This crate of bottles may have come from a wholesaler, business, stationer or school. The design of the bottles is sometimes called a ‘cottage’ or ‘boat’ shape. Each of the 70 Caldwell’s handmade glass ink bottles was mouth-blown into a two-piece mould, a method often used in the mid-to-late 19th century. The glass blower burst the bottle off the end of his blowpipe with a tool, leaving an uneven mouth and sharp edge on the bottle, which was usually filed. The bottle was then filled with ink and sealed with a cork. More expensive bottles would have a lip added, which was more time-consuming and costly to produce. The capacity for a bottle such as this was about 3 ½ oz (ounces) equal to about 100 ml. Pen and ink have been in use for handwriting since about the seventh century. A quill pen made from a bird’s feather was used up until around the mid-19th century. In the 1850s a steel point nib for the dip pen was invented and could be manufactured on machines in large quantities. The nis only held a small amount of ink so users had to frequently dip the nib into an ink well for more ink. Handwriting left wet ink on the paper, so the blotting paper was carefully used to absorb the excess ink and prevent smudging. Ink could be purchased as a ready-to-use liquid or in powdered form, which needed to be mixed with water. In the 1880s a successful, portable fountain pen gave smooth-flowing ink and was easy to use. In the mid-20th century, the modern ballpoint pen was readily available and inexpensive, so the fountain pen lost its popularity. However, artisans continue to use nib pens to create beautiful calligraphy. Caldwell’s Ink Co. – F.R. Caldwell established Caldwell’s Ink Company in Australia around 1902. In Victoria, he operated from a factory at Victoria Avenue, Albert Park, until about 1911, then from Yarra Bank Road in South Melbourne. Newspaper offices were appointed as agencies to sell his inks, for example, in 1904 the New Zealand Evening Star sold Caldwell’s Flo-Eesi blue black ink in various bottle sizes, and Murchison Advocate (Victoria) stocked Caldwell’s ink in crimson, green, blue black, violet, and blue. Caldwell’s ink was stated to be “non-corrosive and unaffected by steel pens”. A motto used in advertising in 1904-1908 reads ‘Makes Writing a Pleasure’. Stationers stocked Caldwell’s products and hawkers sold Caldwell’s ink stands from door to door in Sydney in the 1910s and 1920s. In 1911 Caldwell promised cash for returned ink bottles and warned of prosecution for anyone found refilling his bottles. Caldwell’s Ink Stands were given as gifts. The company encouraged all forms of writing with their Australian-made Flo-Eesi writing inks and bottles at their impressive booth in the ‘All Australian Exhibition’ in 1913. It advertised its other products, which included Caldwell’s Gum, Caldwell’s Stencil Ink (copy ink) and Caldwell’s Quicksticker as well as Caldwell’s ‘Zac’ Cough Mixture. Caldwell stated in a 1920 article that his inks were made from a formula that was over a century old, and were scientifically tested and quality controlled. The formula included gallic and tannic acids and high-quality dyes to ensure that they did not fade. They were “free from all injurious chemicals”. The permanent quality of the ink was important for legal reasons, particularly to banks, accountants, commerce, municipal councils and lawyers. The Caldwell’s Ink Company also exported crates of its ink bottles and ink stands overseas. Newspaper advertisements can be found for Caldwell’s Ink Company up until 1934 when the company said they were the Best in the business for 40 years.This large collection of similar ink bottles is of particular significance as the bottles have come from the same source, most have their original corks and some retain their original labels, which is rare. The method of manufacture of these bottles is also representative of a 19th-century handcraft industry that is now been largely replaced by mass production. The bottles and their contents are of state significance for being produced by an early Melbourne industry and exported overseas. This case of ink bottles is historically significant as it represents methods of handwritten communication that were still common up until the mid-20th century when fountain pens and modern ballpoint pens became popular and convenient and typewriters were becoming part of standard office equipment.Ink bottles in a wooden crate; 70 rectangular, hand-blown clear glass ink bottles. They have side seams, uneven thickness, especially at the bases, and rough, burst-off mouths. The shoulders on the long sides have horizontal grooves used for pen rests. The bottles vary; some have labels, some contain remnants of blue-black ink, and many have their original corks. The glass has bubbles and imperfections. The remnants of printed labels are on white paper with a swirly border and black text. The bottles contained Caldwell’s blend of blue black ‘Flo-Eesi’ ink.Printed on label; “CALDWELL FLO-EESI BLUE BLACK INK” “ - - - - “ Printed script signature “F.R. Caldwell”flagstaff hill, warrnambool, maritime village, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, great ocean road, ink, nib pen, writing ink, writing, copying, banks, lawyers, commerce, student, permanent ink, flo-eesi, blue black ink, stationery, record keeping, handwriting, writing equipment, writing accessory, office supply, cottage bottle, boat bottle, mouth-blown bottle, two-part mould, sheer-lip bottle, burst-lip, cork seal, f r caldwell, caldwell’s ink company, albert park, south melbourne, inkstands, stencil ink, copy ink, quicksticker, zac cough mixture

