Uniform, Sqd Leader Shane Wright. For his Service History Refer Cat No. 7877.61. Jacket - white colour polyester viscose fabric, mess dress style - Summer. Collar and long lapels. Shoulder tapes for epaulettes. Gold colour plastic buttons with shank and metal pin. Raised emlem, crown and wings - RAAF. Lining - white colour polyester fabric. White cotton manufacturers label inside right side of jacket. 2. Shirt - white colour polyester/cotton fabric, dress shirt, collar, stiff front with buttonholes for studs and long sleeves with double cuff and buttonholes for cufflinks. White colour plastic buttons. White colour polyester manufacturers label, below collar inside. 3. Bowtie - black colour polyester/cotton fabric. Bowtie is prefolded and stitches on ribbon with black metal hook and ring closer.Manufacturers information - black ink print. 1. "ADI/ VICTORIA/ 1993^/ 8405-66-131. 8010/ SIZE 110R/ TO FIT CHEST 110/ SERVICE NO/ NAME/ 65% Poly 35% Visc/ Dry Clean Only". 2. "RA/ PHILIPPE ANTON/ MADE IN AUSTRALIA/ 44".uniform, raaf, mess dress, summer

The sport of skiing was revolutionized with a technical innovation from Ed Scott. His invention of the first tapered aluminium ski pole immediately replaced the sport's existing use of bamboo and steel. One of Ed Scott’s key associates was Charley French, a former aeronautical engineer who began working with him in Sun Valley, Idaho, USA in 1970. The first project that tackled together was to improve the design of ski boots. From there they progressed to ski goggles. This led to the design of goggles for motorcross. For Charley a natural progression led to the development of the aerodynamic handlebar and mountain bike suspension systems. In 1997, the SCOTT company introduced a technical winter sport apparel line and in 1998 was also producing skis. In 2009 their new Crusair quickly became the benchmark ski for the freeride mountaineering market. SCOTT continue to be innovators for the development of sports equipment and their designs are often worn by champions in skiing, cycling and athletics. These boots were donated by Julian Newton Brown. Stickers were attached to advertise his lodge at Falls Creek. The boots were lightweight allowing a lot of ankle flex, and good support when turning due to stiff cuffs. This type of boot was popular with free skiers.These boots are significant because they demonstrate a stage in the evolving technology of designs for the ski sport industry and also bear the sticker of Julian's Lodge, an iconic business in Falls Creek, Victoria.Lime green plastic, single clip racing boot.Sticker on front of both boots: Julian's Lodgeski equipment, ski boot design, scott ski products, julian's lodge, julian newton brown

Refer service of Pte BASIL DARBY SX9423 2/14 Bn.1. Pamphlet, 70th Anniversary of the Bombing of Darwin Commemorative Service, Sunday, 19 Feb 2012, Darwin Cenotaph. This is a single sheet of cardboard folded to make 4 pages. The image on the front is an Aust soldier in steel helmet, looking over from a ships rail at a column of smoke rising from the edge of the Harbour. 2. Pamphlet - frontline Australia Ball - 70th Anniversary of the Bombing of Darwin. This is 4 sheets of stiff paper - colour printing. It has images, messages from politicians, maps. 3. This is a single small strip of cardboard - useful as a bookmark. It is for the 70th Anniversary of Bombing of Darwin at frontline Australia. It is for a dance dated 18 Feb 2012. 4. Card. Invitation to the Ball from Chief Minister of NT to Mr Basil Darby and Guest. 70th Anniversary of Bombing. Dated - Sunday 19 Feb 2012darwin ww2, darwin 70th anniversary ball

Formal Mt Dandenong School photograph from 1935. Mounted on stiff cardboard. There is a small view of the school building at the top of the photograph. Suggested names are as follows: Back Row - ?, Laurie Bowman, ?, ?, Brian Tonkin Snr, Reg Grieve, ?, ?, Jackie Bridgeland, Bill Hodgson. 3rd Row - Mr Wherry (Headmaster), Violet Oliver, Esme Jeeves, Frances Hoskin, Yvonne Dower, ....Dixon, ...Dickson, ?, ?, ...Dyson, Noel Grieve, Ken Jeeves, ?, Miss Claribel Bowman (Junior Teacher). 2nd Row - ?, ?, ?, ?, Elsie Oliver, Dorothy Jeeves, Monnie Bowman, Edna Hodgson, Marjorie Dower, ?, Irene Jeeves. 1st Row - Pat Clutterbuck (seated), Betty Wherry (Headmaster's daughter), Verna Dewitt, R Rivett, ?, Norma Jeeves, ....Dyson, ?, Percy Dyson, Donald Jeeves, Laurence Jeeves, Robert Dower, Arthur Upfield Jnr (seated)mt dandenong school, arthur upfield junior, jeeves, laurie bowman, monnie bowman, donald jeeves, irene jeeves, esme jeeves, dorothy jeeves, laurence jeeves, ken jeeves

