Doctors Ryan, from 1885-1926 plus that of Dr Angus, up until 1969. ABOUT THE “W.R.ANGUS COLLECTION” Doctor William Roy Angus M.B., B.S., Adel., 1923, F.R.C.S. Edin.,1928 (also known as Dr Roy Angus) was born in Murrumbeena, Victoria in 1901 and lived until 1970. He qualified as a doctor in 1923 at University of Adelaide, was Resident Medical Officer at the Royal Adelaide Hospital in 1924 and for a period was house surgeon to Sir (then Mr.) Henry Simpson Newland. Dr Angus was briefly an Assistant to Dr Riddell of Kapunda, then commenced private practice at Curramulka, Yorke Peninsula, SA, where he was physician, surgeon and chemist. In 1926, he was appointed as new Medical Assistant to Dr Thomas Francis Ryan (T.F. Ryan, or Tom), in Nhill, Victoria, where his experiences included radiology and pharmacy. In 1927 he was Acting House Surgeon in Dr Tom Ryan’s absence. Dr Angus had become engaged to Gladys Forsyth and they decided he would take time to further his studies overseas in the UK in 1927. He studied at London University College Hospital and at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and in 1928, was awarded FRCS (Fellow from the Royal College of Surgeons), Edinburgh. He worked his passage back to Australia as a Ship’s Surgeon on the on the Australian Commonwealth Line’s T.S.S. Largs Bay. Dr Angus married Gladys in 1929, in Ballarat. (They went on to have one son (Graham 1932, born in SA) and two daughters (Helen (died 12/07/1996) and Berenice (Berry), both born at Mira, Nhill ) Dr Angus was a ‘flying doctor’ for the A.I.M. (Australian Inland Ministry) Aerial Medical Service in 1928 . The organisation began in South Australia through the Presbyterian Church in that year, with its first station being in the remote town of Oodnadatta, where Dr Angus was stationed. He was locum tenens there on North-South Railway at 21 Mile Camp. He took up this ‘flying doctor’ position in response to a call from Dr John Flynn; the organisation was later known as the Flying Doctor Service, then the Royal Flying Doctor Service. A lot of his work during this time involved dental surgery also. Between 1928-1932 he was surgeon at the Curramulka Hospital, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. In 1933 Dr Angus returned to Nhill where he’d previously worked as Medical Assistant and purchased a share of the Nelson Street practice and Mira hospital from Dr Les Middleton one of the Middleton Brothers, the current owners of what was once Dr Tom Ryan’s practice. Dr L Middleton was House Surgeon to the Nhill Hospital 1926-1933, when he resigned. [Dr Tom Ryan’s practice had originally belonged to his older brother Dr Edward Ryan, who came to Nhill in 1885. Dr Edward saw patients at his rooms, firstly in Victoria Street and in 1886 in Nelson Street, until 1901. The Nelson Street practice also had a 2 bed ward, called Mira Private Hospital ). Dr Edward Ryan was House Surgeon at the Nhill Hospital 1884-1902 . He also had occasions where he successfully performed veterinary surgery for the local farmers too. Dr Tom Ryan then purchased the practice from his brother in 1901. Both Dr Edward and Dr Tom Ryan work as surgeons included eye surgery. Dr Tom Ryan performed many of his operations in the Mira private hospital on his premises. He too was House Surgeon at the Nhill Hospital 1902-1926. Dr Tom Ryan had one of the only two pieces of radiology equipment in Victoria during his practicing years – The Royal Melbourne Hospital had the other one. Over the years Dr Tom Ryan gradually set up what was effectively a training school for country general-practitioner-surgeons. Each patient was carefully examined, including using the X-ray machine, and any surgery was discussed and planned with Dr Ryan’s assistants several days in advance. Dr Angus gained experience in using the X-ray machine there during his time as assistant to Dr Ryan. Dr Tom Ryan moved from Nhill in 1926. He became a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in 1927, soon after its formation, a rare accolade for a doctor outside any of the major cities. He remained a bachelor and died suddenly on 7th Dec 1955, aged 91, at his home in Ararat. Scholarships and prizes are still awarded to medical students in the honour of Dr T.F. Ryan and his father, Dr Michael Ryan, and brother, John Patrick Ryan. ] When Dr Angus bought into the Nelson Street premises in Nhill he was also appointed as the Nhill Hospital’s Honorary House Surgeon 1933-1938. His practitioner’s plate from his Nhill surgery states “HOURS Daily, except Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturday afternoons, 9-10am, 2-4pm, 7-8pm. Sundays by appointment”. This plate is now mounted on the doorway to the Port Medical Office at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village, Warrnambool. Dr Edward Ryan and Dr Tom Ryan had an extensive collection of historical medical equipment and materials spanning 1884-1926 and when Dr Angus took up practice in their old premises he obtained this collection, a large part of which is now on display at the Port Medical Office at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village in Warrnambool. During his time in Nhill Dr Angus was involved in the merging of the Mira Hospital and Nhill Public Hospital into one public hospital and the property titles passed on to Nhill Hospital in 1939. In 1939 Dr Angus and his family moved to Warrnambool where he purchased “Birchwood,” the 1852 home and medical practice of Dr John Hunter Henderson, at 214 Koroit Street. (This property was sold in1965 to the State Government and is now the site of the Warrnambool Police Station. ). The Angus family was able to afford gardeners, cooks and maids; their home was a popular place for visiting dignitaries to stay whilst visiting Warrnambool. Dr Angus had his own silk worm farm at home in a Mulberry tree. His young daughter used his centrifuge for spinning the silk. Dr Angus was appointed on a part-time basis as Port Medical Officer (Health Officer) in Warrnambool and held this position until the 1940’s when the government no longer required the service of a Port Medical Officer in Warrnambool; he was thus