Westclox had a highly successful factory in Scotland situated in the Vale of Leven Industrial Estate, in Dumbarton, around twenty miles from the City of Glasgow. Westclox had originally planned to start production in Scotland in 1939 but the War intervened and it was not until 1948 that they were able to fully commission their factory in Dumbarton. Westclox Scotland produced its first clock on the 21st September 1948; a spring wound alarm with a 4 inch dial. The Westclox factory in Scotland was a full manufacturing plant with all their clocks assembled from start to finish with only the basic raw materials being brought in by outside suppliers. 95% of the staff were local people and the firm trained their employees from scratch to a high level of skill and had an annual apprenticeship for toolmakers and classes in horology. By 1949 Westclox Scotland were making 10,000 clocks a week, and by 1950, 1,000,000 clocks had been produced since its opening. No home in the Dunbartonshire Vale was without at least one Westclox clock, nor any raffle complete without a clock as one of the prizes! Many of these clocks are still around today. So successful was the Dumbarton factory that in the mid 1950’s Westclox had to expand into adjoining buildings. The factory then added watches to what they made as well as timing devices for other sectors. By the mid 1960’s, employment levels at the Scottish plant were around 1100. Over a third of the clocks manufactured in Scotland were exported to some 110 countries across the globe. Difficult times came in 1967/68 when 400 workers were laid off and the future of the plant was in doubt primarily due to cheap clocks from the then communist countries. However, strong petitions to the UK Government produced the passing of an anti-dumping law allowed production from the factory to pick up. In 1968 General Time was bought out by Talley Industries, which was best known as a manufacturer of timing equipment, such as factory time clocks to various industries. Westclox in Scotland enjoyed several boom years under the then Managing Director, John Santos. Westclox Scotland in October 1974 hosted a Space Seminar for the Astronaut, Neil Armstrong and British Astronomer, Sir Patrick Moore. Both visited the Scottish factory to promote the introduction of Quartz time-keeping. In 1976 the Westclox plant in Dumbarton became the Headquarters of General Time (International Operations) Ltd. John Santos retired from General Time and Westclox in the early 1980s and by 1988 the future of Westclox in Scotland was almost over. The advent of Quartz clock technology, developed largely by General Time for use in the Apollo 11 Command Module, resulted in the reduction of mechanical clock production and sales, and the factory fully closed in 1988.The Westclox factory building in Dumbarton has been converted and is now home to many thriving small businesses. The item marks a time when clock production in the United Kingdom was at it’s peak producing clocks for sale in over a 110 countries, they were keenly priced and available to all. The company had many innervation's during it’s life regards clock and later wrist watch making. In 25 years the factory had produced over 50 million clocks, yet it was perhaps inevitable with the advent of Quartz technology that was ironically evolved, largely by General Time for use in the Apollo 11 Command space Module, that would ultimately herald the end of the mechanical clock.Wooden bedroom alarm clock small painted brown with a criss cross pattern in gold and a white enamel face roman numerals & a glass front, clock case is of a fancy design. Inscribed on face "Made by Westclox Ltd Scotland" .flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, clock mantle, clock, mantle clock, westclox ltd, horology, clock industries

A photocopy of newspaper publication of obituary for Annie Mavis Webster, MBE 21/5/1914 - 8/4/2000 An exceptional singer who contributed greatly to local Bendigo and Australia as well as abroad Bendigo born and raised by Edwin and Annie Webster, Education was at Camp Hill. A life long participation in and commitment to local music and Competition Society provided opportunities for performance. The ultimate prize for amateur singers at the time was the Sun News Pictorial Aria Competition, which Mavis attained as runner up in 1938 and as winner in 1939. Outbreak of WWII curtailed early opportunities for overseas travel but there was much call for her as recitalist, artist and teacher such as at The Sisters of Mercy at St Mary's Convent, Bendigo where she taught singing. Mavis gained impressive reputation and experience in numerous roles including as chorister (and founder of the all female choir and the Benola singers which she also named, after her home), and later (1960) included male voices; she was also conductor; musical director; and adjudicator at Eisteddfords. She laso taught at Girton, St Killian's. During the 1950s Mavis went on a very successful 9 month overseas trip on which she was inspired in many respects including the formation of the choirs. In 1978 Mavis was made a Member of the British Empire for her services to music.City of Greater Bendigo acknowledged Mavis contribution and skills by establishing the Mavis Webster Vocal Collection at the City library.bendigo, history, obituary and biography of annie mavis webster mbe, forest st methodist (now uniting) bendigo, girton, st killian's, herald sun aria, the eisteddford, sisters of mercy at st mary's convent, mavis webster vocal collection, city of greater bendigo, margaret watters.