Bendigo Weekly date unknown. '' Snippets of Bendigo history'' by Edith Lunn the View Street story continued. In this article Edith Lunn describes Dudley House, originally the survey office and the oldest permanent government building in Bendigo. From 1854 surveyor Richard Larritt worked there. It was in 1890 that the name Dudley house was attached to the building. Town clerks W. Honeybone and H.C. Inleton lived there. Later it was the home of Dr. Peter Slater, after he moved out city engineer Mr. Rex Anderson moved in. After his death the Bendigo branch of the Royal Historical Society of Victoria established its home there after 25 years Dudley House reverted to the Council. The clip is in a folder.newspaper, bendigo, bendigo weekly

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 6th July 1932 between Bendigo Mutual Permanent Land and Building Society (seller) and J. Shade (buyer) for land situate Wood Street, California Gully, at present occupied by Mrs. Dumble as tenant, containing three roods thirty-five and two-tenths perches, having a frontage of 500 links to Wood Street by a depth of 193 links being Crown allotment 1 section P described in Crown grant volume 2129 folio 425693, together with 5-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Also ''Lux'' wood fire stove, bath and venetian blinds. Price 340 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 28th January, 1934 between Mrs S.B. Larsen (seller) and A.E. Stevenson for land situate No.43 Breen Street, Bendigo being the land described in residence area certificate No. 32484 in the books of the mining registrar at Bendigo, together with 4-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Also one ''Liverpool'' gas stove as inspected. Price 400 pounds. Attached a letter dated 23rd March, 1934 from the Bendigo Mutual Permanent Land and Building Society addressed to H.A. Wilkinson re: account Mrs. S. Larsen, acknowledging receipt of letter dated 22nd advising on behalf of Mrs. Larsen of sale of property at 43 Breen Street and of receipt of contract.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 5th April, 1935 between Bendigo Mutual Permanent Land and Building Society (seller) and A.W. Simmons (buyer) for land being Crown allotment 7 section 104C and being the whole land described in certificate of title volume 2684 folio 536778. Price 450 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 24th October, 1932 between Bendigo and Eaglehawk Star Permanent Building Society (seller) and J. Thompson (buyer) for land situate Lily Street, Bendigo being Crown allotment 1B section 14B described in Crown grant volume 258 folio 51486, together with all dwellings and erections on the said land. Price 315 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

6 receipt from the Bendigo and Eaglehawk Star Permanent Building Society The receipt are dated 05/03/1931 - 10/04/1931 - 08/05/1931 - 30/05/1931 - 18/06/1931 - 30/06/1931. Received from Wilkinson for rent Wright property. The amounts are: 2 pounds, 3 pounds, 2 pounds, 1 pound 7 shillings, 2 pounds, 1 pound 15 shillings 9 penny. The receipt are in a manilla folder.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate, yellow label 595.