Warrnambool’s last serving Port Medical Officer. (The duties of a Port Medical Officer were outlined by the Colonial Secretary on 21st June, 1839 under the terms of the Quarantine Act. Masters of immigrant ships arriving in port reported incidents of diseases, illness and death and the Port Medical Officer made a decision on whether the ship required Quarantine and for how long, in this way preventing contagious illness from spreading from new immigrants to the residents already in the colony.) Dr Angus was a member of the Australian Medical Association, for 35 years and surgeon at the Warrnambool Base Hospital 1939-1942, He served as a Surgeon Captain during WWII1942-45, in Ballarat, Victoria, and in Bonegilla, N.S.W., completing his service just before the end of the war due to suffering from a heart attack. During his convalescence he carved an intricate and ‘most artistic’ chess set from the material that dentures were made from. He then studied ophthalmology at the Royal Melbourne Eye and Ear Hospital and created cosmetically superior artificial eyes by pioneering using the intrascleral cartilage. Angus received accolades from the Ophthalmological Society of Australasia for this work. He returned to Warrnambool to commence practice as an ophthalmologist, pioneering in artificial eye improvements. He was Honorary Consultant Ophthalmologist to Warrnambool Base Hospital for 31 years. He made monthly visits to Portland as a visiting surgeon, to perform eye surgery. He represented the Victorian South-West subdivision of the Australian Medical Association as its secretary between 1949 and 1956 and as chairman from 1956 to 1958. In 1968 Dr Angus was elected member of Spain’s Barraquer Institute of Barcelona after his research work in Intrasclearal cartilage grafting, becoming one of the few Australian ophthalmologists to receive this honour, and in the following year presented his final paper on Living Intrasclearal Cartilage Implants at the Inaugural Meeting of the Australian College of Ophthalmologists in Melbourne In his personal life Dr Angus was a Presbyterian and treated Sunday as a Sabbath, a day of rest. He would visit 3 or 4 country patients on a Sunday, taking his children along ‘for the ride’ and to visit with him. Sunday evenings he would play the pianola and sing Scottish songs to his family. One of Dr Angus’ patients was Margaret MacKenzie, author of a book on local shipwrecks that she’d seen as an eye witness from the late 1880’s in Peterborough, Victoria. In the early 1950’s Dr Angus, painted a picture of a shipwreck for the cover jacket of Margaret’s book, Shipwrecks and More Shipwrecks. She was blind in later life and her daughter wrote the actual book for her. Dr Angus and his wife Gladys were very involved in Warrnambool’s society with a strong interest in civic affairs. Their interests included organisations such as Red Cross, Rostrum, Warrnambool and District Historical Society (founding members), Wine and Food Society, Steering Committee for Tertiary Education in Warrnambool, Local National Trust, Good Neighbour Council, Housing Commission Advisory Board, United Services Institute, Legion of Ex-Servicemen, Olympic Pool Committee, Food for Britain Organisation, Warrnambool Hospital, Anti-Cancer Council, Boys’ Club, Charitable Council, National Fitness Council and Air Raid Precautions Group. He was also a member of the Steam Preservation Society and derived much pleasure from a steam traction engine on his farm. He had an interest in people and the community He and his wife Gladys were both involved in the creation of Flagstaff Hill, including the layout of the gardens. After his death (28th March 1970) his family requested his practitioner’s plate, medical instruments and some personal belongings be displayed in the Port Medical Office surgery at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village, and be called the “W. R. Angus Collection”. Ear wax is an ongoing problem for many people, and its safe and easy removal is important. The W.R. Angus Collection is significant for still being located at the site it is connected with, Doctor Angus being the last Port Medical Officer in Warrnambool. The collection of medical instruments and other equipment is culturally significant, being an historical example of medicine from late 19th to mid-20th century. Dr Angus assisted Dr Tom Ryan, a pioneer in the use of X-rays and in ocular surgery. Ear syringe from the W.R. Angus Collection with barrel, plunger and tip. Inscription on oval shaped plaque on barrel. Inscription on oval shaped plaque on barrel "10th / UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL" & "MAYER & MELTZER / MAKERS, LONDON" & " TO THE / HOSPITAL OF DESEASES (SIC) OF THE THROAT"" & "TO THE / HOSPITAL / FOR WOMEN" & "TO THE / MIDDLESEX / HOSPITAL" plus "R" inscribed on each side of the handlewarrnambool, shipwreck coast, great ocean road, flagstaff hill maritime village, maritime museum, dr angus, w.r. angus, dr t f ryan, medical instrument, surgical equipment, warrnambool base hospital, nhill base hospital, mira hospital, flying doctor, medical treatment, syringe, ear syringe, ear wax

MR. JIM COOK STANDING BY HIS CAR AT HOSPITAL WOODCHOP.BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPH. LUNCH BREAK (PICNIC) IN THE BUSH DURING HOSPITAL WOODCHOPhospital - woodchop., jim cook

Badge awarded to The Alfred Group of Hospitals employees for 10 years service.All nurses who completed 10 years of service at The Alfred Group of Hospitals were awarded this badge.An enamelled yellow coloured metal badge, with a metal pin and clasp on the back.The Alfred Group of Hospitals 10 Years of Service. Cash's inscription on the back.alfred hospital, ahnl, service badge, awards, alfred group

Wall Clock was presented by H. Walsh to the Villers & Heytes Hospital, which the name was not known for Warrnambool Base Hospital, in 1861.The wall clock was a historial item which was mounted on the hosptial first building, built in 1861.1 Wall clock with makings 1 swing 1 keyClock - presented by H. Walsh, Warrnambool to Villers & Heytes Hospital 1861 Key - Made in Englandwall clock, hosptial history