Book titled 'New Settlers' Handbook to Victoria. Book contains information of the State of Victoria, Welcoming the New Australian, The Farm Learner, Settling on the Land, The Settler's Home, The 'N.S.L.' Districts and a Buyers' and Sellers' Directory.New Settlers League of Australia3john bovaird collection - new settlers' handbook to victoria, the herald & weekly times ltd, the honorable john allan mla, new settlers league of australia (victorian division), archibald gilchrist

Letter to Barry Secombe, Manager Community Services, from George Ellis, for the Proposed: Hercules & Energetic Mine Project. Letter dated 21 June 2005 and printed on a brown Long Gully Neighbourhood Centre Inc letterhead .Mentioned in the letter, The History Group wish to install a plaque on the Linear Park walking track near Creeth Street Long Gully to acknowledge the site (not the Shaft) of the Hercules and Energetic Mine formally the Energetic Mine. It is also mentioned that Sir John Quick once worked at this mine before he went to University. There is a suggestion of where the plaque could be located.bendigo, history, long gully history group, the long gully history group - proposed: hercules & energetic mine project, long gully neighbourhood centre inc, barry secombe, city of greater bendigo, the long gully history group, energetic mine, sir john quick, bendigo evening news, prof geoffrey blainey, melbourne herald january 2nd 1986, george ellis

Black and white photo. Children and teacher from Special Children's School with a wooden yacht. Physical description: unmounted photograph. Inscriptions/Markings: Mr Warren teacher, Cr V Jackson. Retarded Children's School 1961.organization, education, special school, copyright not for reproduction. herald sun photograph supplied by feature service, the herald & weekly times ltd. melbourne, australia

Miss J A Lee teacher, Special School for retarded children 1961. Teacher Miss Lee and nine students at their desks at School.organization, education, special school, copyright not for reproduction. herald sun photograph supplied by feature service, the herald & weekly times ltd, melbourne, australia.

Kangaroo Flat State School Committee 1961. Seven male committee members. Inscriptions/Markings: Kangaroo Flat State School Committee 1961. Mr McMahon, Mr Lowe, Mr Osborne Head Teacher, Mr Jones Sec, T stone, Mr Bruce, Mr Hay.organization, education, kangaroo flat state school, copyright not for reproduction. herald sun photograph supplied by feature service, the herald & weekly times ltd. melbourne, australia

Black and white photograph. Teachers at 'Special School', Miss Lee, Mulvahin, Hender and Mr Warren Head Teacher, 1961. Physical description: unframed photograph. Inscriptions/Markings: Teachers at Special School for Retarded, Miss Lee, Mulvahin, Hender. Mr Warren Head teacher 1961organization, education, special school, copyright not for reproduction. herald sun photograph supplied by feature service the herald & weekly times ltd. melbourne, australia.

Printed brochure titled ' A Scientific Treatise on Scalebuoy Process of Water Treatment. Top of front page has a green bulb at the top with the title underneath. Brochure gives the history of the Scalebuoy, the fundamental principles, use and a summary of the Scalebuoy method of water treatment. Written by R. H. S. Abbott.sciences, instruments - general, scalebuoy, bill ashman collection - correspondence, a scientific treatise on scalebuoy process of water treatment, scalebuoys (new zealand) ltd, r h s abbott, herald printing works auckland