Clothing. Half slip petticoat, light peach in colour, nylon half slip, trimmed at hemline with 3 cms band of lace, 12 cms band permanently pleated nylon, 8 cms band of lace. Elastic waist band.Label inside side seam: Hanro 100% Nylon. Hips 40costume, female, underwear

Railways Collection--Bulletin 727 article May 1998 - A Job For Life - by Graham Thomas. 13 x A4 loose pages photocopied from 'The Bulletin' - In this article Jack Thomas records his memories of Bendigo North Workshops during 31 years he was employed there as a boilermaker's assistant and the events that led him to seek permanent employment with the Victorian Railways in 1946. Black and white photos include The South Nell Gwynne mine, various photos of the workshops, the original D3 658, D3 619, K171, J Class and R727 steam locomotives, There is a photo of a Coffee Pot crane Locomotive.Graham Thomas.magazine

Two copies of a newspaper article titled A gift for fire station. Article mentions Joyce Green, daughter of Captain John Westerson presented the portrait to the Bendigo Fire Brigade on permanent loan. Photo shows Joyce Green standing beside the Long Gully Fire Brigade portrait, It has photos of members.bendigo, history, long gully history group, the long gully history group - joyce green and long gully fire brigade history, captain johyn westerson, bendigo fire station, alan ellis, sandhurst town, green family, e harris

Contract of sale of real estate dated 12th April, 1961 between Bendigo and Eaglehawk Star Permanent Building Society (vendor) and Mr.E.A. & Mrs. L.M. Spence (purchaser). Solicitor for vendor: Messrs. Watson, James & Rogers, Bull Street, Bendigo. Solicitor for purchaser: Messrs. Hyett, Willis & Hyett, Bull Street, Bendigo. Property: vacant land corner Holdsworth Road and Britton Street, Bendigo being lot 3 on plan of subdivision No. 52449, having a frontage of 56 feet 7 inches with a width at the rear of 58 feet 5 inches with a depth of 97 feet 5.5 inches being part of crown allotment 31 section F at Bendigo described in Crown volume 8242 folio 057. Price 410 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

'Deed of Defeasance under Mutual Rule . Residence Area Title (Miner's Right). The Bendigo Mutual Permanent Land and Building Society. Four page blank (unused) form. Printer: Cambridge Press Print.Cambridge Press Printperson, individual, curnow collection

1. Mechanics Institute:- this building was built in 1883 and designed by H E Tolhurst. It included a library, reading room, museum, billiard room and mineral collection. 2. Town Hall:- the current building was built in 1901 on the site of an earlier Town Hall. The architects were Williamson& Permewan of Melbourne. 3. Cannons:- were recovered from HMVS Nelson, a wooden steam ship that was one of the first of the colonies warships when it was on permanent loan from Britain from 1867. It ws then broken up in 1929. 4. Symbester Coach House:- this house and the adjacent ginger beer factory (now demolished) were built in 1859 for William Bruce (1834-1916) a publican and manufacturer of aerated drinks.Nine Slides of Scenes around Eaglehawk - Photographer unknown Mechanics Institute Town Hall with the Post Office on the left and mechanics institute on the right Cannon with the post office behind Mine Poppet Head - Eaglehawk - exact location unknown Former Coach house - Symbester Crescent Eaglehawkhistory, bendigo, eaglehawk, symbester house eaglehawk, eagelhawk town hall, eaglehawk mechanics institute, eaglehawk post office, poppet head

The Sutton grange Congregational Church was built in 1865. Original services were held in the home of Mr James Grey who served the church for 50 years. The Bendigo Congregational church originally operated out of the Mechanics Institue building before moving temporarily to the Church of England school room. In May 1858, a meeting was held to establish a permanent building and tenders were called in September 1858. Land was purchased in Forest Street from the estate of Mr WIlkinson and the new brick structure was opened 28/11/1858.Manilla folder titled: Congregational Church Bendigo and district. Centenary of congregationalism in Bendigo 1859 to 1959, 14-15 March 1959. Centenary of congregational church and state school at Sutton Grange, 27-28 March 1965. Also, press reports in the Bendigo Advertiser.sutton grange, congregational church, centenary

