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Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - HARRY BIGGS COLLECTION: 3 CHILDREN
Photograph of three unknown children, two girls and possibly a little boy, they are standing on a stairway with a carpet runner and a very ornate banister post. All tree have lacy smocked frocks even the little boy. The girls have bows in their hair and dark stockings and formal black shoes. Written on the back is 'Mrs. Parker'person, group, children, children, mrs. parker -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - BROADCASTING STATION 3CV, MARYBOROUGH, 2 March, 1956
Broadcasting Station 3CV, Maryborough. A souvenir of the opening of the New Studios and Offices of Central Victoria Broadcasters Pty Ltd. March 2nd, 1956. Established 1956, offices in Burke Street, opening coincides with the stations 21st birthday, March 2 for the former celebration, October 26 for the latter. Coverage included Bendigo, Ballarat, Daylesford, Castlemaine and Maryborough. 3CV plays active part in assisting charities and hospitals at Maryborough, Daylesford, Maldon and Dunolly. Active Women's Radio Club with branches in country centres adds strength to station's charitable efforts. Opening 3CV's new premises will widen the scope of the station's charitable efforts, and stronger link with Australian Commercial Broadcasting stations. Writer Harold V Nunn writes history of district of Mayborough. Manager Ken J Parker, Central Victoria Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. The Souvenir brochure also covers topics such as: deep lead mining. WWI. Houses being pulled down. New settlements of Mildura. Secondary Industries. Bowenvale, Alma, Majorca, Craigie, Amherst, Adelaide Lead, Havelock, Bet Bet, Bently. Primary production and a railway staff of approximately 150. Maryborough a little town without a future. Coal fields at Wonthaggi. 1917 a public meeting was convened in an effort to stem the tide of adversity. Mayor George Frost, M.L.A., decision to form a Progress Association, a policy of secondary industry was decided upon and committees were appointed, James L Drew much credit is due. Maryborough's move for rejuvenation was revolutionary, because apart from Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong, it was regarded as so much presumption that industry could be expected to function with success in a country town. Governments were unsympathetic. Maryborough & district people showed determination to succeed and their faith in their town. Employment and economic security provided by the industries outweighed the debt. Maryborough's general position is that it is no longer dependent upon one particular phase of activity. The first of the industries to be formed in 1918 was the Butter Factory. The nearer dairy companies did not take kindly to the prospect of another opposition company taking supplies from their districts, and in the first few years of establishment completion made the going hard for the management. But adopting a conservative policy and placing all profits to reserve I the first six years of operation headway was gradually made. Thus it was a red letter day for the company in 1925 when the first dividend of 5 percent was paid.1955 dividend of 10 per cent. Operating it's own trucks the dairy serviced local dairymen up to 40 miles. Maryborough Knitting mills est. 1923, having transferred from Clunes. Out bid Ballarat and Bendigo to the industry. The mill has what is probably the largest circular underwear plant in the Commonwealth, which is conservatively valued at 198,913 pounds. It produces between four and five million garments each year, worth over one million pounds. The company has established subsidiary mills at Dunolly, Talbot and Avoca. The company also assisted in the establishment of the Interknit Hosiery Co. Ltd., Clunes. The Maryborough Flour Mills is the second oldest of Mayborough's industries. It was built by Mr Cadwallader over 70 years ago. It was later sold to Mr. A Land and then to Jas. Minifie & Co. It had a somewhat 'in-and -out' existence until purchased in 1923 by Messrs. Willersdorf and Forbes, of Eddington. In 1939 the firm began to build silos for the storage of bulk wheat and the present storage capacity is 100,000 bushels. 