This photograph is held in the Ballaarat Mechanics' Institute Audio Visual Collection. Please contact BMI for all print and usage inquiries. Ballarat artist and educator Geoff Wallis took a series of photographs of Ballarat Milk Bars in the 1970s. This is one of his favourites. He notes: “My ‘local’ is not the pub that stands on a corner only 100 metres from my home but the milk bar that is across the road from the pub in Peel Street North. It is an extraordinary example of the milk bar fulfilling its time-honoured role of being every suburb or town’s Aladdin’s Cave. It is well worth a visit. I photographed this milk bar in 1979 when it was a much more conventional shop and then continued on taking photographs of all the milk bars I could locate around Ballarat. The photographs were to be the starting point for an artistic project but this didn’t eventuate. Though my motivation was primarily artistic I was also interested in milk bars as familiar and essential parts of daily life. Their accoutrements of Peters Ice Cream cones, newspaper headlines, and colourful signage made them distinctive features of the townscape. Milk bars had been part of my life from when I first was sent to ‘the shop’ as a little boy clutching a ration card. My parents bought a milk bar in Camberwell when I was nine and though I only lived there for a year, it is still vivid in my mind. Lollies, comics, ice cream, milkshakes -- all the treasures essential for a happy childhood -- awaited any child who pushed through the door. Though milk bars were once scattered throughout the city, competition from many sources is making them an endangered species.”ballarat, milk bar, shop, landsborough, herald, groceries

Two copies of an article from the Bendigo 'Advertiser' titled 'The Mackays of Bendigo.' Also included is a copy of a market valuation of the original Mackay residence at 46 Mackenzie Street, Bendigo. The article was written by Amy Huxtable. 21/7/1979.person, family, mackay family, lydia chancellor collection, collection, bendigo, history, place, building, buildings, angus mackay, robert donald mackay, george mackay, angus mackay jr., bendigo advertiser, echuca riverine herald, newspapers, rosalind park, sackville mackay, house, houses, male, males, individual, individuals, valuation, amy huxtable

Copy of an article in the Bendigo Weekly titled The Mine Flooding Crisis - Joseph Sternberg MLC gets involved by James Lerk. Joseph Sternberg MLC travelled to Melbourne to arrange a deputation with the Minister of Mines to discuss the flooding of the New Chum line of reef. Pumping was mentioned but it would be expensive and would take time and the water would keep rising. They would also have to find a suitable pumping plant. The New Chum Drainage Association had kept the water under control. Delegates wanted the Government to subsidise the removal of the water.bendigo, history, long gully history group, the long gully history group - bendigo weekly, james lerk, victoria quartz, joseph sternberg, the honorable p mcbride, j h craig, new chum reef, new chum drainage association, new chum railway, mills lavis and elliot, mr w sparkman, melbourne herald, alan spicer

Photocopy mentioning the life, work and family members of the Honorable Angus Mackay.document, names of bendigo pioneers, founders of australia, founders of australia - the honourable angus mackay, murdoch mackay, rev john dunmore lang, sydney atlas, mr robert lowe, mr henry parkes' 'empire', mr edward wilson, the argus, mr j j casey, the bendigo advertiser, mr r r haverfield, mr a m lloyd, mr r burrowes, board of education, mcculloch ministry, mr j g francis, mr stephen, coliban scheme of water supply, regulation of mines act, sydney daily telegraph, robert d mackay, george mackay, angus mackay, the bendigonian, the riverine herald (echuca), the bendigo independent, mrs e o'sullivan, angus theodore mackay, mrs lily pennack, miss mary isabel mackay, mrs jean cohen, mr frank cohen, major murdoch nish mackay, dr george eric mackay, miss reay mackay, miss flora mackay, thomas hope henderson mackay

Index, bib, ill, p.348.non-fictionWill Dyson (1880-1938) was a brilliant and versatile artist, and much more besides. His prodigious talents struggled to find a niche in Australia, but he burst into prominence with cartoons of extraordinary vigour and resource on the London Daily Herald. These whole-page cartoons with wordy, witty captions were revered by workers and intellectuals alike. Dyson was also a talented writer, a scintillating humourist and an arresting speaker. A stunning overnight success, he was described as the most famous Australian in the world. In 1916 Dyson became Australia's first official war artist. His drawings of profound empathy and sympathy remain a unique record of the Western Front experience. Once again he complemented his art with exquisite writing. Returning to Australia in 1925, he took up etching to international acclaim, confirming that whatever he did he did well. Absorbing, illuminating, and lavishly illustrated, this is a fascinating story of the life and times of a remarkable and under-recognised Australian.will dyson 1880-1938, cartoonists - australia

