Caulking is the traditional technique used on wooden vessels built with butted or clinker-built planks to fill the gaps between these planks while still allowing the wood to flex and move. This involved driving the irons, hammered in with the mallet, deep into the seams to open them up. After this, spun yarn, oakum (hemp) or cotton was driven deep into the gaps. The hemp or cotton was soaked in creosote or pine tar to make the joins watertight. Caulking also played a structural role in tightening up the hull or deck by reducing the longitudinal movement of the neighbouring planks. The subject item was made by Alexander Mathieson & Sons but the company was established in 1792 when John Manners had set up a workshop making woodworking planes at 14 Saracens Lane Glasgow. He also employed an apprentice Alexander Mathieson (1773-1851). But in the following year at Saracen's Lane, the 1841 census describes Alexander Mathieson as a master plane-maker now at 38 Saracen Lane with his son Thomas Adam working with him as a journeyman plane-maker. Presumably, Alexander must have taken over the premises and business of John Manners. Now that the business had Thomas Adam Mathieson working with his father it gradually grew and became more diversified, and it is recorded at the time by the Post-Office Glasgow Annual Directory that by 1847-1848 Alexander Mathieson was a “plane, brace, bit, auger & edge tool maker”. In 1849 the firm of James & William Stewart at 65 Nicolson Street, Edinburgh was taken over by Mathieson and Thomas was put in charge of the business, trading under the name Thomas A. Mathieson & Co. as plane and edge-tool makers. Thomas's company went on to acquire the Edinburgh edge-tool makers “Charles & Hugh McPherson” and took over their premises in Gilmore Street. In the Edinburgh directory of 1856/7, the business is recorded as being Alexander Mathieson & Son, plane and edge-tool makers at 48 Nicolson Street and Paul's Work, Gilmore Street Edinburgh. In the 1851 census, Alexander is recorded as working as a tool and plane-maker employing eight men. Later that year Alexander died and his son Thomas took over the business. Under the heading of an edge-tool maker in the 1852/3 Post-Office Glasgow Annual Directory the firm is now listed as Alexander Mathieson & Son, with further entries as "turning-lathe and vice manufacturers". By the early 1850s, the business had moved to 24 Saracen Lane. The directory for 1857/8 records that the firm had moved again only a few years later to East Campbell Street, off the Gallowgate area, and that through further diversification was also manufacturing coopers' and tinmen's tools. The ten-yearly censuses report the firm's growth in 1861 stating that Thomas was a tool manufacturer employing 95 men and 30 boys; in 1871 he had 200 men working for him and in 1881 300 men. By 1899 the firm had been incorporated as Alexander Mathieson & Sons Ltd, even though only Alexander's son Thomas appears ever to have joined the firm so the company was still in his father's name. In September 1868 Thomas Mathieson put a notice in the newspapers of the Sheffield & Rotherham Independent and the Sheffield Daily Telegraph stating that his firm had used the trade-mark of a crescent and star "for some time" and that "using or imitating the Mark would be proceeded against for infringement". The firm had acquired its interest in the crescent-and-star mark from the heirs of Charles Pickslay, the Sheffield cutler who had registered it with the Cutlers' Company in 1833 and had died in 1852. The year 1868 seems also to be the one in which the name Saracen Tool Works was first adopted; not only does it figure at the foot of the notice in the Sheffield press, but it also makes its first appearance in the firm's entry in the Post-Office Glasgow Annual Directory in the 1868/9 edition. As Thomas Mathieson's business grew, so too did his involvement in local public life and philanthropy. One of the representatives of the third ward on the town council of Glasgow, he became a river bailie in 1868, a magistrate in 1870 and a preceptor of Hutcheson's Hospital in 1878. He had a passion for books and was an "ardent Ruskinian". He served on the committee handling the bequest for the setting up of the Mitchell Library in Glasgow. When he died at Coulter Maynes near Biggar in 1899, he left an estate worth £142,764.  In the Company's later years both Thomas's sons, James Harper and Thomas Ogilvie were involved in the continuing life of the firm. James followed in his father's footsteps in becoming a local public figure. He was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of the County of the City of Glasgow and was made a deacon of the Incorporation of the Hammermen of Glasgow in 1919. His brother Thomas Ogilvie was recorded as a tool manufacturer and employer in the 1911 census. Thomas Ogilvie's son Thomas Alastair Sutherland Ogilvie Mathieson was born in 1908 and took a rather different approach to engineer, however, by becoming a racing driver. In 1947 he wed the French film actress Mila Parély. The firm had won many awards at world fairs for their goods. At the Great Exhibition, London, 1851. Prize medal for joiners' tools in the class of Cutlery & Edge Tools, Great London Exposition, 1862. Prize medal honoris causa. International Exhibition, Melbourne, 1880. Gold medal International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art, Edinburgh, 1886. Prize medalThe firm Alexander Mathieson & Sons were one of the leading makers of hand tools in Scotland. Its success went hand in hand with the growth of the shipbuilding industries on the Firth of Clyde in the nineteenth century and the emergence of Glasgow as the "second city of the Empire". It also reflected the firm's skill in responding to an unprecedented demand for quality tools by shipyards, cooperages and other industries, both locally and far and wide. The subject item is of further significance as it gives a snapshot of the technological development of sailing ships and their operation before steam-powered vessels took over around the world. Tools such as the subject item demonstrate the traditional craftsmanship and skill of the shipwright and the aesthetic quality of the timber ships designs of the time. Caulking tool Off-set. Stamped on blade "Mathieson & Son Glasgow" also stamped in handle, James S Steele tool box.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, james s steele, caulking iron, caulking tool, offset caulking tool, alexander mathieson & sons, shipwrights tools, ship building, clinker hull caulking, sailing ships

