Showing 3437 items
matching bendigo mining
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Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - Digital, KEN BICE COLLECTION: SPECIMEN HILL UNITED MINE
... BENDIGO Mining specimen hill united mine Bendigo mining Specimen ...Copy of photo: (also copy) Specimen Hill United Mine, image shows poppet head in centre of image, written on side 'Specimen Hill UCMS' Piles of mullock on RH and LH side in foreground. Two ore bins in front of poppet head.bendigo, mining, specimen hill united mine, bendigo, mining, specimen hill united mine, poppet head. -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - JOSEPH DAVIES COLLECTION: LETTER TO MR JOSEPH DAVIS, 20/07/1909
... mining in bendigo...Handwritten letter from the Bendigo Mining Managers... DOCUMENT Memo mining in bendigo Joseph Davies Collection Joseph ...Handwritten letter from the Bendigo Mining Managers' Association to Mr Joseph Davis, Diamond Hill, dated July 20 1909. Letter congratulates Mr. Joseph Davis on his rescue and sheltering John Allen at the Goldfields Consolidated Mine. Signed by John Ryan, Secretary of the Bendigo Mining Managers' Association.document, memo, mining in bendigo, joseph davies collection, joseph davis, bendigo mine managers' association, goldfields consolidated mine, john allen, john ryan -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Plan - MARKS COLLECTION: LEASE PLANS GREAT SOUTHERN GOLD MINE BENDIGO
... Southern Gold Mining Co. Bendigo' \Total area123 acres, 3 roods... BENDIGO Mining great southern gold mine Plan on heavy paper ...Plan on heavy paper, tightly rolled. On top of plan Plan of Leases 5429, 4810, 4811 and 5429, The Property of the Great Southern Gold Mining Co. Bendigo' \Total area123 acres, 3 roods, 33 perches, excised, nett area 122, 0. 38. On bottom '32 feet to one inch' and 'This plan was devised from Government Mining Lease Plans and from actual survey' Signed E.F Brown, certificated mining and authorised surveyor 25/6/87' Leases No. 5429 and 4810 details location of shaft, tramway, battery, engine house and boiler. Large mining dam outlined.bendigo, mining, great southern gold mine -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - DRAINAGE PROBLEMS - WATER PROBLEMS
... Bendigo Advertiser Mining Intelligence 18/4/1910...Two handwritten pages with extracts from the Bendigo... Bendigo Advertiser Mining Intelligence 18/4/1910 9/5/1910 23/5 ...Two handwritten pages with extracts from the Bendigo Advertiser Mining Intelligence. Notes mention making arrangements with other mines to resume bailing, Victoria Quartz still shaft sinking despite strong flow of water, Lansell's 180 preparing to bail water from the deep levels, so that the Victoria Quartz may continue shaft sinking and finishing cutting of plat at 4454 ft. Also a weather report on the 14/6/1910.document, gold, drainage problems, drainage problems, water problems, bendigo advertiser mining intelligence 18/4/1910, 9/5/1910, 23/5/1910, 30/5/1910, 6/6/1910, 13/6/1910, victoria quartz, lazarus coy, lansell's 180 -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - HUSTLERS ROYAL RESERVE MINE, BENDIGO CREEK
... BENDIGO Mining hustlers royal reserve/bendigo creek Bendigo ...Sepia image mounted on board: image shows Bendigo Creek, sandstone walls on creek. Creek is not yet paved with bluestone pitchers. On RH side Hustlers Royal Reserve Mine, chimney and poppet head visible. Poppet head has lattice girder legs. Post Office clock behind showing 25 to 4. Image is pre-1910, when mine structure was removed.bendigo, mining, hustlers royal reserve/bendigo creek, bendigo, sandhurst, bendigo creek, mining, huslters royal reserve, post office, poppet head, chimney -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - KANGAROO FLAT GOLD MINE COLLECTION: MEMO J.H. LALOR TO R. WOODALL