1944 power was changed from steam to electricity. The mill has an out put of 20 sacks an hour. 1938 a chaff mill was built, and now is regarded as one of the best in Victoria. Its output in one year of approximately 6,800 tons is a State record for a single cutter. During this 30 year period Patience and Nicholson Limited has grown with Maryborough and is now one of the major key industries of Australia. The P&N brand covers precision tools - taps, dies and twist drills - indispensable to the country's economy, and quality is acknowledged equally by an air craft factory in Canada, a dockyard in Thailand, a railway workshop in New Zealand, no less than by our own Australian industries. Maryborough can be proud of the part played by P&N in war when, geared to the needs of the times, it poured countless millions of tools into defence factories and to the armed forces of the Allies, and now in peace when it is providing, hydro-electric undertakings and the manufacture of cars and tractors. From 1858, W Phelan & Sons Pty Ltd has made phenomenal and spectacular growth, becoming incorporated as a private company in 1929. It is without doubt the greatest private development in the history of Maryborough. 1940 joinery manufacture was commenced. The company entered the Ready Built Housing field in `950 - and in 1951 established a factory at Cairns, Northern Queensland to overcome the manufacturing difficulties being experienced due to the shortage of plywood in Victoria. Present activities include: Ready Built Housing Factory, on-site building, a modern joinery, timber yard, drying kilns, etc., and plumbing & electrical & engineering services, a door and panel factory at Cairns, retail hardware store, Melbourne Sales Depot. Hedges & Bell Pty Ltd were est 1945, with a staff of 40 employees are the largest printing firm outside the metropolitan area. The branch of Premier Wireworks is a contribution made by the decentralisation policy of the State.event, official, celebration, broadcasting station 3cv, maryborough. a souvenir of the opening of the new studios and offices of central victoria broadcasters pty ltd. march 2nd, 1956. established 1956, offices in burke street, 21st birthday. coverage bendigo, ballarat, daylesford, castlemaine maryborough. assisting charities and hospitals maldon and dunolly. women's radio club opening 3cv's new premises australian commercial broadcasting stations. writer harold v nunn writes history of district of mayborough. manager ken j parker, central victoria broadcasters pty. ltd. souvenir brochure: deep lead mining. wwi. houses pulled down. new settlements. primary production railway staff. coal fields wonthaggi. 1917 a public meeting was convened in an effort to stem the tide of adversity. mayor george frost, m.l.a., form a progress association, policy of secondary industry, james l drew rejuvenation was revolutionary, employment and economic security. the first of the industries to be formed in 1918 was the butter factory. thus it was a red letter day for the company in 1925 when the first dividend of 5 percent was paid.1955 dividend of 10 per cent. operating it's own trucks serviced local dairymen. maryborough knitting mills est. 1923 largest circular underwear plant in the commonwealth. established subsidiary mills at dunolly, talbot, avoca. interknit hosiery co. ltd., clunes. the maryborough flour mills it was built by mr cadwallader. mr. a land jas. minifie & co. messrs. willersdorf and forbes, build silos for wheat storage capacity is 100, 000 bushels. 1944 power was changed from steam to electricity. 20 sacks an hour. 1938 a chaff mill was built, best in victoria. patience and nicholson limited the p&n precision tools - taps, dies and twist drills. war, geared to the needs of the times, countless millions of tools into defence factories the armed forces of the allies, hydro-electric undertakings and the manufacture of cars and tractors. from 1858, w phelan & sons pty ltd, incorporated 1929. 1940 joinery manufacture. ready built housing field in 1950 - 1951 established a factory at cairns, northern queensland to overcome the manufacturing difficulties being experienced due to the shortage of plywood in victoria. present activities: ready built housing factory, on-site building, a modern joinery, timber yard, drying kilns, etc., and plumbing & electrical & engineering services, a door and panel factory at cairns, retail hardware store, melbourne sales depot. hedges & bell pty ltd were est. 1945, with a staff of 40 employees are the largest printing firm outside the metropolitan area. the branch of premier wireworks is a contribution made by the decentralisation policy of the state. -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - EARLY DAYS IN THE LODDON VALLEY, 1966