Six page typed document, signed by Albert Richardson, and a handwritten copy of same. Written on top right of typed document: 'These recommendations all adopted by General Meeting Bendigo and District Tourist Association, 30.11.1967' Document describes the 'Central Nell Gwynne area, situated at West Bendigo, approximately 150 yards north of main Calder Highway to Mildura, local section Marong Road, which is a public purposes reserve under Section 14 of the Land's Act 1958. The steel poppet legs donated by the late Jack Barker to the City Council for preservation be a permanent reminder of the gold mining era and containing the engine beds and 20 head crushing battery foundation, be developed as a mining museum for tourists, educational and historical purposes'bendigo, mining, central nell gwynne

Type written letter from L.A. Chung, Secretary of the Australian Textile Workers' Union Provincial Division to Shop Stewards requesting to provide the number of financial members employed on a rotating or permanent night shifts.hanro, clothing, stationary

Collection of records of Bendigo and District Old Peoples Welfare Society Inc/ green file folder - written in black Texter pen I.W.C. died 30/12/70 ( Ivy Winifred Chamberlain ) / Units & Chamberlain Estate contents include a copy of a Will, Savings Account Passbook for Bendigo Permanent Building Society BENDIGO AND DISTRICT OLD PEOPLES WELFARE SOCIETY Special Account and Chamberlain Residences Accountdocument, ivy winifred chamberlain

Document, The Bendigo Trust, Letter to Ms Felicity Kingerlee Collins Bookstore Hargreaves Mall Bendigo Vic 3550. Dear Ms Kingerlee, I understand from David Horsfall that the Bendigo Historical Society has stored at Eaglehawk some replica gold nuggets, of those from the Bendigo District which I further understand your Society would be prepared to make available to the Bendigo Trust on permanent loan for display purposes. You may have read form recent press reports that the surface display at the Central Deborah Gold Mine has been upgraded and we would be grateful if these gold nuggets could be made available to enhance the displays here at the mine.I look forward to your response, Yours sincerely David Wright ADMINISTRATOR. 76 Violet Street, Bendigo,Vic,3550. 31 January 1997.organization, club/society, bendigo trust

Document, W.D.Mason Collection, letter to the secretary W.Owen Williams & Co desiring employment at the above place from Mr. S. Box, London, England. And a reply from Owen Williams & Co. stating that at the moment we can't offer you a permanent position.business, retail, w d mason

Newspaper article, Bendigo Weekly, on Lightning Hill and Permanent Survey Markers, their importance in mapping, drainage and sewerage planning. Marker on Lightning Hill shows distance and direction to Mr. Ida Heathcote, Pyramid Hill, Mt. Moliagul and Mt. Korong.person, individual, jack perry, lightning hill, permanent survey markers, windmill hill

Formal notification of discharge from permanent military forces of the Commonwealth of Australia, stuck into brown linen card cover bearing Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia. Register number P123910, the document was assigned to Private Neil Ernest Swainston , Rifleman, on 27/10/72 after 1 year and 183 days of effective service. Document is accompanied by cover letter from Central Army Records Office, Albert Park Barracks, Victoria.discharge certificate, national service - australia, swainston collection

Churchill Island Heritage Farm has a large photographic collection dating from the nineteenth century to the modern day. This photograph was taken on the temporary bridge that separated Churchill Island from Phillip Island before the construction of the more permanent one, and shows two members of the Gardeners' GroupColour photograph of two people walking along three planks of wood on the bridge separating Phillip Island and Churchill IslandGARDENERS GROUP/LEAVING FOR HOME!/LEADER WAS A VERY/BALANCED MAN?!! [written in pen on sticker on reverse] [catalogue number written on reverse in pencil]churchill island, photograph