... Bendigo Mining NL... BENDIGO Gold mining exploration of bendigo goldfield Bendigo ...Four page memorandum titled 'Strictly Confidential' between J.H. Lalor and R. Woodall, regarding Bendigo Proposed Exploration. Two options 'for ongoing exploration and development at Bendigo are: an underground exploration development program similar to Stawell and, secondly, limited traverse percussion drilling on traverses 800m and 400m apart prior to underground development'. Three areas are discussed, Spring Gully, Sailors Gully and Quarry Hill.bendigo, gold mining, exploration of bendigo goldfield, bendigo, central deborah gold mine, spring gully, sailors gully, quarry hill, anticline, exploration, western mining corporation, bendigo mining nl -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - KANGAROO FLAT GOLD MINE COLLECTION: MEMO F. WRIGHT TO D. EVANS
... BENDIGO Gold mining whirrakee mining Bendigo mining goldfield ...Memo 8 March, 1984 to D.F. Evans re mining lease 496 and Jetsew Pty Ltd.. Discussion between R. Wright and Arthur Holt, a principal of Whirrakee Mining Pty Ltd, is described. Whirrakee Mining under option to Jetsew until 17 March 1984. Four mining leases held by Whirrakee Mining. George Ham of Dunolly and Mr Just are principals of Jetsew.bendigo, gold mining, whirrakee mining, bendigo, mining, goldfield, whirrakee mining, jetsew, george hamm, mr. just -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - 'BENDIGO GOLDFIELD', 1936
... BENDIGO Mining early history. Bendigo - history Mining and Bendigo ...Bendigo Goldfield. Produced by Mines Department Victoria Yellow cover with a map of Australia depicting the states and highlighting Victoria. Issued by Geo Brown Secretary of Mines. Underneath the Map is printed 'Mines Department, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1936. Maps at the back of book.Mines Department Victoriabendigo, mining, early history., bendigo - history, mining, and bendigo goldmines. -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - FOOLSCAP LETTER HANDWRITTEN ARTICLE: ON SICK LEAVE 1854'
... Bendigo's Mining Accident Fatalities and Heroes.... Bendigo's Mining Accident Fatalities and Heroes. Document FOOLSCAP ...Foolscap letter handwritten article -'On Sick Leave 1854'-'Bendigo Historical Society - Members Interest - Researching Bendigo's Mining Accident Fatalities and Heroes.document -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: WORKING MODELS FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
... MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: WORKING MODELS FOR... descriptions of models. Four pages Document MINING IN BENDIGO ...Printed document titled: Models of Simple Steam Engines by T. Jones, M. I. Mech. E. and T. Gilbert Jones, M. Sc., Wh. Sc. Includes descriptions of models. Four pageseducation, tertiary, models for engineering students. -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: WORKING MODELS FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
... MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: WORKING MODELS FOR... Richardson' written in Pencil on the back. Document MINING IN BENDIGO ...Set of eight cardboard cards models of slide valves. Card No 7 missing. Produced by Thomas Jomes and T Gilbert Jones. Manchester. Card No. 1 has 'Geo Richardson' written in Pencil on the back.education, tertiary, models for engineering students. -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MINING REPORTS - BENDIGO GOLDFIELD PRODUCTION
... MINING REPORTS - BENDIGO GOLDFIELD PRODUCTION... DOCUMENT Gold mining reports Mining Reports Bendigo Goldfield ...Handwritten notes detailing tons of ore and ounces of gold it produced for mines on the Hustlers, Paddy's Gully, Garden Gully, Deborah, Sheepshead, New Chum, Nell Gwynne, Napoleon, Lancashire, Thistle and Christmas Lines of Reef. Also the Napoleon Syncline and Mary McDonald Spurs. Also mentioned is the average per ton.document, gold, mining reports, mining reports, bendigo goldfield production, m d, q r & a r, bendigo advertiser, b m l, burrell's records -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - CONSTABLE RYAN COLLECTION: MAP OF NORTH BENDIGO SHOWING CHINA CO. MINING LEASE