Supplement to the Bendigo Advertiser, December 15, 1999 Volume Seven: 1960-1969 titled Bendigo's Century. The front has a photo of the BCV 8 Studio. Contains photos and local news, council matters, planning, Who's Who, Weather, Sport and Business and some Advertisements. Photos include Early stages in the construction of the Eppalock tower and bridge pillars, Christine Wiseman, TV8's first news reader Ron Alderton, Dr Albert L Beischer, Advertiser buiding, fire at the Advertiser building, Oscar Flight, Bendigo Town Hall, William Basil Ashman, Lake Eppalock, Premier Henry Bolte, Que O'Hoy, Sandhurst Guest House, The Lyric Theatre, E C Thompson, The elm tree in Market Square, Leslie Galvin, The original Myer Store, The Joss House, Sidney Myer, Bendigo Police Barracks, Bunratty Castle, Albert Vivian Gray, The Victoria Hill site, Architects drawing of the new council administrative offices and Noel Beaton MHR.bendigo, history, long gully history group, the long gully history group - bendigo's century volume seven: 1960 - 1969, bendigo advertiser, bcv 8, eppalock dam, premier henry bolte, the criterion hotel, mccarthy family, teachers training college, bendigo original teachers college, long gully state school, stramit, bendigo university site committee, mrs christine wiseman, bendigo city council, the broadcasting control board, general television pty ltd, bendigo central victoria telecasters pty ltd, mr davidson, bennett's arcade, woolworth's, white hills swimming pool, herb elliott, sailor's guide, toni riley pharmacies, rising sun hotel, ron alderton, dr albert l beischer, channel 8, melbourne herald, 3bo, bendigo advertiser officeslyceum theatre, junior technical school white hills, mount alvernia hospital, most reverend dr b d stewart, sisters of the franciscan missionaries of the divine motherhood, lazarus family, bendigo's tramways, state electricity commission, george pethard, lance pethard, bendigo advertiser fire 29/7/1962, riverine herald, the herald and weekly times, bendigo art gallery, oscar flight, hollands foundry, eaglehawk u.f.s. dispensary, gillies famous pies, william basil ashman, golden gate hotel, grieves family, bendigo town hall, mr r r anderson, mr e h brown, cr neville oliver, cr tom flood, traffic commission, lansell family, abev-1, bendigo ordnance factory, actu, bendigo trades hall council, the ramsay report, bendigo benevolent home, bendigo home and hospital for the aged, princess theatre, amoco, lake eppalock, bendigo training prison, bendigo police station lock-up, shamrock hotel, rifle brigade hotel, hopetoun hotel, anz bank, marong shire offices, sir rohan delacombe, st paul's church, que o'hoy, waldron family, windermere hotel, aids & appliance shop, anne caudle centre, e c thompson, mayfair hams, sandhurst guest house, lyric theatre, chinese joss house, ordnance factory, sir john jenson, bridge street chinese quarter, bendigo city hall, cr r f turner, cr tom flood, victorian inland meat authority, new zealand insurance co, mrtropolitan security service, bendigo easter fair society, golden square high school, eaglehawk high school, bendigo technical college, mr ralph w birrell, bendigo fountain plaza, the bethlehem home for the aged, dick hazeldene, victorian egg board, bendigo united cricket club, south bendigo united cricket club, western mining corporation, les priest, alexandra fountain, bendigo advertiser, cr w cambridge, bendigo council, eaglehawk council, strathfieldsaye shire, huntly shire, marong shire, david thomas, senator john gorton, bendigo's college of advanced education, bank of new south wales, harp and shamrock hotel, the honorable leslie william galvin, kurmala, cain government, hanro knitting mills, myer store, sidney myer, davey brothers grocery store, national trust, myer emporium, myer's ltd, cox bros (australia) ltd, dame merlyn myer, baillieu myer, frank greenaway, institute of technology, gas & fuel corporation, bendigo railway station, anz bank, city family hotel, tab branch, senior constable alfred herbert wright, senior constable allan raymond brown, victorian football league, bendigo police barracks, camp hill state school, state electricity commission, the country party, the labor party, transport regulation board, stuart anderson, grose family, jean theodore de ravin, kyneton shire, sir william mcdonald, mines department, the loddon hospitals region group laundry and central linen service, kevin wynne, albert vivian gray, bradford cotton mills ltd, bradmill industries ltd, victoria hill, bendigo and district tourist association, professor brian lewis, melbourne university, victorian chinese community, loong, sun loong, stafford ellinson, coles' store, north deborah mining company nl, noel beaton mhr, durham ox hotel, taylor family

