Colour photograph of scallop boat Buaja at sea, showing three men on deck working the dredge, at Lakes Entrance, Victoria.ships and shipping, fishing industry, dredging

Vessel went aground 26 April 1981Colour photograph of an aluminium dinghy swept into vertical position by surf breakers, on the beach. Three men trying to retrieve the dinghy, at the site of the stranding of the larger vessel Dageraard. The tow rope is visible. Lakes Entrance Victoria fishing industry, shipwrecks, ocean rescue

Black and white photograph showing unidentified vessel in channel. Vessel leaning to one side, rope securing it off to the left. Entrance to ocean obscured behind the vessel that appears to have run aground. Lakes Entrance Victoriaships and shipping, shipwrecks, waterways, ocean, fishing industry

1/05/1981 12:00:00 AMColour photograph of three boats standing by for the rescue of the Dageraad Lakes Entrance Victoriaships and shipping, fishing industry, shipwrecks, ocean rescue

Grounded on beach for short while April 2002, 'San Rafael' now working at Strahan Tasmania, 2011Colour photograph of scallop boat San Rafael reg no UB9 in Cunninghame Arm, Lakes Entrance, Victoriafishing industry, ships and shipping, ocean

Owner 'Labro'?? converted it then left the areaColour photograph of scallop boat Subron TVE at sea off. Two men working the dredge table. Lakes Entrance Victoriafishing industry, ships and shipping, waterways

Photograph taken 12 January 2000Black and white photograph of scallop boat Seaholme at scallop wharf. Lakes Entrance VictoriaOn reverse - 'Seahome' soon to become Torres IV (didn't happen)fishing industry, ships and shipping, ocean

Ted Rowe otherwise known as Daddy RoweSepia toned postcard showing boxed fish at New Works Jetty. Men on jetty appear to be an inspection committee. Facing the camera is Mr William Wallace Johnson, Ted, Rowe, at one time Chairman of the Salmon Company. Lakes Entrance Victoriafishing industry, jetties, fish, fashion, people

Black and white photograph of boxes of fish on Harbecks Wharf, Eastern Wharf, to be transported to Melbourne for the Good Friday market. Lakes Entrance Victoriafishing industry, fish, jetties, commerce

Photo was taken before ship was lengthened by ten feet at Peter Tierney's slip at Paynesville, near Bairnsdale, VictoriaBlack and white photograph showing S S Stormbird crossing bar shows Stormbird in front, coast and Howe Range in background. Mallacoota, Victoria.ships and shipping, waterways, fishing industry

Also indistinct copy 11.5 x 15.5 cmBlack and white photograph of MV Henry-Leith at Eastern Wharf. A Shell tanker truck on wharf has 44 gallon drums behind tank. Lakes Entrance Victoriaships and shipping, waterfront, fishing industry

Colour photograph of the entrance from Bass Strait to the Gippsland Lakes, it shows the western end of Bullock Island and the built up area below Jemmys Point, both made during dredging operations over many years. Lakes Entrance Victoriaislands, fishing industry, waterways

Colour photograph of the entrance from Bass Strait to the Gippsland. It shows the western and of Bullock Island and the built up area below Jemmys Point, all made during dredging operations over many years. Lakes Entrance Victoriafishing industry, islands, waterways

The king of the straits, offshore powerboat race with Lakes entrance as a destination was not repeated due to adverse weather conditionsColour photograph of the entrance, Bullock Island and Reeves Channel. Taken from Jemmys Point during the King of the Strait offshore powerboat race. It also shows the built up groynes at the entrance to the North Arm. Lakes Entrance Victoriafishing industry, waterways, boats and boating

The Idler was recovered by the Ballina Star skippered by Tom Northrope.|Also three other photographs various stages of the recoveryColour photograph of the recovery of the cruiser Idler which had been abandoned at sea, being lifted by the crane up on to the jetty, people on the jetting watching. Lakes Entrance Victoria fishing industry, boats and boating, ocean rescue

Colour photograph of the recovery of the cruiser Idler which had been abandoned at sea fishing industry, boats and boating, disasters, jetties

In partnership with the Lakes Entrance Fisherman's Co OpColour photography of a Japanese squid boat Kiyomaru No51boats and boating, fishing industry

Black and white postcard of Bullock Island, Lakes Entrance, showing an extensive rock groyne to the south of the island, into which dredged sand and spoil is to be placed in order to extend the island's area. North Arm bridge, Bullock Island footbridge, New Works settlement and Entrance channel also in image. Lakes Entrance VictoriaBullock Island, Lakes Entranceboats and boating, fishing industry, islands

Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone during the 17th, 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries was an important industry providing an important commodity. Whales from these times provided everything from lighting & machine oils to using the animal's bones for use in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and many other everyday items then in use.Whale rib bone with advanced stage of calcification as indicated by brittleness. None.warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whale bones, whale skeleton, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips, whaleling industry, maritime fishing, whalebone

Date made August 2008Colour photograph of North Arm and Cunninghame Arm, taken from Jemmys Point, shows small bridge to Bullock Island, the Seamec educational facility in the background. Lakes Entrance Victoriabridges, fishing industry, islands, waterways, topography

Date made May 1962Colour photograph of Bullock Island. It shows the causeway and raised bridge to the island, Cunninghame Arm, dwellings and jetty at hummocks, western pier of entrance, sandy area of island planted with grass. Taken prior to transfer of PWD to island, and before Pecks factory and Fishermens Co-Operative. Lakes Entrance Victoriaislands, waterways, land reclamation, fishing industry

This image appeared in Lakes Post 21 May 1995Black and white photograph of Pecks fish processing factory on Bullock Island, during demolition. It shows a building clad with asbestos cement sheets, and a partly demolished brick tower, enclosed by cyclone wire fence and gates with eight warning signs attached. Health and safety issues were paramount during demolition. Lakes Entrance Victoriafishing industry, buildings

This image appeared in Lakes Post 6 May 1992 page 19Black and white photograph of the ammonia tower at Pecks fish processing factory on Bullock Island. It shows a square brick tower prior to demolition in 1995, built late 1960s. Lakes Entrance Victoria safety, fishing industry, buildings

Black and white photograph of the remains of Pecks fish processing factory after removal of hazardous asbestos sheet cladding. This factory was situated on Bullock Island for over twenty years. Photo shows crane removing steel truss from building, cyclone wire fence surrounds site, three warning signs on fence. Lakes Entrance Victoria fishing industry, safety

Second copyBlack and white photograph showing aerial view of the entrance to the Gippsland Lakes, shows Cunninghame Arm, North Arm, Reeves River and Hopetoun Channel, Rigby Island and Snake Island, the barrier on right foreground. Lakes Entrance Victoriawaterways, islands, aerial photograph, fishing industry, coast