... CONSTABLE RYAN COLLECTION: MAP OF NORTH BENDIGO SHOWING... BENDIGO SHOWING CHINA CO. MINING LEASE ...Map scale 1:5000 showing where the China Co. gold mining lease was.document -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: COMPRESSED AIR
... MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: COMPRESSED AIR... Institute Members at September 1971. Document MINING IN BENDIGO ...Four page document . Australian Compressed Air Institute Quarterly Newsletter dated September 1971. Items mentioned are: Early Pneumatics, Pumping by Air Lift. There is also a table of efficient practice and average practice for air-lift pumps. Also an Air Pipeline Layout in Small Factories and two tables for volumes of air. Also a diagram for air pipeline layout. Also a smaller piece of paper with the Australian Compressed Air Institute Members at September 1971.document, mining, compressed air, australian compressed air institute, a r jackson -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: SEAL IMPRESSION IN ENVELOPE
... MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: SEAL IMPRESSION IN ENVELOPE... the front. Document MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: SEAL IMPRESSION ...Envelope containing the end flap of another envelope with two impressions of a seal. It is a round impression with 'The Common /seal of' in the centre and 'The Echuca Gold Mining Company No Liability around the outside. The outside words are enclosed in a circular double dotted area. The envelope had contained The Victorian Historical Magazine and Royal Historical Society of Victoria Newsletter. Mr. A. Richardson's name has been crossed out and Echuca G. Mine written across the front.document, gold, the echuca gold mining company n. l, mining, seal impression in envelope, the echuca gold mining company no liability, a richardson, the victorian historical magazine and royal historical society of victoria newsletter -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION:PHOTO OF DIAMOND MINE, EAGLEHAWK WORKERS
... MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION:PHOTO OF DIAMOND MINE...Mining in Bendigo... PHOTO Group male Mining in Bendigo Photo of Diamond Mine ...Copy of a photo published in the Bendigo Advertiser, Wednesday, January 28, 1987. Photo shows the workers employed by the Diamond Mine at Eaglehawk, about 83 years ago. Some of the men are holding a canister and some have candles. Most of the men are wearing hats. Mrs Ethel Oldham of Bendigo owns the photo.photo, group, male, mining in bendigo, photo of diamond mine eaglehawk workers, mrs ethel oldham, maurie mcdonald, bendigo advertiser january 28 1987 -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: BENDIGO GOLD FIELDS, 1968
... MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: BENDIGO GOLD FIELDS...Mining in Bendigo... COTTAGE Miners Mining in Bendigo Bendigo Gold Fields Index V R ...Typed copy of the Bendigo Gold Fields , collected and arranged by V. R. Dwyer, 1968. On front cover: Australian Gold Production Bendigo Gold Field. Image of tin dish washing. Cover has an image of two people tin dish washing. Notes include a brief history of gold in Australia, Bendigo Goldfield yields, Bendigo Gold Nuggets, Victorian Nuggets, gold prices, yield for the years 1851 to 1890, lines of reef, mine shafts and depth, location, public buildings and organisations and mines listed for each reef. Typed copy of this document is held in Folder 130, number 3621.18.cottage, miners, mining in bendigo, bendigo gold fields index, v r dwyer, strzelecki, edward hargreaves, thomas hancock, henry