George Meudell was born in Bendigo in 1860, the son of a bank manager. He became a public accountant. He worked for B J Fink. He took up a seat on the Stock Exchange. He later wrote a book, 'The Pleasant Career of a Spendthrift'. The book caused a stir and was withdrawn from sale. There was a later edition where a lot of names were withdrawn from the book.document, names of bendigo pioneers, the meudell mystery, the land boomers, michael cannon, maurice brodzky, george meudell, table talk, bendigo high school, money miller's bank of victoria, grant meudell, hnry miller, isaac pitman, john alsop, melbourne savings bank, andrew lyell, mercantile finance co ltd, b j fink, g w taylor, thomas bent, w l baillieu, stock exchange melbourne, william knox, broken hill proprietary, f m dickenson, historical society of victoria, the pleasant career of a spendthrift, george routledge & sons ltd, routledge & kegan paul ltd, frank campbell, robertson & mullens ltd, j m gillespie, sir matthew davies's mercantile bank, unofficial history of victoria, booksellers' association, the pleasant career, theodore fink, the herald, wilke & co pty ltd, the pleasant career of a spendthrift and his later reflections, lionel robinson, william clark, s m bruce, premier building society, j kitchen & sons ltd

The Vietnam War saw the first extensive use of surface-to-air anti-aircraft missiles, heralding an entirely new type of aerial combat that pitted America's top fighter-bomber, the F-105 Wild Weasel, against the North Vietnamese SA-2 Sam supplied and initially manned by the Soviets.vietnam war, 1961-1975 -- aerial operations, american, f-105 wild weasel, sa-2 "guideline" sam

Scene setting article for an RAIA national convention in Sydney. Discussion of the idea of time lag and Australian design and the nation's biggest buildings having been designed in the USA.This was an article for Sydney Morning Herald Architecture Convention feature. An extended article of the same title was published in "Architecture in Australia", vol 56, no 3, June 1967, pp 454-465.Typewritten (c copy), quarto, 6 pagesfrancis greenway, edmund blacket, motels, william wardell, minoru yamasaki, united states, robin boyd, manuscript

A finalist in the Shire of Eltham Art Awards in 1985. Born in Harrow, England, Graham Fransella studied at the Bradford School of Art, Yorkshire. He came to Australia in 1975. Graham Fransella lives and works in Melbourne and is represented by galleries across Australia.Fransella is an artist (printmaker) of national significance. “A feature of Fransella’s art is that it has an immediate visual simplicity, sometimes possessing the lucidity of graffiti-like directness, but this is attained through the most complex and intricate means. The surface on which he works is the arena in which he performs with an endless layering of marks, surfaces and signs. It seems that he surrenders to an intuitive process, one in which chance serves as an active collaborator. Ultimately his practice engages with the theory of the artist’s subconscious being allowed unbridled freedom of expression.” Sasha Grishin AM FAHA, in 'Gorgeous simplicity in signature themes: Graham Fransella', Sydney Morning Herald, April 5, 2014This etching depicts a busy and carefree day at the beach in bright colours of red and blue. The figures are drawn with spontaneity and simplicity, which is characteristic of Fransella's style. Figures are positioned in states of relaxation or bounce around beach scenes in joyful exuberance. eltham art award, etching, print, beach, figures