Early days in the Loddon Valley, Memoirs of Edward Stone Parker 1802-1865, 98 Pages, with photographs and maps, Limited Edition of 1000 copies,Edgar Morrisonhistory, australian, loddon valley, history of loddon valley, castlemaine, daylesford, edward stone parker, aborigines, aboriginal stations -
Yarra Ranges Regional Museum
Brassiere
This Brassiere belong to Mrs Zilpah Winifred Carroll (nee Parker) (1914 - 2001) and formed part of her trousseau. Zilpah, known as Win, married Harold Stewart (Bill) Carroll on Dec 21, 1938 at St MAry's Anglican Church on Glen Eira Rd, Caulfield. The Carrolls moved to Belgrave with their children in 1954 and lived there for over 40 years. Zilpah was supposed to be names "Zilpha" after a fictional heroine, however her father misspelled the name on her birth certificate. Cream lace bra with elastic and ribbon shoulder straps, two buttons to stretch and fasten at front. -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - LYDIA CHANCELLOR COLLECTION; ROTARY CLUB OF BENDIGO. ANNUAL DINNER AND INSTALLATION OF PRESIDENT
A programme with blue print on yellow card. On the front of the programme is the insignia and the words, 'Rotary Club of Bendigo Charter No. 2103. President: Rotarian F.E.R. Biggs Vice-Presidents: Rotarian B. Mundy Rotarian A.H. Jones Hon. Sec.: Rotarian R.L. Parker Hon. Treasurer: Rotarian E.F. Granger Annual Dinner and Installation of President (Rotarian Bert Mundy) Favaloro's Café Thursday, October 2nd, 1947 at 6.45 p.m.' On the inside is an outline of the menu and the programme and on the back cover is a list of the Past Presidents.clubs and associations, sport, service clubs, lydia chancellor, collection, clubs and associations, programme, rotary club of bendigo, organization, organisation, menu -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MAJOR MITCHELL AND MOUNT ALEXANDER
Typed notes mentioning the naming of Mount Alexander, Coliban, Campaspe and who named them. Also the origins of the names.document, major mitchell and mount alexander, tommy-came-last, the major mitchell tourist trail, major general john byng, phillip of macedonia, alexander the great, henty s, surveyor davidson, alexander mollison, george augustus robinson, william morton, mr charles hotson ebden, john randell, public library of melbourne, les blake, governor burke, phillip parker king, crown solicitor henry field gurner, arthur phillip, hume, australia felix expedition, l blake, place names of victoria, g brenmer, booklet for secondary schools, m cannon, historical records of victoria vol 1, j h l cumpston, thomas mitchell surveyor general and explorer, h f gurner, chronicle of port phillip, t l mitchell, three expeditions into the interior of eastern australia, a f mollison, an overlanding diary, w l morton, adventures of a pioneer, m s 5188, itinerary from the journal of the exploring expedition returning from portland bay, m s 5189, mitchell's 1837 map, j o randell, pastoral settlement in northern victoria vol 1, pastoral settlement in northern victoria vol 2, records of the victorian archaeological survey number 5, journals of george augustus robinson, t c sargent, some peninsular names in australia felix, w h wells, a geographical dictionary or gazetteer of the australian colonies -
St Kilda Historical Society
Ephemera - Seasonal card, Christmas and New Year Greetings, 1918
Depicts Australian flag and soldier. Card is from 5th Divisional Signal Coy., AIF, France.Folded buff-coloured cardboard with paper insert fastened by faded red cord. Insert signed by George Arnold. Handwritten notation on back of card: Given to St K His Society by Mrs Parker 14/3/8214th battalion aif -
St Kilda Historical Society
Postcard, Wiltonia, Ormond Esplanade, Elwood
Photograph of ponies and children outside "Wintona" Ormond Esplanade, cnr Glen Huntley Road and Ormond Esp black and white photograph, unmounted, copy, fair conditionWritten on the back: Ben Taggart, Emma Taggart, John Taggart, Matilda Parker "Wintona" Ormond Esplanade, cnr Glen Huntley Road and Ormond Esp -
St Kilda Historical Society
Photograph, Holy Trinity Cricket Club, 2nd Eleven, Runners -up - Season 1911-12, c. 1912