frenchman, wittscheibe, ballerstedt, fortuna villa, george lansell, the rocks, victoria nugget, dascombe nugget, welcome stranger, welcome nugget, canadian nugget, sarah sands, lady hotham, maryborough, heron nugget, blanche barkley, vicount canterbury, precious nugget, poseidon, gold prices, gold yield 1851 - 1890, location of shafts, mechanics institute, old masonic hall, court, st killians, forrest st methodist church, hospital, baptist church, bendigo gas company, st andrews presbyterian church, bendigo benevolent home, railway, st marys church of england, bendigo m p building society, st pausl church of england, high school, city family hotel, fire brigade, b u f s dispensary, synagogue, beehive store, school of mines, bendigo miners association, st marys convent, dr backhaus, st mathews long gully, salvation army, post office, art gallery, sacred heart cathedral, eaglehawk town hall -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: BOOK - GOLD NUGGETS OF AUSTRALIA
... MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: BOOK - GOLD NUGGETS OF..., Friendly Creek, Daisy and Golden Eagle. Book MINING IN BENDIGO ...Yellow covered booklet titled 'Gold Nuggets of Australia'. Information obtained from every Mines Department in the Commonwealth of Australia. Information includes the name of the nugget, who found it and where. Also included is the weight of the nugget in ounces. Book compiled and written by Harry Ware and printed by Williams Boardley Print Kalgoorlie. The names of the large nuggets are: Welcome Stranger, Welcome, Bullock's Tongue, Curtis, Lady Bowen, Kerr's Hundredweight, Brennan, King of Water Worn, Blanch Barklay, Precious, Canadian, Lady Hotham, Sarah Sands, Viscount Canterbury, Little Hero, Big Ben, Joker, Monarch, Bobby Dazzler, General Gordon, Coolgardie, Friendly Creek, Daisy and Golden Eagle.book, book, gold nuggets of australia, harry ware, williams boardley print kalgoorlie, hargreaves, lister, tom, hotermann, byers, star of hope gold mine, mcginty & party, griffen & party, mcintyre, johnson, ah loy, geo curtis, dr kerr, guiness book of records, richard oates, john deason, red hill mining co., hall, slattery, yilgarn goldfield, arthur bayley, william ford, a villars, doyle & party, peterkin, mcpherson, perriman, pearce, dawson, john dunne, williams & party, anderson, p martin, summons, hart, millar, byrne, dawson, rampling, cole & party, woodall, dawkin, grant, roche, corry, sheehan, thompson, d mcintosh, hurstj, muir, a clive, w mcphee, h mcphee, j simmonds, w eddy, moran, s dighton, w abbott, sam wood, hogan, o'connor, c woods, s willcocks, gessner, huffa, w j murphy, jack legge, micky larkin, jack hehir, paddy hehir, joe matheson, dan browne, jim browne, mcwhinney & party, james larcombe jnr, james larcombe, zuegg & party, f h leach, newman bros -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: WORKING MODELS OF HIGH-SPEED STEAM ENGINES
... MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: WORKING MODELS OF HIGH-SPEED.... Also for full particulars sned to UK. Document MINING ...Set of six cardboard cards modelsof valve and piston motions of high speed steam engines. Produced by Thomas Jomes and T Gilbert Jones. Printed document titled: Working Models of High-speed Steam Engines, Series No. 3 by T. Jones, M. I. Mech. E. and T. Gilbert Jones, M. Sc., Wh. Sc., A. M. Inst. E. E. There is a reduced facsimile of Model No. 6. The 'Willans' Central-Valve Single-Acting Compound Engine, a description on using the models, a List of Models, Special Engineering Publications, Working Models and The 'X' Series of Cardboard Models. Also for full particulars sned to UK.education, tertiary, models for engineering students., working models of high-speed steam engines series no 3, westinghouse, belliss, erith, clayton, willans -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: BOOK - CAN WE HELP YOU?
... MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION: BOOK - CAN WE HELP YOU?... and petroleum leases and licences. Book MINING IN BENDIGO COLLECTION ...Small, faded greenish book titled 'Can We Help You?' issued by Geo. Brown, Secretary for Mines under the authority of The Hon. H. E. Bolte, M. L. A., Minister of Mines. Mines Department Melbourne, Victoria 1949,(Sixth Edition). Printed by J. J. Gourley, Government Printer, Melbourne. In the front of the book is a Plan showing location of Mines Department Head Office, Geological Museum & Laboratory. Book is set out in a question and answer format. Book covers subjects on mininng and petroleum leases and licences.book, book, can we help you?, geo brown, the hon h e bolte, mines department melb, j j gourley, mines department head office geological museum & laboratory, royal mint melbourne -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - ALBERT RICHARDSON COLLECTION: HISTORICAL RECORDS OF BENDIGO MINES
... BENDIGO Mining bendigo gold mines Copy of 3 page hand written ...Copy of 3 page hand written document by Albert Richardson. Written on top of page one: 'Mining Report Historical Society 6.7.67. Historical Records of Bendigo Mines' which outlines a project undertaken by Albert and the Historical Society to write a description of each Bendigo mine, showing location, plant, gold gained, depth of shaft etc. The objective was to publish this information in a book for 'educational and historical purpose'. The paper further describes a public meeting to outline the BHS proposal to 'preserve a gold mine with all equipment both surface and underground, a crushing battery, a windlass, a whip and a whim to be stored, as as far as possible in correct position. For tourists, local residents and educational purposes this should illustrate what Bendigo workers in Bendigo foundries and Bendigo citizens generally, achieved in making this city a world famous gold mining centre. That Victoria Hill be made available and developed for the benefit of tourists and local residents' Memberrs of the BHS involved: J. Hattam President, E. Clarke, Neil Murray, A. LLewellyn.bendigo, mining, bendigo gold mines -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Map - BENDIGO GOLDFIELDS MAP
... BENDIGO Mining bendigo goldfields Map of the Bendigo Goldfield ...Map of the Bendigo Goldfield, showing reef lines, mines and significant geographical features such as Monument Hill, Quartz Hill and Diamond Hill. On the back of map 'Department of Mines, Victoria. Plan of Bendigo Goldfield.bendigo, mining, bendigo goldfields -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MCCOLL, RANKIN AND STANISTREET COLLECTION: LETTER RE LEASE 10931, 23rd January, 1942
... BENDIGO Mining Bendigo Mines No Liability 2 page letter from ...2 page letter from Bendigo Mines No Liability, 360 Collins Street, Melbourne to Manager, Central Nell Gwynne Gold Mining Co., N.L., dated 23rd January 1942. Letter deals with the sale from Nell Gwynne Mines, to Central Nell Gwynne Company G.M.L., No. 10931. 'located within the boundaries of this lease was the main shaft of Nell Gwynne (B.M.L. ) Mines N.L. 'previous to this sale the leases held by the Nell Gwynne company had been consolidated into G.M.L. 10931 but a machinery area No 10878 also held by the Company covering the area around the main shaft to a depth of 25ft was not included in the consolidation owing to some technical objection by the Mines Department'bendigo, mining, bendigo mines no liability -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - BENDIGO GOLDFIELD
... BENDIGO Mining Bendigo Goldfield booklet, 51 pages. 'Bendigo ...booklet, 51 pages. 'Bendigo Goldfield' issued by Geo Brown, Secretary for Mines. Mines Department 1936. Contains information on the geology of the Bendigo goldfield and major lines of reef and mines. Map of goldfield showing reef lines and mines attached to back cover.bendigo, mining, bendigo goldfield -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - Digital, KEN BICE COLLECTION: STOPES ON CATHERINE REEF
... BENDIGO Mining catherine reef Catherine Reef Bendigo stopes miners ...Copy of photo: written on back stopes on the Catherine Reef, spurs, Catherine Reef United Mine, Eaglehawk, 1905. Image shows four men underground with picks, working in a stope. This is a digital only photograph.bendigo, mining, catherine reef, catherine reef, bendigo, stopes, miners, mining -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - KEN BICE COLLECTION: VICTORIA HILL