Pamphlet issued by the City of Nunawading on Blackburn Lake Sanctuary, its history and development.Pamphlet issued by the City of Nunawading on Blackburn Lake Sanctuary, its history and development.blackburn lake sanctuary, woods, john, gardiners creek, lake road, blackburn, adult deaf and dumb society, herald learn to swim drive, blackburn swimming club, city of nunawading. parks and recreation department

These type of cigarette silks were included in WD & HO Wills cigarette packets to induce women in particular to take up smoking.|The Word 'Cartophilic?|It is believed that this unusual word was coined in the 1920s by Col. Bagnall, an Englishman, who was the father of the hobby of cigarette card and trade card collecting. It is thought to be a combination of a Latin word, 'carto' meaning 'card and the Greek word 'philic', meaning 'love'.- lover of cards. The term originally related to the collection of the two types mentioned, however, our Society has included postcards in the range of items collected by our members.|The Cigarette Card|The cigarette card began its evolution in the United States of America, in the early 1880s as a plain piece of cardboard used by tobacconists to protect the cigarettes which were sold in that era, not in packets, but loosely. A purchaser would buy his cigarettes then wrap them in paper around the small piece of cardboard, which acted as a stiffener. In fact, for many decades, cigarette cards were known as 'stiffeners' in the USA.|The card depicting 'The Marquis of Lome' is reputed to be the first known cigarette card issued. This is thought to have been in 1879. It did not take long for an enterprising entrepreneur to recognise the advertising potential of the cigarette card, and, very soon, the cards began displaying popular images, often in sets. This had the effect of youngsters, wishing to complete their sets, harassing their fathers to buy a specific brand of cigarettes. The kids who collected cards in the days when they were being issued in the cigarette packets, would hang around outside the local tobacconist's shop, pestering the men who had just bought a packet of cigarette, with the cry: 'can I have the cig can mister?'|It is a proven fact that, here in Australia during the 1930s, at least one set had one card deliberately withheld and issued very sparingly. This card is No. 86 (Mrs Jack Crawford) in the Carreras 'Turf Personality Series'. Thus, in a set of reasonably easy cards to get, this one card is a constant source of frustration for the collector, and as such, commands a premium when it comes to price. It is not hard to imagine the young collector nagging his to Dad to keep buying 'Turf' cigarettes to enable him to finish the set.|From small beginnings the cigarette card soon gave rise to a booming industry in itself. Artists and writers were|employed to produce the cards, which were miniature works of art and served as little encyclopaedia's for the children of the day. By the 1930s cards were being issued in the countless millions. It has been stated, in one book on the history of cards; that 450 million sets of a series produced and issued by the prolific issuer of cards in the United Kingdom, WD & HO Wills. As each set contained 50 cards you would need a calculator with a very long result window to see the answer to how many cards of that series were in circulation.|Australia's involvement would appear to have its beginnings with the English and American firms who shipped their tobacco products here and the cards of American Tobacco Company (ATC) are found in great numbers in early Australian collections; many featuring Australian subjects, e.g. 'Australian Parliament a 1901 issue. Earlier U.S. sets depicting Australians included Goodwin & Co's, so called. 'Australian Series' with cricketers and Australian Rules footballers who were on the sporting scene during the 1880s. The caption of one of theses cards reads:|'W.Hannysee. Captain Port Melbourne Football Club' which enables us to pinpoint the year of issue to either 1889 or 1890.|On the Australian scene the first local manufacturer who issued cards seems to have been The National Cigarette Company of Australia Proprietary Limited, whose 'Tally Ho' packets contained cards from a series of thirteen featuring the touring 'English Cricket Team 1897-8' Of the few Australian manufacturers who issued cards, only two companies issued more the two sets.|Undoubtedly the cards issued by the Melbourne firm Sniders & Abrahams (later Sniders & Abrahams Pty Ltd) are the 'jewels in the crown' of Australian card issues. They issued some thirty-three series, with numerous sub-series and allied issues such as metal badges, metal football shields, celluloid flags etc., which ensured that the hobbyist had a vast range from which to collect. Sporting themes – football, cricket, horse racing – dominate, indicating the Australians' love of sport and the outdoors was as strong in those earlier times as it is today. Military, animals and birds themes were also to the fore, with a touch of culture being provided by 'Shakespeare', 'Dickens', actresses and even classical 'Statuary'. Humour was not forgotten with 'Cartoons and Caricatures', 'Naval and Cricket (double meaning) Terms' and the 'Jokes' series. Art and history were covered by the artist, S.T. Gill's 'Views of Victoria in 1857' while the stereoscopic 'Views of the World' expanded the collectors' knowledge of the world as a whole.