These boots show an early design of ski boots. The design of boots, materials and closures have changed dramatically as technology has evolved. Early ski boots were little more than lace-up work boots. in 1928, the Swiss ski racer Guido Reuge invented a cable binding designed to hold the heel down for alpine skiing. He named the binding after the Kandahar series of alpine ski races. After World War II, custom bootmakers developed the double boot, with a soft and comfy lace-up inner boot protected and stiffened by a thick bull-hide outer casing laced with heavy-duty corset hooks. A solution towards making boots stiffer and more durable arrived in 1954, when Swiss bike racer and stunt pilot Hans Martin patented the ski boot buckle as shown on this pair of boots. The real revolution in boot design occurred in 1966, when the Canadian ski team were equipped with plastic boots for the Alpine World Championships. Since then manufacturers have competed to further refine designs to meet a range of needs from the weekend skier to elite athletes. These boots were donated by DIana and Neville Mashford who owned the Hub and Snowlands at Falls Creek.These boots are significant because they demonstrate a stage in the evolving technology of designs for the ski sport industry.Red leather ski boots with four metal buckles and black lining.SEROC Made in Franceski equipment, ski boot design, vintage ski boots

These boots show an early design of ski boots. The design of boots, materials and closures have changed dramatically as technology has evolved. Early ski boots were little more than lace-up work boots. in 1928, the Swiss ski racer Guido Reuge invented a cable binding designed to hold the heel down for alpine skiing. He named the binding after the Kandahar series of alpine ski races. After World War II, custom bootmakers developed the double boot, with a soft and comfy lace-up inner boot protected and stiffened by a thick bull-hide outer casing laced with heavy-duty corset hooks. A solution towards making boots stiffer and more durable arrived in 1954, when Swiss bike racer and stunt pilot Hans Martin patented the ski boot buckle as shown on this pair of boots. The real revolution in boot design occurred in 1966, when the Canadian ski team were equipped with plastic boots for the Alpine World Championships. Since then manufacturers have competed to further refine designs to meet a range of needs from the weekend skier to elite athletes. These boots were donated by Mt. Beauty Rotary Club President Bob Flower.These boots are significant because they demonstrate a stage in the evolving technology of designs for the ski sport industry.Black leather ski boots with five metal clips on each boot and black lining. A carry case is included. Tyrol is a family owned specialty outdoor store selling quality gear. It was started in 1965 by Jerry and Barb Schliep in Rochester, Minnesota, USA. In 2003 the store was purchased by their daughter and son-in-law, Kristin & Robb Welch.TYROL is imprinted on the carry case.ski equipment, ski boot design, vintage ski boots

The Tawny Frogmouth, although often mistaken for an owl, is a nocturnal Australian bird of the Podargidae family that is more closely related to the nightjars. They are widespread in terms of distribution and can be found all across mainland Australia and Tasmania in a diverse variety of habitats from woodlands, forests and urban areas. Masters of camouflage, the Tawny Frogmouth sleeps during the day on tree branches in a stiff upward facing position (as with this specimen) to mimic broken tree branches, their feathers assist in this deception as the mottled grey and brown colours blend into the environment seamlessly. This specimen differs in colours from the usual appearance of a Tawny Frogmouth, as the beak is usually a olive-grey to blackish tone and the plumage is generally more dominantly grey all over the bird. This specimen is part of a collection of almost 200 animal specimens that were originally acquired as skins from various institutions across Australia, including the Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Museum of Victoria (known as Museums Victoria since 1983), as well as individuals such as amateur anthropologist Reynell Eveleigh Johns between 1860-1880. These skins were then mounted by members of the Burke Museum Committee and put-on display in the formal space of the Museum’s original exhibition hall where they continue to be on display. This display of taxidermy mounts initially served to instruct visitors to the Burke Museum of the natural world around them, today it serves as an insight into the collecting habits of the 19th century.This specimen is part of a significant and rare taxidermy mount collection in the Burke Museum. This collection is scientifically and culturally important for reminding us of how science continues to shape our understanding of the modern world. They demonstrate a capacity to hold evidence of how Australia’s fauna history existed in the past and are potentially important for future environmental research. This collection continues to be on display in the Museum and has become a key part to interpreting the collecting habits of the 19th century.This Tawny Frogmouth has a broad head and a creamy beige coloured wide triangular beak with a hooked tip. The plumage on the head and back of the bird is a combination of darker and rufous browns, mottled with streaks of cream and grey. The underside of the bird from the bottom of the beak to the tail tip is a lighter cream colour with streaks of rufous-brown. The feet are an orange-brown colour. This specimen is adopting the skyward looking pose associated with the species, mimicking dead tree branches.1a. / More-Park / See Catalogue, page 7 /taxidermy mount, taxidermy, burke museum, beechworth, australian museum, skin, reynell eveleigh johns, bird, australian birds, tawny frogmouth, frogmouth