... BENDIGO Mining victoria hill Bendigo Victoria Hill mining Copy ...Copy of photo (not original photo, also copied) showing mining operations on Victoria Hill. Shed on RH side, chimney behind, poppet heads in background, various chimneys. This is a digital only photograph.bendigo, mining, victoria hill, bendigo, victoria hill, mining -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - ADELAIDE NEW MOON MINE GARDEN GULLY REEF WOODVALE TO ULSTER UNITED MINE SITE, WOODVALE, 1992
... BENDIGO Mining goldfields report Bendigo goldfields gold mining ...Book 2 - Site 9.1, Adelaide New Moon Mine site, Garden Gully Reef, Woodvale to site 9.27, Ulster United Mine Site, Garden Gully Reef, Woodvale. Book contains details of significance reports prepared for North Central Goldfields Project: Bendigo Goldfield.David Bannearbendigo, mining, goldfields report, bendigo, goldfields, gold, mining, reports, history -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - BENDIGO A GENERAL HISTORY 1880S - 1970S, 1992
... BENDIGO Mining goldfields report Bendigo gold goldfields mining ...Bendigo - a general history 1880's - 1970s. Book contains a chronological history of Bendigo from 1880s - 1970s. Material is referenced. Prepared for North Central Goldfields Project: Bendigo Goldfield.David Bannearbendigo, mining, goldfields report, bendigo, gold, goldfields, mining, history -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - MICHAEL KELLY : PORTRAIT, Circa 1900
... Citizens' Trustee Company. Mining - Bendigo. Bendigo Stock Exchange.... been closely associated with Bendigo mining companies... years he had been closely associated with Bendigo mining ...The Kelly family lived at 'Norwood', 103 Wills St. Bendigo. Whole family buried together in Bendigo Cemetery. Michael Peter Kelly bd. 23.9.1929 MON H4. Margaret Jane Kelly wife of Michael Kelly died 25.8.1912. bd. 28.8.1912. Daughter Rita bd. 21.1.1898 Son Roy (Robert Dennis) Kelly died 22.9.1943 bd. 23.9.1943. Daughter Doris May Kelly bd. 19.1.1967 Daughter Madge Annie Kelly bd. 6.6.1963. No records found of a marriage for Roy, Doris or Madge. Michael P. Kelly was born in Galway, Ireland and died in 1929 aged 76. He had been in Victoria for 59 years. For 50 years he had been closely associated with Bendigo mining companies, and was a leading investor. He joined the Bendigo Stock Exchange in 1880, had been chairman of the exchange multiple times. Director of the Farmers & Citizens' Trustee Co. and of the Sandhurst Building Society. Refs: Obituary The Argus 24.9.1943. The Argus 23.9.1943 (obit. of Roy Kelly). National Archives WW1 enlistment records Robert Dennis Kelly Reg. No. 10874. TROVE Bendigonian 29.7.1915. Bendigo Advertiser 27 August 1912. Bendigo Advertiser 21.1.1898 and 22.5.1900. Bendigo Cemetery records.Photograph - black and white. Portrait of a man sitting on a chair, long bushy beard, receding hairline, wearing a watch chain, looks like a rectangle locket and a medallion both hanging from the chain. Wearing a ring on his left little finger. Written on the back of the photo, 'Michael Kelly, 103 Wills Street, Bendigo. Sharebroker'. See the book (in BHS Library) - Fighting for empire : an Irish doctor's adventures through imperial campaigns and two World Wars : the life and times of Thomas Bernard Kelly (1870-1949) - for family information and the life of Michael Kelly's younger brother. See Research field for further information on Michael Kelly.John Lay, Eaglehawkbusiness, stockbroker, kelly & allsop, photograph. michael kelly. sharebrokers - bendigo. stockbrokers - bendigo. sandhurst building society. farmers and citizens' trustee company. mining - bendigo. bendigo stock exchange. -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - BENDIGO A HISTORY, 2002
... Bendigo A History. Two Copies. A history of gold mining... BENDIGO History Bendigo goldfields gold mining history ...Bendigo A History. Two Copies. A history of gold mining in Bendigo from its earliest time and the development of the city. Black and white illustrations and photographs. 282 pages.Frank Cusackbendigo, history, bendigo, goldfields, gold mining, history of goldmining, bendigo history