|The Sniders & Abrahams series began in 1904 and by 1919 the company was in decline and was eventually taken over by G.G. Goode & Co. Ltd. This company produced one set only, the highly collectable 'Prominent Cricketer Series' issued in 1924. During the early to mid-1920s, J.J. Schuh Tobacco Pty Ltd issued eight series, again containing the popular subjects of sport and war. At least two provincial tobacconists, Lentens of Bendigo and Baillies of Warrnambool, issued private football series. The last series of cards issued by a truly Australian firm was Dudgeon & Arnell's '1934 Australian Cricket Team'.|The Australian market was not neglected by the English companies with WD & HO Wills, Godfrey Phillips and Ogdens all making their contributions. By far the most active issuer was the long-established company Wills, whose 'Cricketers' of 1901 heralded the flood of Australian series, which continued into the mid-thirties.|The onset of the 1939-45 World War sounded the death knell of the cigarette card and very few post-war issues were made, certainly not here in Australia.|The Trade Card|The Trade Card is a non-tobacco item used by manufacturers to promote and advertise their products, in the same way that cigarette cards were. It is uncertain exactly when they were first produced, but in the USA, non-collectable cards were issued by firms in the early 1800s. These were more akin to a latter day 'business card'. It was not until the 1850s, when coloured and pictorial cards were issued to advertise and promote products that the Trade Card|became a collectable item. Many beautiful lithographic cards were produced in this early era and they are very mu sought after by collectors. By the 1870s the issues of Trade Cards became more prolific and it is from this era that more cards are seen.|Again, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact date of the first Australian Trade Card and it may be that the highly collectable and extremely rare 'American Candy Co's' - 'Pure Caramels' Australian Rules football card, issued i 1891, is the earliest series. This confectionery firm was located in Fitzroy, a Melbourne suburb. To date only two subjects have been seen.|Another early set was 'Flags', issued by F.H.Fauldings & Co. It featured testimonials of seven English cricketers who toured Australia with the 1894/5 Test team. Fauldings was an Adelaide based firm which manufactured medicinal toiletries, soaps and oils, using the distinctly Australian eucalyptus oil. During the 20th century a multitude of Australian businesses issued trade cards, with confectionery manufacturers such as Hoadleys, Allens, Sweetacres and Australian Licorice producing the majority of them. Again sporting themes dominated with the ever popular Aussie Rules football cards being the most numerous. Cricket issues ran a close second.|Apart from sporting cards, almost every subject imaginable was covered by the Trade Card, making it the most diverse and interesting branch of cartophilly. In contrast to the Cigarette Card, which had its demise prior to the Second World War, the Trade Card is still alive and well.|We all are aware of the long running 'Birds of Australasia' series put out by Tuck-fields Tea and 1 doubt if there is a kitchen drawer in Australia that has not got one or two of these informative and attractive cards floating about in it. These cards were first produced in the early 1960s and are still being inserted in that company's packets of tea. Such is also the case with Sanitarium Health Foods, manufacturers of the well known Weetbix, who began issuing cards, with a wide range of subjects, in the early 1940s and continue to do so.|The 1940s and 1950s saw the two breakfast food giants, Kornies and Weeties dominating the card scene. Kornies footballers were in production fora decade from 1948 to 1959. Four years later in 1963, we saw the start of four decades of Scanlens bubble-gum card issues, both football and cricket. In the mid 1990s, with the end of the Scanlens/Stimorol cards, the Trading Card came on the scene. These cards do not fit under the umbrella of the Trade Card, having been produced and marketed purely as a 'collectable' with no connection whatsoever to any product, which of course is necessary for an item to be classified as a Trade Card.|The earliest British postcard was issued in 1870 and was designed to send short messages; the stamp was printed on the card, therefore it did not require an envelope. It was considered by many to be lowering the postal standards because the texts were no longer private. However the cards were a great success as on the first day of issue in 1870, half a million passed through the London postal centre.