Edward Bickford No 1519 enlisted in the AIF in the 1st reinforcements 21st Batt on 8.4.1915 age 25 years. Embarked for for Egypt 28.6.1915, embark for Gallipoli 29.8.1915, embark for France 19.3.1916, reported MIA 26.8.1916, a Court of inquiry dated 20.7.1917 found that he was KIA 26.8.1916 at Moquet Farm. Robert John Bickford No 1518 enlisted in the AIF in the 1st reinforcements 21st Batt on 8.4.1915 age 30 years 11 months. Embark for Egypt 8.4.1915, embark for Gallipoli 29.8.1915, hospital with Mumpa 20.1.1916, rejoin unit 7.3.1916, embark for France 19.3.1916, awarded the Military Medal (MM) as a Lewis Gunner and Gallantry under fire since March 1916, promoted CPL 1.9.1916, hospital with Odema of the feet 8.11.1916, rejoin unit 22.11.1916, WIA 12.1.1917 SW’s to Groin and Abdomen, DOW;s Flers 12.1.1917. William Bickmore No 815 enlisted in G Coy 14th Batt on 12.9.1914 age 21 years 11 months. Embark for Egypt 22.12.1914, embarked for Gallipoli, WIA 4.6.1915 shrapnel wound left arm, returned to Australia for discharge stating Stiffness of the Arm15.8.1915, return to Egypt in the 14th reinforcements and rejoin the 14th Batt 2.4.1916, embark for France 1.6.1916, promoted L/Cpl 1.9.1916, promoted Cpl 24.3.1917, reported MIA 11.4.1917, Court of Inquiry found he was KIA 11.4.1917 at Bullecourt. Refer 2949P, 2950P, 2991P for their photos.Bickford Family Set of WWI Commemorative Plaques: .1) Bronze Death Plaque, British pattern showing a helmeted female (Brittanica) in classic style dress holding a trident in right hand, wreath in the other & a lion at her side. In the rectangular box, embossed is the name Edward Bickford. .2) As above description though in the rectangular box is the name Robert John Bickford. .3) Descriptions as above though in the rectangular box is the name William Bickford. .4) Heavy wooden display case painted cream colour, 2 hinges on the side, no lock or catch. Inside are 3 recessed circular holes to hold the plaques.Written on rear of box is: “A.T.B. 94”military history, memorial, plaques

The front and rear of the body had minor restyling, with new front grille, headlights and taillights. The interior has been significantly upgraded. Interior upgrade includes a new instrument panel, centre console and steering wheel and new design transmission lever and handbrake.[2] There is also a new mobile phone power outlet under the centre console. The new instrument cluster features a large multi-function digital display (single or triple-window, depending on model), which displays information such as radio station display, PRND321 gear selected indicator, trip computer with stopwatch function, service reminders and a help facility. Standard features (on some models) now include "twilight sentinel" - automatic headlamp control, programmable headlamps off time delay, high feature Blaupunkt audio systems, road-speed sensitive intermittent wipers and passenger airbags. The VY Series II update added cruise control, front power windows variable front seat lumbar support, and revised interior trims. A 245 kW (329 hp) V8 was introduced to sports variants and a sportier repositioning of the Calais model. This repositioning included a subtle body kit, the option of a 235 kW V8 in place of the previous 225 kW (302 hp) and a firmer suspension tune (known as FE 1.5) that was not as stiff as the FE2 suspension on sports variants. Released in September 2002 and produced until August 2004 (with a Series II released in August 2003), the VY series was the first major design departure (both inside and out) of the third generation Commodore range released in August 1997. It launched at the same time as the Ford Falcon (BA).VY Holden 4 door sedan white paint with grey fabric upholsteryLion and stone emblem grille centre, V6 badge on mudguards, Commodore badge on boot LHS, Lion and stone badge on boot centre, Acclaim badge RHS of boot lidvehicle, commodore, car