This badge is a State of Victoria Girl guides badge. It was designed in 1926, was drawn by Dorothea Holtz. and came into use in 1927 The same badge is still in use today. It is likely that this badge belonged to a local district guide leader.WE have as yet been unable to confirm local provenance of this item but it has social and historic significance belonging to a long established movement in the Girl Guides..Metal diamond shaped badge with crown at the top. The blue diamond has four large stars and one small star representing the Southern Cross . The small crown is coloured red and gold. There is a pin clip on the reverse.Stokes and Sons Melbournegirl guides, victorian girl guides badge

Bendigonian Society Badge: Gold and blue badge 'Bendigonian Society' The front of the badge shows a Poppet Head with two hands clasped within a circle which is inscribed 'Bendigonian Society'. Badge stamped 80 on the back with 'Not Transferable' and pin for wearing. Box 625C Bentley & Sonsnumismatics, medals-civil, bendigonian society. poppet head

Medallions: 2 x Fire Brigade Medallions. St Andrews Cross on shield surrounded by gold wreath. Banners read 'Bendigo 1914' topped with Fireman's helmet. CFBD. Box 625.Stokes & Sons MELBnumismatics, badges - civil, fire brigade medallion 1914

Badge: Bendigo Fire Brigade Badge, a bell is surrounded by a fire hose which has a fire helmet missing (broken) off the top. Box 625.Stokes & Sons MELBnumismatics, badges - civil, bendigo fire brigade

Badge: Bendigo Fire Brigade Badge .Fire hose surrounds a bell with a helmet sitting on top. Box 625Stokes & Sons MELBnumismatics, badges - civil, bendigo fire brigade.

Badge: Bendigo Fire Brigade Badge. Design: Bell in the middle surrounded by fire hose with fire helmet above, attached over the helmet is a ring. The bell is inscribed with ' CEFB 1910 Bendigo' Box 625Stokes & Sons MELB.numismatics, badges - civil, fire brigade. bendigo. cefb badge

White card with buff edges. It has a gold frame which has red poppies leaning out of it. Best Wishes printed in black, green & gold across the bottom. To Bessie from S. S. Teacher C. C. written inside.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Single white card with green & brown decorated border with leaves. Inside are some green, brown & yellow leaves with a brown, green & yellow butterfly hovering over them. At the bottom is printed in brown: 'With best wishes for a happy Christmas'. Written on the back is: 'To Bessie with love from Olive'.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Greyish shaded card with grey border on the cut edges. 4 gold ropes, 2 from top to bottom & 2 part way with grey & gold bells with red/pink interiors. Holly embossed on the gold edges of the bells. 2 little red birds are sitting on the top bell and another is flying beside the second one. The card is hinged at the top to a larger piece of card with a grey border and a red toned scene with water, trees and an old windmill. Along the bottom are some leaves. A small gold bird is flying by. Under the bird 'The Fleeting Wings of Time bring ever Golden Days' is printed in gold with red on the first letter.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Cream card with dark grey at the top around the top half of 4 gold coloured circular areas with shell pattern on them. 4 red leaves beside them. Further down is an oval frame with greenish scene of a sailing boat, water & a tree. This has a gold line around it then an indented line then another gold line. From near the top is some gold scrollwork, leaves and grey leaves with gold edges. The gold & red top pattern is repeated on the lower left side. From the near bottom edge of the frame are line & scrollwork going to the bottom edge and 25mm up the right side. 'Content and Gladness ever fill your heart' is printed in gold above right of the frame.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Light green card with gold border top & bottom. Top border has white with gold flowers. Gold tri-angular frame with green & blue scene of a stream, a fence & some trees. Around the frame are some yellow fllowers and leaves. Flower extends past the fold of the card on the lower left. Printed in gold on the right is: 'All Good Wishes to You'.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

White, single card with round corners. Card has a thick blue/green branch? In the centre. Above & below this are embossed pink flowers ranging from light to dark pink. Greenish shadows behind the flowers. 'A glad New Year' printed in gold at the bottom.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

White card with 10mm grey border. Gold line between the grey & white. In the top left half is a maroon shape with gold edges and purple flowers on it. Inside the shape is a coloured scene of a man with a wagon load of hay crossing a stream. Two trees in the backgrou;nd at the sides of the road. A green stem with purple & mauve flowers hang from the left of the frame. On the right are two flower stems which meet at a small rectangle with a flower in it and a long stem with flowers hangs down to the bottom. Between the flowrs is printed inblack & purple with gold highlights & underline: With Hearty Good Wishes for a Happy Christmas. Gold printing inside.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