R Hammond, T Duncan, H Broadstock, E Grigg, B Pierce, L Parker, L Strachan, L Gray, C Jager, Rev T H Rust, A Grigg, G Campbell.black and white photograph mountedHoly Trinity Cricket Club, 2nd Eleven, Runners -up - Season 1911-12 -
Wangaratta RSL Sub Branch
Framed Photo and Medals, Private J L Parker
Photograph and medals belonging to Private John Leonard PARKER VX56265 2/23 Battalion AIF Killed in Action on 24/11/1943 during WW2. Buried at Lae cemetery in New Guinea. The 2/23rd Infantry Battalion was raised at the Albury Showgrounds in New South Wales in August 1940, as part of the 26th Brigade. Initially the brigade belonged to the 7th Division but in early 1941 moved to the 9th Division. The battalion did its initial training in Albury before moving to Bonegilla, Victoria, before sailing for the Middle East in November. The 2/23rd left Alamein on 2 December and headed back to Gaza in Palestine, where it participated in the 9th Division parade on 22 December. The battalion left Palestine in the third week of January 1943 and reached Sydney at the end of February. Reorganised for jungle operations, on 4 September the 2/23rd participated in the division's amphibious landing at Red Beach, north west of Lae. Shortly before the landing occurred, the invasion fleet was attacked by six Japanese fighters and three bombers. Most of the Japanese bombs missed the Allied ships but one bomb hit the landing craft carrying the 2/23rd headquarters - killing the battalion commander and the ship's captain. The landing craft, however, made it to shore and the 2/23rd participated in the subsequent fighting around Lae, Finschhafen, and Sattelberg. After Sattelberg, the 2/23rd continued to move inland, capturing Masangkoo, Kuanko, and finally on 9 December, Wareo. Brown timber frame with dark blue background containing photograph of soldier, three round and three star shaped medals and document with coloured crest."This scroll commemorates Private J. L Parker Australian Military Forces held in honour as one who served King and Country in the world war of 1939-1945 and gave his life to save mankind from tyranny. May his sacrifice help to bring the peace and freedom for which he died."private john leonoard parker, 2/23rd battalion, ww2, new guinea -
Wangaratta RSL Sub Branch
Pocket Book, Australian Soldiers' Pocket Book
Pocket Book gifted by the Australian Comfort Fund to George Denis Parker VX123730 who served with the 6th Australia Infantry Training Brigade. He was deployed in February 1944 to New Guinea and assigned to HQ New Guinea Force Details Depot. Based in Buna, in Papua, they carried out garrison duties as well as patrols around the areas surrounding Milne and Nassu Bay. In May 1944, they moved to Lae. Parker returned to Australia in June 1944.An example of a small pocket book gifted by the Australian Comforts Fund (ACF) to soldiers and other servicemen during WW2. This pocket book has a bright red cover and was given as a morale boosting gift. The book contains details of relevant information considered useful to serving service personnel.Red canvas covered pocket book The Australian Soldiers Pocket Book Gift from the Australian Comforts Fund 1942australian soldier's pocket book, george denis parker, ww2, png -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Photograph - copy, D. Clark, Tatura People, 1993 copy
Original photo by Elsie M. Dicker, photographer, 10 Armadale Street, Northcote. Only names known: Barn Parker, Uncle of Mr Rube Parker.Sepia copy of large group of Tatura people, possibly in Fitzroy gardens c 1930. 2 copies 1 on display.Taturaites Picnicformer tatura residence -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Newspaper article, Tatura Guardian, Unique Show Visitor, 1950's
includes a lot of Tatura History. some other show news.History of TaturaNewspaper article. Original item from early Tatura Guardian. Photo of ninety three year old Mr M. Barney Parker and his nephew Mr R Bub Parker. Mr Parker attended the first Tatura Show in 1880 age 11.newspapers, tatura guardian -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Photograph, Football Club Premiers 1952