This cream and green patterned vest is said to have been made for William Herbert Teal as part of his "trouseau" on the occasion of his marriage to Daisy Edith Davis on April 14th 1916 at St. Peter's Church, Merino, Victoria, Australia. It is a handmade waistcoat but it is not known who made it. William Teal was born in 1889 to Elijah Teal and Isabella Campbell Reid in Camperdown, Victoria and after marrying, William and Daisy also lived (and worked as farmers) in the Camperdown area. They had seven children. Daisy died in 1962 and William died in 1975. A wedding portrait of William and Daisy shows William wearing a dark suit consisting of a single breasted coat, trousers, good shoes, gloves and a shirt with a stiff, high collar, however if he is wearing this vest, it is unfortunately hidden under his coat. Although by 1916, men's "ready to wear" clothing were widely available, this waistcoat was handmade (possibly by his mother or sister or future wife) and has been preserved by his family for almost one hundred years. Men's suits in the early part of the twentieth century were predomininantly three piece, consisting of a jacket, vest ( or waistcoat) and trousers made from matching fabrics. On special occasions (such as a marriage) the groom might also wear gloves and have a flower in his buttonhole. Some men liked to wear a watch attached to their waistcoat with a fob chain.This item is of significance as a rare example of a man's vest that was made for a special occasion (William Teal's marriage in 1916) and preserved by his family for several generations.Man's handmade vest with a green and cream patterned brocade front, trimmed with green cord around the edges and featuring four inset pockets (also trimmed with the green cord). It has six buttonholes down the left front edge (plus a hand embroidered buttonhole to hold a fob chain) and six corresponding holes for shank buttons (which are missing) down the right front edge. The back and lining are made from cream cotton fabric. The back has a centre seam and a strap with a metal buckle with prongs (to allow for adjusting the length). The cream lining and back display some discolouration and brown marks.flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, great ocean road, warrnambool, camperdown, merino, teal family, william herbert teal, daisy teal, daisy davis, waistcoat, man's waistcoat, vest, wedding, handmade vest, wedding clothes

B+W photograph on front mount studio portrait (B+W) of lady seated on upholstered chair (carved wood), man standing behind occasional table. Man is dressed formally (Bow tie and stiff shirt); whiskered- beard & moustache. Inscription: Front: the crown studios Sydney - printed on board. Back: (P.T.O).Back: Handwritten: 'Mr & Mrs Wittmann in later years when/they had gone to live in Sydney. RHSV stamp (Royal Historical Society of Victoria/Bendigo Branch), '1128', Printed by Studio: 'George & Market Streets/Sydney', 'The Crown Bromide Enlargement Coy 'Trade Mark'','The/Crown/Studios','Mark Blow/General/Manager', 'Portrait enlarged/on Bromide,Platinotype/Carbon Opal, and Finished/ in crayon, indian in, partel/water colour or oils',' Telephone No 477','Cable Address 'Bromide'/Sydney',' Copies of this Photograph No__ maybe had at any time'.The Crown Studios, Sydney, George & Market Streetperson, family, wittmann portriat

Miss Olive Codling was a Foundation Member and a Life Member of the Wodonga Historical Society. Many of her prize-winning photos are held in the Society Collection. She also held a range of roles and committee positions in a wide range of Wodonga community organisations. These included the Horticultural Society, the Wodonga Arts Council, the Wodonga Camera Club and the Wodonga Lapidary Club. This photo collection is significant as it documents how the businesses and buildings in Wodonga have evolved and contributed to community throughout the 20th century.Geoff and Clarrie Ewart conducted a menswear business in High Street, Wodonga for 45 years. The pair began trading in 1954 at the southern end of the street before moving to a shop next to the Wodonga Pharmacy where they continued until 1995. They also opened Ewart's Book Store further south in High Street in 1961. Their second site became known as the 'long shop' as it extended from High Street and through to the Coles supermarket car park. They closed their menswear business in 1995. It was eventually absorbed by Coles when they extended their store, Jannoel Florist in Seasame Street was opened late 1973 - back then the Darrel Lea shop was Harry Johnsons shoe shop and after that it was Toyworld then it became Darrel lea before Jannoel bought Darrel Lea in 1998 knocked a hole in the wall and began combining flowers and chocolates Coles building was commenced on the site of Stiff and Gannon in March 1971 wodonga businesses, high st wodonga, ewart brothers, jannoel florist