Clothing. Beautiful cream, floral, lace - probably linen, 10 cms deep. Each of the four layers of floral lace is overlapping a 3 cm wide, permanently pleated, band of cream silk, which is edged with a narrow 5 mm band of black velvet. The linen lace has a scalloped lower edge alternating five circles .8 cm diameter and four circles 1.2 cm - this edging forms the scalloped effect. Flowing scrolls and leaves fill in between the flowers. Presumably this four frill flounce has been removed from another garment to be recycled.costume, female, four frill layered garment trim

The Sandhurst Mutual Permanent Investment and Building Society. Issue of 55,096 paid up shares to be offered to members. Miss L. M. Prout entitled to apply for 96 shares in the new issue. Also attached a pink form for the renunciation of rights.organization, business, sandhurst mutual investment society

Pass book, deposit account in the name of Miss Lillian Prout issued by The Sandhurst Mutual Permanent Investment & Building Society. It covers period from 1937 to 1959. Opening balance of 102 pounds 8 shillings, closing balance 530 pounds 18 shillings 7 pence.organization, business, sandhurst mutual investment society

Bendigo Advertiser "The way we were" from 1999. Our first home: the first permanent home of the Bendigo Advertiser was situated in Hargreaves Street, directly behind where the Addy is now. The building was later demolished and the site became Cambridge Press.newspaper, bendigo advertiser, the way we were

Clothing. Coffee coloured polyester cotton full slip petticoat. Shaped top at bust line. Nylon ribbon shoulder straps (1cm). Scalloped top edge and hemline with decorative dark brown stitching. Embroidered floral patterns below shoulder straps and centre front above hemline.Tag 1 inside seam ''SIZE 10 to fit Bust 32, waist 24, hips 34''. Tag 2 ''LYN MAID INTERNATIONAL STYLED IN AUSTRALIA''. Permanent Press Polyester 65%, Combed Cotton 35%.Made in Hong Kong.costume, female underwear, coffee coloured full slip petticoat

Clothing. Shaped gathered 'bra-like' bodice, joins a peak midriff panel. 1.3 cm satin ribbon straps over the shoulders. Skirt is permanently pleated nylon with a 10 cm deep woven lace edging, woven into the fabric. A 3 cm wide band of nylon lace insert, outlines the top front of the bodice.costume, female, ladies white nylon nightie

Indenture document number 10878, Vol 317 Folio 35044. Foolscap 4 pages including a map, dated 2nd September, 1936, between King Edward VIII (Crown land) and Monument Hill Consolidated (Bendigo) No Liability 'carrying on operations in the Parish of Sandhurst, to occupy and use the land demised as a site for machinery buildings and offices to be used in connexion with 'mining purposes' ' Document signed by Right Hon William Charles Arcedeckne, (Baron Huntingfield) and J. Stanistreet, Manager, affixed with the Common Seal of Monument Hill Consolidated (Bendigo) No Liability. Map drawn on dark buff paper, and fixed to document. Map shows lease 10878 in the Mining District of Bendigo, Parish of Sandhurst, County of Bendigo. N.Area 2.2.24 ( 2 acres, 2 roods, 24 perches ) Lease site on Rowan Street, bordered by Ophir Street. Coloured in purple on plan with small red area. On bottom: ' Note Red Areas Excised. Scale 4 chains to 1 inch, M.M. Var. 8 degrees 32' E. On lease site, New Chum Gully marked, W.B. House, and Permanent Occy. marked on red area. On last page ownership of lease details from 1937 to 1942.bendigo, mining, monument hill consolidated, common seal of monument hill consolidated, nell gwynne mine, south nell gwynne gold mining company, bendigo mine, ophir street, rowan street, mackenzie street.indenture vol 317 fol. 35044. j stanistreet.