Tatura Premiership Football Team, 1952.|Back row: C. Ryan, B. McHugh, T. Ryan, I. Bunn, T. Deane, W. Corrigan, J. Mactier, B. Young, K. Anderson, H. Parker.|Centre row: S. Vagg, K. Binion, P. Crawford, L. Joyce, V. McKenzie, R. Connors, F. Joyce, R. McDonald, B. Ransom.|Front row: J. Trevaskis, R. Warnett, R. Smith, R. Daly, W. Pritchard, D. Brown (cc), G. Kerrins, P. Warnett, E. Davies.|A local football team was in existence from about 1885, and it is interesting to note that the members were called the "Tatura Bohemians" in 1888!|In 1894, when D. Heaphy was the first President of Tatura Football Club, they joined the Goulburn Valley Football Association.|"Travel to distant matches was undertaken by horse and jinker, buggy and pair until Charlie Brady, the storekeeper, suggested that special trains be run and put up the guarantee" ...quote from W.H. Bossence "Tatura" history.|Tatura teams were Premiers in 1898, 1901-02, 1904-05, 1952-53.|Tom Hogan was the first local player to be offered a game in the city of Melbourne, soon followed by Archie Wilson.|Robert Mactier, V.C. had played football for Tatura before leaving for service in WW1.tatura, recreations, sports, costume, male -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Book - Book - Family History, Born on the Banks of the Murrumbidgee, 2009
The story of McCormick family spanning 2 centuries from 1809 on the Isle of Wight and Ireland to 2009 in Australia. Contains details of reunion 14 November 2009 on leaflet insert. Peppercorn trees still standing on Harston property.Pale green soft covered book, background of peppercorn leaves, rocking chair on wooden floor. Writing and sketch in black ink. Sketch by well known cartoonist and artist Jeff Hook.Born on the Banks of the Murruambidge - the chant of Peter Mcormick - Stories of his Life and his peopleparker and chambers, jeff hock, mulcahy family, parker family, chambers family, mccormick family, family reunions, harston -
Anglesea and District Historical Society
Book, Victory Press, Adrian's Panda, 1959
Hard covered children's book called "Adrian's Panda". Inside cover - handwritten "Anglesea Presbyterian Sunday School". AWARDED TO "Jillian Murch - Junior class 1960." "Miss Heather Watruff (teacher)".Front: ADRIAN'S PANDA / JOY PARKER WHITE / CLOVER BOOKS Back: 3 leafed cloverchildren's fiction, sunday school, jillian murch, heather watruff -
Wangaratta RSL Sub Branch
Italian Flag, pre 1942
This was the official state flag of Italy used by Italian armed forces during WWII. The tri-colour flag with the emblem of the former Royal House of Savoy was the first national flag and lasted for 85 years until the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946. Soldiers' inscriptions on the flag suggest that it was capture from Italian troops during the Battle of El Alamein on 9 July 1942. The service numbers tell us that these soldiers served with the 2/24th Battalion which was raised Wangaratta. Walter Edward PARKER VX34529 Lancelot HALL VX32047 DOB 25/10/1904 Mildura Greville Egerton DENNYS Capt. NX4731 DOB 4/3/1917 DOD 4/10/1969 Enlisted 27/10/1939 George Charles GREEN VX21968This was the official state flag of Italy used by Italian armed forces during WWII. The tri-colour flag with the emblem of the former Royal House of Savoy was the first national flag and lasted for 85 years until the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946. Soldiers' inscriptions on the flag suggest that it was capture from Italian troops during the Battle of El Alamein on 9 July 1942. The service numbers tell us that these soldiers served in the 2/24th Battalion which was raised in Wangaratta. Recognising the cultural and historical significance of the flag to both Italy and Australia, the Wangaratta RSL received a grant to have the flag professionally restored and framed in 2017.Large Italian flag with green, white and red vertical panels of equal size defaced with the Savoyan coat of arms, a red shield with white cross bordered with blue. Three two-piece hoist ties on the green side. Panels are sewn together from separate pieces of fabric. The shield appears to have been printed directly onto the white panel. The edges are hemmed.There are several handwritten inscriptions on the coat of arms in red and blue/black ink detailing the name and service numbers of different soldiers. (Not all of the writing is legible). Legible texts reads: "VX32047 / L HALL / ALAMEINE / 9.7.42" "VX21968 / G Green" "VX?45?? / W PARKER / ALAMEIN" - "NX4731 Greville Denys"italian flag, italy, el alamein, battle of el alamein, 2/24th battalion, wangaratta, ww2 -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Photograph, Premiership Football Team