Sloan's liniment was used in the late19th and early to mid 20th century. Originally used for horses but later advertised as good for Man and Beast.While the bottle of Sloan's liniment has historical value, the link with Warrnambool lies in the chemist's label of J Paterson who operated a business at 186 Timor Street, Warrnambool around the 1930s.Brown glass bottle with black metal screw-top lid. Bottle has a short neck. The indented rear has the maker's name imprinted. The black and white printed paper label has a picture of a man's head and wraps across the front and sides and has a red sticker with the Warrnambool retailer's name..Front: SLOAN'S/FAMILY/LINIMENT/(text obscured)/NEW YORK (obscured) ST LOUIS/NETT CONTENTS 2½ FL. OZS Left side: INSTRUCTIONS-Massage (obscured) gently with/fingers. Then (obscured) liberally with a soft/ flannel cloth or a piece of absorbent cotton. If skin is tender,/do not use./ CAUTION:-COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURE./Do not Use near Fire or Flame./Regd Vic 1173 Right side: EXTERNALLY: Recommended by us in the treatment of Muscu-/lar Congestion and Muscular Pain due to the exposure and fatigue or/of rheumatic origin, Lumbago, S--- and sc--- and s--- of/Muscles and Tendons, Neuralgia, (obscured), Stiff Neck, Backache, Bruises, Chilblains, Mosquito Bites and/stings of major non-poisonous insects. An Excellent Counter (obscured) Back: THIS BOTTLE ALWAYS REMAINS/ THE PROPERTY OF/CHAMBERLAIN'S PTY LTD/SYDNEY warrnambool, chemists, timor st, sloan's liniment, paterson j

Selley's is an Australian company which produces household 'do it yourself' and cleaning products. Martin Selley, who fled Germany in 1939, prior to the start of WWII, established the Selleys Chemical Company - selling wood putty.Selley's is an Australian company which produces household 'do it yourself' and cleaning products that were used by residents of City of Moorabbin in 20thC3 oz Glass bottle with screw on metal lid, painted blue - with a blue and white labelFRONT: Selley's Waterproof glue - (Clear) Manufactured by Selley's Chemical Manufacturing Co. Pty Ltd - SYDNEY - MELBOURNE 3 ozs. Net. BACK: Instructions for use. Selley's Waterproof Glue is a unique material which can be used for almost any type of joint. When used for wood to wood it gives excellent results, comparing favourably with all other types of wood glues, but in addition has the advantage that it is applied cold, and further, when set, is completely water-proof. It does not require any catalyst or hardening agent to set, but dries by evaporation of the solvent, leaving a tough, hard film. The glue contains thinners. Do not use near a naked flame, but after it has dried it is no more inflammable than dry timber. If glue too stiff, add acetone. glue, selley's, waterproof glue, bottle

A colour tinted photograph of Murchison Street in Marysville in Victoria.A colour tinted photograph of the main street in Marysville in Victoria. This is now known as Murchison Street. This postcard was produced by Murray Views in Gympie in Queensland as a souvenir of Marysville.POST CARD STAMP REAL PHOTOGRAPH PRODUCED IN/ AUSTRALIA BY MURRAY VIEWS, GYMPIE, Q. Tuesday 16th/ Mount Kitchener House/ Marysville Dear Bill & Fran,/ Just a card hoping to find all well./ It is very cold night & mornings up here, only/ had a wet day though. The meals are very good/ here. I'm sure we shall both be pounds heavier./ Been fun 50th to be here, coming & going all the time./ We've been a few trips & for nice walks, some/ very stiff climbing. We are leaving here on/ Saturday morning & going to our friends at/ Heronswood for 2 or 3 days. Have you heard any/ thing of Bert's affair yet. We have been watching/ the papers. No more for now. Love to all./ Best wishes & love from us both - Bess. xoxmurchison street, marysville, victoria, murray views pty ltd, murray views no. 16., postcard, souvenir