White card with light blue edginh bordered in gold. Top right & botom left are a darker blue. They have small blue flowers in these corners. From the bottom left corner to near the top left corner is more blue edged in gold with some brown & yellow leaves. Three small blue circles edged in gold along the left side. Edges pattern cut. 'Happy - Days and Many' printed in gold at the bottom.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Single, white embossed card with white & yellow daisies with grey, yellow & blue shading behind and under the flowers. Embossed border.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Cream card with gold line border.At the top is the Union Jack on a gold pole with gold edges and rope. It has a depressed area behind it. Below is another depressed area with a verse printed in gold: 'We'll keep the Flag Flying! And meet the Future full of Faith and Hope'.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Whitish card with pale green shaded edges. Near the top is a brown window with green curtains and looking out to a rural scene. In front of the window is a table with a green cloth on it, a green vase of pink blossom and an open book with 'Best Wishes' printed on it in black. At the bottom, printed in brown and gold is a verse by Whittier. Card & insert held together with a greyish ribbon.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Whitish card with red and silver border 2cm from the edges. Inside the border are some yellow sunflowers behind a grey sundial. Behind the sundial the sun is setting behind the hills. The rays of the sun, plants and sundial are edged in silver. At the bottom of the sundial is a yellow banner with 'I mark but Sunny Hours' printed in black red and silver. Under the frame is 'Happiness betide thee' printed in black with a red capital H on a green background with a black & sliver edge and silver scrollwork. Car & insert held together with pale green cord.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

White, tri-fold card with shape cut edges which follow the edges of leaves. Leaves along the edges and where the edges meet in the middle. On the left fold there are red & white flowers and leaves at the top. Underneath are some music lines with 'Best Wishes' printed on them. It is printed in gold. On the right fold, at the bottom are more red & white flowers and a tall stem with white buds. Flowers are embossed. Gold printed greetings inside.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Pale blue card, darker at the edges. Dark blue circular picture frame edged in gold. Inner edge wider. In the frame is a picture of a sailing boat. At the top of the frame is some holly and two little birds. At the bottom is some more holly. On an angle in the bottom right corner is a white banner, edged in gold. It has: May Time and Tide but bring you happy days' printed in black on it. Card and insert held together with pale blue cord.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Cream card with a border of embossed mauve flowers and long, narrow green leaves. The bottom left corner is shaded mauve, fading as it gets to the top and right. Inside is an indented rectangle with 'Memory' printed in purple and gold and weaves its spell around our hearts to-day and thus we greet each other in both kindly thought and wish, printed in mauve. A mauve line border is around the edge.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Cream card with 15mm raised border around a rectangularframe on the right and a circular one on the left. Both frames have scenes of the sea and seagulls. 'May Time and tide but bring you happy days' is printed under the circular scene. It is printed in gold and black with some words underlined.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards

Light pink card with red circle behind a small grey bird which is sitting on a gold branch. In the top left corner is a black triangle bordered by gold. On top of the black and into the pink is a spray of pink roses. Card & insert held together by pale pink ribbon. Inside is a verse by Whittier.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards, raphael tuck & sons, whittier

Beige card with ' Happy Hours as fair as Flowers' printed in gold and underlined in purple at the top. Below are 3 sprays of mauve & white flowers and a red rose. The corners of the card are shaped. Card & insert held together with a mauve cord. Verse inside by S Bainbridge.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards, raphael tuck & sons

Shaped white, single card with pattern cut edges. Around the edges are embossed pink flowers, green & gold horseshoes and gold pattern work. In the centre is a coloured scene of a stream with a house and trees in the background. A bright and happy Christmas is printed in gold at the top and a verse is printed below.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards, raphael tuck & sons

Cream card with embossed celluloid front which had been glued on. Green & white leaf holly with berries and a gold horseshoe embossed on the front. In the bottom right corner is printed in gold: Wishes True. Card & insert held together with creamy? Cord. A verse by M. S. Haycraft is printed inside the card.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards, raphael tuck & sons, m. s. haycraft

Small creamy card with celluloid front sewn onto card back. At top are two small scenes as seen through a window with purple curtains on each side. Window frames are gold. Below is a gold horseshoe. Below on the left is a blue & gold vase with 3 dark pink roses in it. In the bottom right corner printed in gold and embossed is: To Greet You. Card & insert held together with pale blue cord.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards, raphael tuck & sons

Document. Greeting Cards. Small off-white card with celluloid front sewn to the back. Front has raised border design. It has a gold grandfather clock and Happy Days printed in gold. At the top left of the clock are some purple flowers and on the left some pink rose buds. On the right is a green and gold basket with pink roses in it. Card & insert held together with pink cord.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards, raphael tuck & sons

Document. Greting Cards. Very ornate white card with lacy pattern embossed on it and cut outs. Edges pattern cut and flowers extend over the edges. Blue & white flowers and green leaves. Pale blue background.Raphael Tuck & Sonsperson, greeting cards, malone collection, malone collection, greeting cards