Premiership Football Team. Back Row : C.Ryan, B McHugh, T Ryan, I Bunn, T Deane,W Corrigan, J Mactier, B Young, K Anderson, H Parker Centre Row: S Vagg, K Binion, P Crawford, L Joyce, V McKenzie, R Connors, F Joyce, R McDonald,B Ransom. Front Row: J Trevaskis, R Warnett, R Smith, R Daly, W Pritchard, D Brown ( c.c.) P Kerrins, P Warnett, E Davies -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Photograph, Chemist Shop 1946
chemist shop, hogan st tatura, c1946, j m parker chemist, colliver, s milk bar, photograph, buildings -
Uniting Church Archives - Synod of Victoria
Plan - Circuit plan, A Plan for the Wesleyan Methodist Preachers of the Melbourne Circuit 1840 - 1841
Wesleyan Methodist Preachers: Orton, Hurst, Tuckfield, Witton, Dredge, Parker, Smith, Wilkinson, Willard, Topp, Stone.Tan coloured card with handwritten title and table which gives the places, dates and Preacher's names in black ink copperplate writing.wesleyan methodist melbourne circuit -
Robin Boyd Foundation
Book, James Parker and co, A Concise Glossary of Architecture
Hardcover, No Dust JacketBookplate for Melbourne Church of England Grammar School, Morris Library. Catalogue number 9919architecture, dictionary, walsh st library -
Robin Boyd Foundation
Book, E.W. Parker, Discovering Poetry 4: Fresh Fields, 1961
Hardcover w/ clear plastic contact"Suzy Boyd" and various notes inside front coverwalsh st library -
Robin Boyd Foundation
Book, E W Parker (selected), The Poet's Way: Stage Two, 1954
HardcoverS. Simms. Poetry on leaves. Some annotations in pen throughout.poetry, walsh st library -
Robin Boyd Foundation
Book, Methuen & Co. Ltd, The Best of Dorothy Parker, 1952
Hardcoveramerican literature, walsh st library -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, Edgar Morrison, A successful failure, a trilogy : the Aborigines and early settlers, 2002
Tells of the Aboriginal Protectorate System in Colonial Victoria during the period 1838 to 1852. The system was designed to be a buffer between the original inhabitants and the influx of white squatters. That the system failed is of little wonder. This story traces the times of Edward Stone Parker, Assistant Aboriginal Protector in the Loddon region of Victoria.maps, b&w photograph, colour photographs -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, Edgar Morrison, Early days in the Loddon Valley : memoirs of Edward Stone Parker 1802-1865, 1966
maps, b&w illustrations, b&w photographs, document reproductionsloddon -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, Edgar Morrison et al, Frontier life in the Loddon Protectorate : episodes from early days, 1837-1842 /? by Edgar Morrison. The Aborigines of Australia : a lecture delivered ... before the John Knox Young Men's Association, on Wednesday May 10th, 1854 /? by Edward Stone Parker, 1967
The episodes related here occurred between the years 1837 and 1842 and describe what would now be called a period of confrontation between the Aboriginal inhabitants and the white settlers who flocked to the scene so glowlingly described by Sir Thomas Mitchell in 1836.maps, b&w illustrations, b&w photographsloddon, edward stone parker -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, Lyndon Ormond Parker, Information technology and Indigenous communities, 2013
From papers presented at the 2009 AIATSIS National Indigenous Studies Conference and the 2010 symposium Information Technologies and Indigenous Communities.technology -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, Barry J Blake, Dialects of Western Kulin, Western Victoria : Yartwatjali, Tjapwurrung, Djadjawurrung, 2011
Technical linguistic grammar based on historical sources of Western Kulin languages Yartwatjali, Tjapwurrung and Djadjawurrung. Includes dictionary and information on historical source material.Maps, b&w illustration, tables,yartwatjali, tjapwurrung, djadjawurrung, western district, george augustus robinson, edward stone parker, william thomas, james dawson, edward curr, robert hamilton matthews -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, Bain Attwood, 'My country' : a history of the Djadja Wurrung 1837-1864, 1999
A description of the invasion of Djadja Wurrung land in Central Victoria which began in the mid 1830s.maps, b&w illustrations, b&w photographsdjadja wurrung, dja dja wurrung, dja dja wrung aboriginal association, beembarmin, victorian pastoral leases, franklinford, fernihurst, edward parker, caroline morgan, thomas dunolly, cummeragunja, racial conflict, racism, victorian social history