Black and white photo: Head and shoulders image of F. Liszt He is wearing a three piece suit, waistcoat buttoned up to neck, stiff white collar. Long white hair, profile image. Generic letter from F. Liszt is printed on rear of postcard. The letter reads; mason & Hamlin Co. Boston - Letter from Franz Liszt to Mason & Hamlin Co.. Highly esteemed Sirs; - What a magnificent organ for which I have to thank you! It is a marvel, and really praiseworthy! Even players of moderate ability will be able to create much admiration in its use. I shall have this summer, in all probability, a call from Dr. Naumann, of Jena, Walter Bache, of London, and St. Saens, who, in my opinion, is the most eminent and greatest master of the organ. I shall not fail to induce these artists to become acquainted with your instrument. There need not be any fear of its being misused; it will remain closed to the ordinary player. Accept, dear sirs, the sentiment of my deep esteem and gratitude. Weimer, June 12, 1883. F. Liszt.Mason & Hamlin Co., Bostonperson, individual, f. liszt, sandhurst, bendigo, pethard, f. liszt

Higginson's menswear store was located in High Street Wodonga. Mr. Higginson first worked as a grocery boy at Farmer and Sons in Wodonga. He later moved to Rudines in Dean Street, Albury. He worked at this store, which sold clothing for both men and women for several years until he joined the army in 1942. After the war, he went back to school for a while, but then returned to Rudines. This was followed by 2 years at Stiff and Gannon's in Wodonga. He set about saving to have his own business, spending 5 years as manager at Trim's in Albury. Lionel Higginson met his future wife, Dulcie, at a social dance a few years after returning from the war at a social dance. They both worked in menswear and were engaged 6 months later and started building their dream. This included building their own business. The business, L. A. Higginson's Menswear opened on 10 October 1958 and around 12 months later added a women's clothing line, Dee Gals. This became so popular that in 1995 Dee Gals moved in to its own shop in the arcade. When Lionel passed away in 1999, his eldest daughter Pauline, who supported the business from the time she was 15, helped her mother progress the business. At this stage managing 2 stores was very demanding so Dee Gals was closed. In 2000, Dulcie's daughter Michelle Williams and husband Phil took over the business. Due to changing shopping approaches and demands of online shopping, the business closed on June 2023 after 65 years serving the community.A coloured image of Higginson's Menswear in Wodonga.Above Shop : L. A. Higginson's Menswear / Dee Gals Lingerie Hosietyhigginson's wodonga, wodonga businesses, l. a. higginson wodonga

Destination roll - white lettering on black background for the St Kilda - Brighton tramway, operated by the Victorian Railways until November 1956. Letters are 125 high, with painted black linen (glossy black), leaving the letters white, but with edge to give a shadow effect - see images. Roll quite stiff when rolled out. Roll 790 wide, with a top section (no destinations) 225 long, the destination roll section, 995 long and a bottom 240 long. Destinations in order are: ST KILDA RLY; DICKENS ST; VAUTIER ST; ELWOOD DEPOT; MID BRIGHTON; BRIGHTON BCH. Rolled in direction with destinations on the outside of the roll. Image information: btm1745i1 - photo of roll showing front of destinations btm 1745i2 - close up of part of St Kilda, when held up to light - no flash btm 1745i3 - close up of part of St. Kilda from rear or primary painted side btm 1745i4 - close up of part of St. Kilda from front showing painting method. See Destination City - 5th edition Not to be used in a tramcar destination box - original to be kept in archives.tram, trams, vr trams, destination roll, st kilda - brighton

A book titled 'Newspaper Cuttings' in gold leaf with black leather binding and corners on blue cloth covered cardboard cover. Stiff paper pages inside numbered top right -hand corners 1-90 in printed black ink. Poor condition overall. Pages 37 - 44 missing. Page 45-46 pertaining to Violet Jolley separately bagged. Entries mostly pertain to Mr Howard Jolley , an aviation field inspector of the Life Insurance Company of Australia. First entry page 16 -17 contains photographs and newspaper cuttings relating to an air crash on Bendigo racecourse in May 1921. Jolley was involved in numerous air-crashes for the next ten years. Photographs and newspaper cuttings related to these, along with dinner invitations, etc, are pasted into the book. Entry's into the book finish shortly before his death as a result of an air crash in 1931.Enclosed in pocket: copies of newspaper articles relating to the death of Howard Jolley in aircraft accident; donation form from Janice van der Spek, copy of advertisement Howard Jolley, touring Australia on life insurance business.bendigo, history, aviation 1920s.