|The first illustrated postcards are said to be those introduced by a French stationer in 1870. He realized that French troops fighting in the Franco-Prussian War needed to be able to send short messages to their families and designed a 'postcard' to suit the purpose. As many of the soldiers were illiterate they decorated their cards with sketches of their many activities at the front rather than writing; thus creating a picture postcard. Private enterprise soon saw the great financial possibilities of this new easy and attractive way of communication by post; also sending a postcard cost less than postage for letters. It was correctly assumed that postcards were likely to overtake letter writing in many instances.|Between 1875 and 1882 every state in Australia introduced official postcards, N.S.W. first and Tasmania last. Each state produced a simple type of postcard with a pre printed stamp allied to that state. The stamp side stated 'The Address Only To Be Written On This Side'; the reverse side sometimes carried a simple illustration or decoration with space fora short message, each state extolling their own state's virtues. In 1901, with the advent of Federation, the new Government became responsible for all postal services in Australia and produced postcards for sale in every state. With several mail deliveries each day in most towns, postcards were used for many purposes. One 1906 postcard, with an illustration of fruit, was sent from Mrs X in the morning to her greengrocer ordering her fruit and vegetables to be delivered that afternoon. Another lady asks her charlady to 'come this afternoon'.|Australian private enterprise also began selling pictorial postcards, most companies using the very experienced German printing works who were the worlds best in the field of lithography and fine detailed colour-printing. Many of these beautiful German cards still exist today, 100 years later. Australia did have a few fine printers but they were in the minority. Black and white postcards printed in Australia in the early 1900s were often of good quality e.g. postcards printed by 'The Bulletin', illustrating the works of 'The Bulletins' top artists.|Between c1903-09 The Melbourne company Osboldstone and Atkins etc. printed coloured reproductions of 46 J.A. Turner bush/rural life paintings, which were generally of good quality and became hugely popular and still sought after today. Like thousands of homes in Europe, Britain and U.S.A., many Australia homes had albums of cherished postcards, which were given pride of place for visitors to see and enjoy.|Postcard collecting remained popular but was changing with the times. About 1912 the Australian photographer George Rose of Melbourne began to produce topographical B/W real photographic postcards covering most of Australia and other photographers began to do likewise. These cards soon found their way into collections as well.|WWI and the horrors of war suddenly changed the world; postcards were still in great demand but the subject matter was far more serious. Thousands of postcards from the trenches in European war zones arrived in Australia to be included in family albums. Propaganda and recruitment messages were produced to encourage enlistment. Australian postcard producers began to create cards decorated with gum leaves, boomerangs, wattle etc., which were designed for sending to Australian troops serving overseas. Very few 'pretty' cards were available, as access to the Gentian printing works was no longer possible and exporting of postcards from Britain was very limited. By the end of WWI people had other more serious problems to contend with and the avid postcard collecting hobby declined, fold greetings took over and topographical photographic postcards became a small but steady income for the producers and newsagents etc. in every town.|Fortunately many of these old postcards still exist and are avidly collected by a new generation or postcard collectors. The Australian Cartophilic Society Inc. is one of four postcard/cigarette card organizations in Australia. They are, N.S.W. Post Card Collectors Society; Queensland Card Collectors' Society Inc. and West Australian Card Collectors|Society, and across the Tasman there is a New Zealand Postcard Society.|References:|Picture Postcards of the Golden Age A Collector's Guide by Toni & Valmai Holt. Picture Postcards in Australia 1898 - 1920 by David CookBox of Cigarette Silks ( 10 ) depicting animal motifs, which were placed in cigarette packets as an incentive for women in particular to smoke.|WD & HO Wills|Produced 1911 - 1917personal effects, smoking accessories, recreations, collections

Copy of a printed posted declring the sepaation of the Colony of Victoria from New South Wales. separation, new south wales, victoria, morning herald