Showing 8315 items
matching tramways - ballarat
-
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Postcard, Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM), Postcard of BTM tram No. 661, 2014
... in Ballarat by???. On the rear has the words "Ballarat Tramway Museum...Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM)...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Postcard of BTM tram No. 661 on the access track with the Sovereign Caravans Ad. Photo taken during 2014. Printed in Ballarat by???. On the rear has the words "Ballarat Tramway Museum / No. 661 W3 class c1932 / Limited Edition 1/50, c BTM 2014" Has a divided back with a 8mm thick black line on the right hand side.trams, tramways, w3 class, btm, access track -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Postcard, Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM), BTM Trams on access track, 2014
... the words "Ballarat Tramway Museum / Limited Edition 1/50, c BTM...Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM)...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Postcard of BTM trams on the access track taken during 2014. No. 14 parked by footpath at the east end of the access track, then No. 40 and 38. Printed in Ballarat by???. On the rear has the words "Ballarat Tramway Museum / Limited Edition 1/50, c BTM 2014" Has a divided back with a 8mm thick black line on the right hand side.trams, tramways, btm, access track, wendouree parade, tram 14 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - digital Images, Peter Bruce
... of the opening of Geelong Tramways in March 1912 by the Ballarat Tramway...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Has a strong association with the activities of the Ballarat tramway Museum in celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Geelong tramway opening in 1912, by using Geelong destinations on ex Geelong tramcars.Digital image of Ballarat No. 13 at Carlton St with the destination of Chilwell and at St Aidans Drive with the Geelong destination of Humble St. Part of marking the 100th anniversary of the opening of Geelong Tramways in March 1912 by the Ballarat Tramway Museum. Trams 13 and 14 were marked with different destinations. Photo by Peter Bruce 5/3/2012. Digital images.trams, tramways, geelong, chilwell, btm, carlton st, st aidans drive -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, 1970s
... to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about Hospital corner and the trackwork at the location.Digital image of No. 39 at Hospital corner on a wet day, crossing Drummond St North ex the Gardens. The tram has the destination of Mt Pleasant. Has the Ballarat Base Hospital building in the background. Photo taken by Peter Bruce 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "No. 39 at Sturt and Drummond St"trams, tramways, hospital corner, sturt st, drummond st, tram 39 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, Peter Bruce, "No. 40 and Valiant", 1970s
... , prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about Albert St Sebastopol and the way the tram related to the roadway.Digital image of No. 40 southbound in Albert St Sebastopol with a Valiant motor car parked on the gravel portion of the road. Note the destination on the tram, Lydiard St North, either reset to early or forgot to change it. Photo taken by Peter Bruce 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "No. 40 and Valiant"trams, tramways, albert st, sebastopol, tram 40 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, Peter Bruce, "No. 11 Setting down.", 1970s
... of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "No. 11 Setting...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the Mt Pleasant route and Barkly St.Digital image, black and white, of No. 11 in Barkly St, out bound to Mt Pleasant setting down passengers. Tram has a Twin Lakes sign. Mini Minor motor car in the front of the tramcar. Photo taken by Peter Bruce 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "No. 11 Setting down."trams, tramways, barkly st, mt pleasant, tram 11 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, 1970s
... Ballarat, running out to Mt Pleasant. Tram has a Twin Lakes sign...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the Mt Pleasant route and Main St.Digital image, black and white, of No. 11 in Main St Ballarat, running out to Mt Pleasant. Tram has a Twin Lakes sign. Robson Glaziers shop in the background. Photo taken by Peter Bruce 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "No. 11 turns out of Barkly St" (not correct location)trams, tramways, mt pleasant, main st, tram 11 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, Peter Bruce, "No. 26 Sturt and Grenville", 1970s