The development of stereoscopic photography views or stereographs was immensely popular in the United States and Europe from about the mid-1850s through the early years of the 20th century. First described in 1832 by English physicist Sir Charles Wheatstone, stereoscopy was improved by Sir David Brewster in 1849. The production of the stereograph entailed making two images of the same subject, usually with a camera with two lenses placed 6 cm apart to simulate the position of the human eyes, and then mounting the positive prints side by side laterally on a stiff backing. Brewster devised a stereoscope through which the finished stereograph could be viewed; the stereoscope had two eyepieces through which the laterally mounted images, placed in a holder in front of the lenses, were viewed. The two images were brought together by the effort of the human brain to create an illusion of three-dimensionality. Stereographs were made of a wide range of subjects, the most popular being views of landscapes and monuments and composing narrative scenes of a humorous or slightly suggestive nature. Stereoscopes were manufactured for various price ranges and tastes, from the simple hand-held device introduced by Oliver Wendell Holmes who promoted stereography through articles to elaborate floor models containing large numbers of images that could be flipped into place. The stereograph became especially popular after Queen Victoria expressed interest in it when it was exhibited at the 1851 Crystal Palace Exposition. Like television today, stereography during the second half of the 19th century was both an educational and a recreational device with a considerable impact on public knowledge and taste. The Fine-art Photographers' Publishing Co. published many stereoscopic pictures from many different photographers from around the world under license. They also not only sold these images of various scenes and of famous people of the time but also were retail sellers of the viewers with the subject item having been made in the USA probably by H C White who held the patent for the subject items design from 1895 to 1902.An item that was very popular from the mid 19th century through to the beginning of the Edwardian period. Used for entertainment and also educational purposes and significant as it gives us a snapshot into the Victorian era and its social and domestic societal norms. Stereoscope viewer with adjustable view-finder that has a padded nose rest. The slide holder can move along the channel to suit the viewer. Made in London by the Fine-art Photographers' Publishing Co. Printed on metal plate "THE FINE-ART PHOTOGRAPHERS' PUBLISHING CO. 48 Rydevale Rd, LONDON, S.W." Embossed on viewing cup "U.S.A. PATENT OCT.15.1895" "CANADA / FRANCE / GERMANY / D'R''G'M' NO. 53803" "JUNE 3.1902 / FEBY 1.1896 / B.S.G.D.B. / GREAT BRITAIN / AUSTRIA / BELGIUM"warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, stereoscope, stereographs, stereoscope viewers, home entertainment

For most people, a cloche—the dome-shaped covering for a dish that’s removed before serving—is only ever encountered on-screen, likely in the hands of a butler in an English period drama. Not only does the word itself sound haughty (it comes from the French word for bell), it is a fundamentally theatrical object, existing to conceal and reveal food—or on occasion, a severed head. Why, if you’re not an old-timey aristocrat or movie villain, would you have use for a cloche? The answer is bugs. If you’ve ever had the pleasure of eating outside, you’re probably aware that bugs exist, and they often want some of what you’re having. Particularly during the summer and warm weather entices people into alfresco dining, the presence of bugs can be a nuisance for which there’s rarely an elegant solution. Did somebody say elegant? Let’s bring in the cloche. Specifically, let’s talk about a mesh cloche, which is different from the glinting silver semi-sphere discussed earlier. Dome-shaped but made of stiff wire mesh or cloth, this cloche is far from frivolous and is an excellent tool for any outside dining plans. First and foremost, it can keep insects out of your food, saving you from sitting and swatting your hand over the salad to keep flies away. Especially if you’re setting up a large buffet spread of dishes for a family-style meal outdoors, using mesh coverings takes a little bit of the pressure off when it comes to timing: just put the food out there, cloche it, and finish bringing everything else to the table. Also, there’s no harm in keeping them on during the meal, as it’s easy to pick up the lid, serve yourself more food, then plop it back down, in comparison with wrap, foil, or cloth, which can blow away in the wind, fall into the food, or require two hands for proper recovering. https://www.epicurious.com/expert-advice/covering-your-food-with-a-cloche-is-dramatic-and-useful-articleThe cloche or food cover was, and still is, the perfect way to prevent insects and other small vermin from interfering with and compromising the condition of food, both inside and outdoors.Metal oval food cover with decorative pressed tin lid and perforated holes around the side. Metal handle on top. Painted pink on top and green on the side.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, cloche, food, cover