... 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the bottom end of Sturt St and the Victoria St route.Digital image, black and white, of No. 26, at the bottom of the Sturt St hill prior to crossing Grenville St, enroute to Victoria St. Note the conductor talking to the driver. Owen Williams, ANZ and Crockers in the view. Photo taken by Peter Bruce 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "No. 26 Sturt and Grenville"trams, tramways, sturt st, grenville st, victoria st, tram 26 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, Peter Bruce, "No. 30 Main St", 1970s
... to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the Main St area.Digital image, black and white, of No. 30 outbound to Mt Pleasant in Main St with a SEC crew member getting off the tram. On the right hand side is a sing for "HUB" and Dennis Swards Upholsterer. Photo taken by Peter Bruce 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "No. 30 Main St".trams, tramways, main st, mt pleasant, tram 30 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, 1970s
... of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "No. 31 Dickins"...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the Sturt St and Grenville St intersection.Digital image, black and white, of No. 31 entering Sturt St from Bridge St, with S E Dickins Food store in the background. Tram has two Johnnie Walker Whiskey roof advertisements. Photo taken by Peter Bruce 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "No. 31 Dickins"trams, tramways, sturt st, bridge st, tram 31 -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Negative, Wal Jack, c1940
... numbers were detailed in the album held by the Ballarat Tramway... held by the Ballarat Tramway Museum. See Reg Item 6370 ...Black and white negative by Wal Jack of U211, 209 and the Ballast car stored at Preston Workshops. Photo maybe 19-1-1941 or 13-10-40, based on other similar photo dates. The car numbers were detailed in the album held by the Ballarat Tramway Museum. See Reg Item 6370 for a photo by Ray Pearson of these trams at the workshops.trams, tramways, preston workshops, u class, work trams, tram 211, tram 209, tram ballast motor -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Black & White Photograph/s, David Clark, 17/02/1971 12:00:00 AM
... at Lydiard St. looking to Bridge St. 17/2/71. Ballarat Tramways...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the Ballarat's tramcars in the early 1970's, the City Loop parking area and the Grenville St buildings.Black and white photograph of Ballarat No. 11 and 26 in the City Loop with the Grenville St buildings in the background. Photo by David Clark 17/2/1971. No. 11 and has the destination of "City". In the background are the Big W, Dickins store and Clifford and Young shops.On the rear in ink "Tram No. 1`1 & 26 in Sturt St at Lydiard St. looking to Bridge St. 17/2/71. Ballarat Tramways, Photo 27, Taken by David Clark", with David's address stamp "4 Adeney Ave Kew 3101" with "Melbourne" underneath.tramways, trams, sturt st, grenville st, bridge st, city loop, tram 26, tram 11 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, Wal Jack, 28/12/1943 12:00:00 AM
... on rear of photo in ink, "SEC Ballarat Tramways No. 21 (ex...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information the appearance of SEC No. 21 and the streetscape in Lydiard St Loop near Gregory St in 1943.Digital image from the Wal Jack Ballarat Album of No. 21 entering the Gregory St passing loop, Lydiard St North, 28-12-43. Has the St. Columbia's catholic church spire in the background. Tram has the destination of Sebastopol. Note Neg Number T357 the same as for Reg item 5161. See image i2 for rear of photograph. See image i3 for hi res scan of print. See image i4 for hi res scan of negative on rear of photo in ink, "SEC Ballarat Tramways No. 21 (ex Adelaide No. 10) in Wendouree Parade, entering Gregory St loop, Lydiard St North 28-12-1943". Has the Wal Jack copyright stamp in the bottom right hand corner with the number "T357" in it.trams, tramways, lydiard st nth, gregory st, tram 21 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Bromide of a b/w photograph and Colour Print/s, Carolyn Dean and Len Millar, 19/09/1992 12:00:00 AM
... of the 21st Anniversary Celebrations of the closure of the Ballarat...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the BTM's 21st Anniversary celebrations, and has a strong association with two BTM Board members.Three bromide scans of black and white photographs of the 21st Anniversary Celebrations of the closure of the Ballarat Tramway system. These photographs appeared in the September 1992 issue of Fares Please! 1736.1 - The scene at lake Lodge Restaurant during the celebratory dinner. Photo Carolyn Dean. 1736.2 - BTPS President announces the winners of the "The Courier" colouring competition. Photo Carolyn Dean. Has "Ballarat Vintage Tramway 21st year" banner in the background" 1736.3 - President Richard Gilbert and Treasurer Carolyn Dean, "cutting the cake", at the Dinner. Photo Len Millar. 1736.4 - colour print of 1736.1 - original of the bromide 1736.5 - colour print of 1736.3 - original of the bromide See Sept 1992 issue of Fares Please!trams, tramways, btps, 21st anniversary, colouring competition, dinner -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Postcard, Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM), BTM - Gardens Loop, Feb. 1988
... for stamp, address, address for the Ballarat Vintage Tramway...Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM)...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...BTM produced postcard featuring three different views of trams in Wendouree Parade taken Dec. 1987. Titled "Ballarat Vintage Tramway" First photograph features BTM trams 27, 26 and 33 at the crossing loop and two close up images of 27 and 26. Card has a wide red border around it. On rear is a place for stamp, address, address for the Ballarat Vintage Tramway and details of the operations of the BTM. Photographs by William F. Scott. Printed by Scancolor Melbourne in Feb. 1988. See also Reg. Item 2007 for another photograph of the same scene. trams, tramways, wendouree parade, postcards, btm, gardens loop, tram 1 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Ephemera - Ticket/s, Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society (BTPS), "All Day Ticket" for the "Ballarat Tourist Tramway", 1975
... "All Day Ticket" for the "Ballarat Tourist Tramway"..." for the "Ballarat Tourist Tramway" - issued by the BTPS with space...Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society (BTPS)...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Has a strong association with the day of the official opening of the Ballarat Tourist Tramway in 1975 and with Graeme Breydon.Yellow index board - printed as an "All Day Ticket" for the "Ballarat Tourist Tramway" - issued by the BTPS with space for the date to be written in and signature of the conductor who issued the ticket. Produced at the start of operations for the BTPS Dec. 1974 or Jan. 1975. Used until 31/10/1975 when next series of all day tickets introduced. Ticket used by Graeme Breydon, issued by A. Cook on 1/2/1975, the official day of opening of the Ballarat Tourist Tramway by the BTPS. Hand numbered "9" in the right hand edge. See Reg Item 2308 for unused samples.trams, tramways, btps, all day tickets, tickets -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Newspaper, The Courier Ballarat, "Tram planners not paid by ratepayers", "Statues are more urgent than trams", "Trams would be worth the cost", Aug. 2002
... or revival of a tourist tramway in Ballarat. .1 - Newspaper...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the view of letter writers about the proposal for a Ballarat Tourist based tramway in 2002.Set of three newspaper clippings about the return or revival of a tourist tramway in Ballarat. .1 - Newspaper clipping - letter - from The Courier, Wednesday 14 August 2002 titled "Tram planners not paid by ratepayers", written by Judy Verlin, Chairwoman of Ballarat Tourism Board. .2 - Newspaper clipping - letter - from The Courier, Saturday 3 August 2002 titled "Statues are more urgent than trams", written by J. Hearne. .3 - Newspaper clipping - letter - from the Courier, Friday 9 August 2002, titled "Trams would be worth the cost", written by Richard Whatmore. Each item has the date, source and page written in ink.ballarat revival, btm, city tramway -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Newspaper, The Courier Ballarat, "Talking buses an alternative to trams", "Where is the tram money to come from", "Tram support doesn't ensure plan success", Aug. 2002
... or revival of a tourist tramway in Ballarat. .1 - Photocopy...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the view of letter writers about the proposal for a Ballarat Tourist based tramway in 2002.Set of three newspaper clippings about the return or revival of a tourist tramway in Ballarat. .1 - Photocopy of a newspaper clipping from The Courier - Saturday 24 August 2002 - titled "Talking buses an alternative to trams", written by David Stabb. .2 - Newspaper clipping - from The Courier, Tuesday 27 August 2002, first letter titled "Where is the tram money to come from" written by Michelle Smith. .3 - Newspaper clipping - Editorial - The Courier, Thursday 1 August 2002, titled "Tram support doesn't ensure plan success", also notes the Fast Train to Ballarat. Each item has the date, source and page written in ink.ballarat revival, btm, city tramway -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Memorabilia - Event Materials, Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society (BTPS), 24/08/2006 12:00:00 AM
... Extensions to the Ballarat Vintage Tramway", Saturday 19/9/1981...Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society (BTPS)...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Has strong association with the event of the official opening of the BTPS depot extensions in 1981.Printed invitation for the "Official Opening of the Depot Extensions to the Ballarat Vintage Tramway", Saturday 19/9/1981 at 2pm. Invitation in the BTPS name. Has space for the person invited to be hand written in. Located in a Tudor envelope with a "The Milldean Press" card. Five retained.trams, tramways, btps, depot, depot extensions -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image Set of 3, Hugh Ballantyne, 1/02/1975
... for the BTPS- 1/2/1975 as the Ballarat Tourist Tramway featuring... with those involved. Trams tramways Opening First Tram BTPS Wendouree ...Yields information about the official opening by the BTPS of a tram service in Wendouree Parade. Has a strong association with those involved.Set of three images of the official opening ceremony for the BTPS- 1/2/1975 as the Ballarat Tourist Tramway featuring the Chairman of the SEC on No. 40 with Clyde Croft. Images scanned and altered by Roderick Smith from the Hugh Ballantyne collection August to September 2017.trams, tramways, opening, first tram, btps, wendouree parade, depot, secv, tram 40 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Black & White Photograph/s - set of 3, Electric Supply Co. of Vic (ESCo), 1913
... Kings book, "The Ballarat Tramways" on page 28. Understood...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about Ballarat No. 30, in the 1950's - SEC Official photograph.1708 - Black and white photograph of a Ballarat Sebastopol type tramcar when built new in 1913. Photo used in Keith Kings book, "The Ballarat Tramways" on page 28. Understood to be an ESCo photograph. Tram has "Suttons for Gramophones" roof advertisement, words "Ballarat Tramways" on the top rail above windows and "Coliseum Photoplays"in central window. Two of the four side blinds are in the down position, probably done to show their presence. Tram has a "bulls-eye" type destination indicator. Photographed outside the depot with Lake Wendouree in the background. Photograph is a photo of another print, with the words? "Original Rolling Stock" underneath the original print and the black ink "12" in the bottom left hand corner on the newer print. 1708.1 - as above, but without the "12" written on the photograph. The words "Ballarat Rolling Stock 2 Man Brush Type Car 1918". - added 18/11/2001. 1708.2 - as above, but with more of the label cut off. 1708.3 - Electronic copy of same photograph donated by Ron Hann on a CD of photographs given to him at the time of his visit in January 1963 by the Manager. Refer to email held with item 3841. Added 28/2/2010. See Reg Item 4568 for the CD. See page 28 of Keith Kings, The Ballarat Tramways. 1708.1 - "12" in pencil in top right hand corner.trams, tramways, sebastopol type, suttons, coliseum, destination indicators, esco -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - Form/s, John Phillips, "Invoice No.", c1985
... for the Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society c1985, Numbers 777 to 800...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Set of Forms - for sending out Invoices - printed for the Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society c1985, Numbers 777 to 800, with an image of tram 27 on the top left hand corner, with details of address, name etc. Has a pink and yellow sheet in each set, one for the Treasurer, originator and receiver. Has a cardboard back. Two sets of carbon paper in the pad of forms.trams, tramways, btps, accounting, forms, invoices -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Ephemera - Membership Card/s, Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM), 2016
... . Has the words "Ballarat Tramway Museum" in yellow block...Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM)...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Colour photograph printed onto white card as a BTM Membership card for 2016 - 2017. Photo of tram 27 at Carlton St. Has the words "Ballarat Tramway Museum" in yellow block printing on the upper edge of the card. On rear along bottom edge, has words "Tram 27 at Carlton Street Photo Roger Salen" Two copies held. No label on rear.trams, tramways, membership cards, carlton st, btm, wendouree parade -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - Photocopy, Signalling Record Society of Victoria, "Safeworking on the Ballarat Electric Tramway System", Jul. 1988
... "Safeworking on the Ballarat Electric Tramway System"... and operations of the Ballarat Tramway system. From pages 76 to 79...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Copy of an article by Peter Barry on the location of loops and operations of the Ballarat Tramway system. From pages 76 to 79 of the July 1988 issue of Somersault. Cover page, page 61 included. Covers running times, loop sections on Sebastopol, Lydiard St and Eastern Routes, Weekdays and Sats. and Suns., View Point, Signalling system, points where trams reversed in the section.trams, tramways, signals, crossing loop, secv, operations -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Bromide of a b/w photograph, Carolyn Dean, 26/09/1992 12:00:00 AM
... of the Ballarat tramways on 26/9/1992. Photo appeared in the Sept. 1992...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the BTPS 21st Anniversary celebrations which involved running a "all day" service and a cavalcade of trams.Bromide of a black and white photograph of the cavalcade of trams as part of the 21st celebrations of the closure of the Ballarat tramways on 26/9/1992. Photo appeared in the Sept. 1992 issue of Fares Please! Caption was "Tram No. 38 completes the cavalcade, not quite clear of Gardens Loop." Photo Carolyn Dean. Rod Atkins on right hand side of photograph. See September 1992 Fares Please!trams, tramways, btps, 21st anniversary, wendouree parade, gardens loop, cavalcade, tram 38 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Slide - 35mm slide/s - set of 2, Peter Moses, 21/08/1971 12:00:00 AM
... of the Ballarat Tramway system. .1 - visitors at the depot with trams...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Photo of SEC Ballarat trams during a visit to the SEC Wendouree Parade depot during the ARHS/TMSV tours prior to closure of the Ballarat Tramway system. .1 - visitors at the depot with trams in the photo. .2 - that horse drawn milk cart again, taken near Barrett Ave. Kodak cardboard mount slide, taken by Peter Moses 21 August 1971.On the rear of the slides in black ink .1 - "Ballarat / ARHS special / Depot" and "P. Moses" in the bottom right hand corner. .2 - "Ballarat / Dairy Cart / Wendouree Pde / ARHS Special" and "P. Moses" near the top right hand corner.tramways, trams, wendouree parade, depot, milk cart, horse drawn vehicle -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Ephemera - Ticket/s, Bell Punch Co, ESCo Transfer Ticket 3d, early to mid 1920's to 1930's
... - Ballarat Tramways Adult Transfer Check Tickets (Va1389) Off white...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Ticket contained within Reg. Item 2526, page 9, ESCo- Ballarat Tramways Adult Transfer Check Tickets (Va1389) Off white colour card with black print and red over printed price of 3d. Has conditions of use on the ticket. Has been punched. Note Item Not formally Numbered. See also Reg. Item 2500 for a similar ticket.trams, tramways, tickets, transfer tickets, esco -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - Instruction Book, Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM), "Ballarat Tramway Museum Orientation Program 1999", 1999
... "Ballarat Tramway Museum Orientation Program 1999"... paper to form an A5 booklet titled "Ballarat Tramway Museum...Ballarat Tramway Museum (BTM)...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...Yields information about the orientation of new members to the BTM c1999. Was distributed to all working volunteers at the time.Ten page document within yellow card covers, folded A4 paper to form an A5 booklet titled "Ballarat Tramway Museum Orientation Program Version 1.2 - 12 May 1999". Provides a list of contents on the inside cover, made for new members, distributed to all workers as well at the time. Provides details of the Museum, how it operates, safety and site plan.trams, tramways, btm, operations, instructions, orientation -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Badge - Tram 26 - red, R. E. V Gomm, c1996
... 2773.1 - Metal lapel badge - image of Ballarat Tramway...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...2773.1 - Metal lapel badge - image of Ballarat Tramway Museum No. 26 in a ESCo red and white livery - stamped metal badge with a clip on rear, nickel plated finish, with hand painted red and white paint infilling the detail. 2773.2 - as above but with a tie bar clip on rear. Made by R. E. V. Gomm, England to order for Travis Jeffrey c1996.tramways, trams, badges, lapel badge, btm, tie clip, esco -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - Instruction, State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV), "Notice to Inspectors.", Jun. 1952
... by the SEC Ballarat Tramways, Traffic Office and signed by Les...Ballarat Tramway Museum South Gardens Reserve Wendouree ...One page foolscap typed (carbon copy) instruction sheet titled "Notice to Inspectors.", Dated 24/6/1952. Published by the SEC Ballarat Tramways, Traffic Office and signed by Les Denmead as Branch Tramways Superintendent. Notes the importance of Inspectors as supervisors and observers, recent complaints, working hours, theatre finishing times, accidents, reports and keeping the trams moving.In black ink across top of instruction "BTPS 319." trams, tramways, sec, instructions, traffic staff, inspectors, accidents