Articles for RHSV Bendigo Branch Newsletter Nov. 1973: 1. Bendigo Memories, 1860-80 (cont.) by G D Meudell , author of ''The Pleasant career of a spendthrift and his later reflections'. (Source 'Bendigo Advertiser' 1930); article by Mr R Buck - mention of wine growing in area; Henry Montague Marks (and father - auctioneer); Bank of Victoria; David Williamson; Dr Hugh Smith; E N Emmett; Malcolm Tolmie; Andrew Williamson; Jimmy Menzies; Lort Smith; A McD Cooper; William Davis; George Valentine; W B Reid; Bob Lewers,; Jack Tone; Dan Luxton. 2. ‘The burning of the Beehive'' (1871) - details of the fire, problems of loss of script and mention of Messrs Moore Bros; Messrs Buick & Co (drapers) using manuscript of the late Mrs Lucy Hill. 3. Article entitled '' Stiff Sentence'' re story of William Stanford (background to the Stanford Fountain, Melbourne) submitted by I Hendry; 4. Handwritten notes on ''The Diamond Hill Company (later Melbourne Hope) - two pages with the final page being located within Mosaic #6543 - mention, with mining details, of London Shaft; London Christmas Company; Melbourne Hope + typewritten article (full) published.document, names of bendigo pioneers, bendigo

A Brief History Of Mabie Todd Ltd The company originated in America from the beginnings during the 1860s when a Mr. Todd and a Mr. Mabie began making pencil cases and pen holders in New York. Later they were joined by the Bard Brothers who made Gold nibs and by 1873 the company of Mabie Todd and Bard were established in New York. By 1878 the first patent was filed for the design and manufacture of a fountain pen, achieved under the design leadership of one William Washington Stewart. The first Swan fountain pen followed just 6 years later in 1884 with an over-under feed with ink delivery assisted by a twisted silver wire. This same year an office had been established in the UK with a showroom in Cheapside, London. The UK was being supplied with a steadily increasing supply of pens from New York and by 1905 new, larger showrooms were established in High Holborn. By this time the Swan pen had become synonymous with fountain pens at large. In 1906 the name of Bard was dropped in the US and the UK company subsequently adopted the title Mabie Todd & Co. New York. In 1907 British production began, using imported nibs from New York and whilst the company in the UK flourished, the business in the US started to diminish under stiff competition from new manufacturers.. By 1915 manufacturing was doing well in England from a factory in Weston Street, London and the New York company agreed to sell the rights to all European and Colonial business to Mabie Todd & Company Ltd of England. From then onwards, the development of the range mostly followed, rather than led the interests of the markets they were supplying. Even during the First World War the business continued to flourish. with factories in both London and Liverpool. At the end of 1919 a new expansion plan saw the establishment of a new Headquarters in Oxford Street, London. Throughout this period, some components were continuing to be imported from America, but gradually these diminished and during the 20s and 30s manufacturing facilities were expanded and by the end of the 1930s Mabie Todd were in full production, manufacturing pens in its London factory, gold nibs in Birmingham and ink in Liverpool. Another new headquarters grew out of this period of abundance and market domination. when in 1936 they moved into Sunderland House in Mayfair, London, a highly prized mansion building. Disaster struck early in the Second World War. Its prestigious Sunderland House headquarters was destroyed during the blitz, followed by destruction of its main factory in Harlesden, North London. Some machinery was saved and able to be used at another factory premises in the City, but like many other 'non essential' manufacturing, the main production was centred on wartime components such as rocket fuses and ammunition. After The War, in 1945 they moved out of their City premises to Park Royal and eventually in 1946 proper fountain pen production was resumed. In 1948 the company decided to go public. But at the time they had no plans to enter into the market for the now growing interest in ballpoint pens, the result was the beginning of their slide into obscurity and subsequent demise. They became Biro Swan in 1952 following a large share purchase by Biro Pens. Even though at this time they had just launched their new high profile Calligraph range to join the competition for the new market associated with a craze for italic writing, fountain pen manufacture under the new company was to suffer a lack of real support. The restyled ranges of 1956 failed to ignite market interest and with diminishing quality, the end of the Mabie Todd story was inevitable. After 80 years of Swan pens, the book was closed.This bottle of ink would have been supplied to schools. After a child was deemed old enough to progress from just using slate and board, he/she would have been supplied with a pen shaft made of wood and with a very basic metal nib. The ink bottle would be used to fill up the individual inkwells. This operation would have been conducted by the teacher him/herself, or by an older pupil under the close eye of the teacher.Ink bottle clear glass with 'Swan Ink' paper label. Has rusted screw on top & black ink inside.Label has 'Mabel Todd' manufacturer's logo at top,; 'Swan Ink' name clearly shown; 'Made in England' printed clearly; and 'Mable Todd & Co Ltd, London & Liverpool' printed at base of label.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, ink, bottle, mabie todd ltd

Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone in two pieces. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whale bones, whale skeleton, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips

Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone piece. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips

Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070. Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone vertebrae. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips

Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone piece. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips