Demonstrates aspects of Ballarat's Tramway operations by the SEC in noting the days a person was Late arriving for work. Has a strong association with the SEC and tram operations in Ballarat.Rubber stamp and wood stamp base for stamping rosters and/or time sheets with the word "LATE." to indicate when a person signed on late, or after his rostered time expected. Would have had his pay adjusted.. Comprises a varnished shaped wooden section, cut from a preformed strip with a drawing pin to indicate the top of the stamp. trams, tramways, sec, rosters, times, crews

Demonstrates aspects of Ballarat's Tramway operations by the SEC in noting the days a person was call forward from their roster time to start work earlier. Has a strong association with the SEC and tram operations in Ballarat.Rubber stamp and wood stamp base for stamping rosters and/or time sheets with the words "CALL FORWARD" to indicate when a person had had his shift adjusted, earlier time start or a different day to that rostered. Would have had his pay adjusted.. Comprises a varnished shaped wooden section, cut from a preformed strip with a drawing pin to indicate the top of the stamp. trams, tramways, sec, rosters, times, crews

Demonstrates aspects of Ballarat's Tramway operations by the SEC in noting for crews a change of shift or change of days off from the normal roster. Has a strong association with the SEC and tram operations in Ballarat.Rubber stamp and wood stamp base for stamping rosters and/or time sheets with the words "EXCHANGE OF SHIFTS OR DAYS OFF" to indicate when a person had had his shift adjusted, through either a change of shirts or days off to that rostered. Comprises a varnished shaped wooden section, cut from a preformed strip. There is no drawing pin to indicate the front of the stamp, but there is a small notch on the rear of the stamp. trams, tramways, sec, rosters, times, crews

Demonstrates aspects of Ballarat's Tramway operations by the SEC in noting the days a person was on Special Leave. Has a strong association with the SEC and tram operations in Ballarat.Rubber stamp and wood stamp base for stamping rosters and/or time sheets with the word "S. LEAVE" to indicate was on Special Leave. May have had his pay adjusted.. Comprises a varnished shaped wooden section, cut from a preformed strip with a drawing pin to indicate the top of the stamp. trams, tramways, sec, rosters, times, crews

Originally known as Smith's Siding, in November 1914 the siding was renamed "Pettits" following the sale of a nearby mill to the north. The sawn timber was initially carted out by bullock wagon but the mud and slush caused such difficulties that Pettits caused a thirty chain incline to be built from the mill to a tramway. The tramway connected the mill to the railway until 1924. An annual average of 2,450 tonnes of timber was despatched from the siding. No provision was made for passenger traffic. After ten years Pettit Brothers had cut out the area and moved on, abandoning the siding which was put out of commission on 23 September 1924. However, local residents, not wishing to suffer the loss of railway facilities, managed to have the siding reopened in February 1925 for goods and passengers. It was lightly patronised until all traffic ceased in 1936. B/W. Sam Knox, timber loader and tallyman, and George Pritchard, a teamster, resting at Pettit's Siding after delivering a six-horse-drawn load of timber to the Siding. Stacks of wood awaiting transport by rail are in the background.pettits siding; wyelangta; railways; smith's siding; sam knox; george pritchard;

Ink stand made of wood from HMAS "Sydney (1)", with 2 cut glass ink wells with wooden lids, and stand inlaid with brass design.ephemera, ww2, ran

Notes on the BHS Excursion to Eaglehawk and the Whipstick, Sunday 8 October 2006, prepared by Margaret Bourke. The excursion was conducted by Ray Wallace and organised by Kay McGregor. Notes give a detailed list of the places visited - Eaglehawk, Snob's Hill, Harvey Town, Whipstick, Woodvale, Red Flag Gully and Lightning Hill.bhs excursion to eaglehawk and the whipstick 8/10/2006, margaret bourke, ray wallace, kay mcgregor, national trust, lancashire open cut, joey midson, prince of wales mine, pioneer hotel, pavillion hotel, moon mine, new moon, moon sandhill, moon dams, new moon north, woodvale state school, clan mcleod pipe band, rothackers, james woods, baden-baden hotel

Very old hand-made wooden stool 47 centimetres long, 14 centimeters wide and 19 centimetres high. The top is one and a half centimeters thick. The two sides are made from one centimetres thick wood and are 47 centimetres long tapering to 36 centimeters and seven centimeters wide. The two ends are 17 centimetres long, 14 centimetres wide and two centimetres thick, it checked out to fit into the sides of the stool, there are two centimetre notches cut into the bottom which create the impression of legs. The nails that hold it together are handmade.wooden stool, miner's item

‘The Art of the Japanese Package’ was an exhibition that toured to 10 Australian and 11 New Zealand public galleries in 1979 and 1980. The touring exhibition comprised 221 objects of traditional Japanese packaging which extended from ceramics, wood and paper to woven fibre containers. At the conclusion of the tour, The Japan Foundation and the Crafts Board of the Australia Council donated the vast majority of the exhibition to the Ararat Gallery for its permanent collection. Combining the natural qualities of bamboo, paper and straw with delicate craftsmanship, these unique objects express Japanese aesthetics as applied through fibre crafts. In Japan, the qualities and traits of natural materials are exploited rather than hidden. The texture of straw, the septa of bamboo are not concealed but lovingly incorporated into the whole. In 1979 Hideyuki Oka, curator of ‘The Art of the Japanese Package’ wrote: “In no way self-conscious or assertive, these wrappings have an artless and obedient air that greatly moves the modern viewer. They are whispered evidence of the Japanese ability to create beauty from the simplest products of nature. They also teach us that wisdom and feeling are especially important in packaging because these qualities, or the lack of them, are almost immediately apparent. What is the use of a package if it shows no feeling?” The descriptions of the featured objects were written by Hideyuki Oka, curator of ‘The Art of the Japanese Package’, 1979.Gift of the Japan-Australia Foundation and the Crafts Board of the Australia Council, 1981Hand-cut sections of cryptomeria wood make a simple but dignified box for dried noodles. The shop in Akita City that sells this product was founded in 1665. The label, with its numerous seal impressions, has the look of an old-time legal document, and this is fitting, for it is actually the shop's pedigree. It records, among other things, the name of the founder and the fact that the shop, originally located in Inaba, once sold its noodles to the feudal lord of the region by special appointment. - Professor Hideyuki Oka, curator.japanese art, japanese packaging, tsutsumi, gift giving

A straight razor is a razor with a blade that can fold into its handle. They are also called open razors and cut-throat razors. This example of a straight razor was made in Germany for the export market by ERN. The company was registered in 1874.Steel and ebonised wood straight razor in original caseCase: "The Famous es-ex razor". Blade: "Made in Germany"es-ex razor, straight razors, cut throat razors, ern - germany

A Wright & Ditson wood tennis racquet with solid convex throat. Rounded flat top head. Manufacturer name and country of origin printed across throat on obverse. Manufacturer's trademark/logo features across throat on reverse. Cross-hatched handle and leather end wrap. Owner's initials: G.P. carved into throat on reverse. Series of cuts carved into handle post-manufacture. Indecipherable model name printed on crown on obverse. Materials: Wood, Metal, Lacquer, Glue, Ink, Leathertennis

Advertisement for Players Navy Cut tobacco and cigarettes. Materials: Paper, Ink, Metal, Woodtennis

Page from an album designed for Allen & Ginther collectible cigarette cards. Features place holder for one card (depicting RD Sears). Framed with galss backing to also display back of card. Text on back of card: 'SECOND SERIES/THE WORLD'S CHAMPIONS/ONE PACKED IN EACH BOX OF 20 RICHMOND STRAIGHT CUT NO.1 CIGARETTES'. Materials: Paper, Ink, Glass, Woodtennis

Constructed with timber from the wreck of the Pribislaw by3-masted ship modeled on the Pribislaw and constructed from this ship's wood, salvaged in the Shetland Islands. On timber base with descriptive panel. Ship complete with trimmings - German flag, sails, ladders, steering wheel etc.In printed type, cut out and stuck onto the back end of the model ship 'Pribislaw' and 'Hamburg'.maritime technology, model ships, pribislaw, 1849, 1850, german migration, model ship, hamburg

Cadre staff were regular soldiers posted to CMF Regiments for instructional purposes.Rare photo of the Cadre staff togetherBlack and White photograph of nine soldiers and one ' cut out ' being the 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Cadre staff. All are dressed in summer wear ' greens ', berets, belts, boots and gaiters. All are wearing medals or service ribbonsCadre staff: Front: WO11 Ford,, RSM Harris, WO1 Richards. Rear: Cpl. Plunkett, WO11 Woods, WO 11 Davis, WO11 Twomey, SGT Harmer, Cpl Johnson. "

Minnie PWERLE (c1910-2006) Atnwengerrp/Utopia Minnie Pwerle's Dreamings consist of elements of 'Bush Melon' and 'Awelye'. Awelys-Atnwengerrp' is depicted by a series of lines painted in varying widths and colours. These patters represent the lines painted on the top had of women's bodies during ceremonies in Minnie's country of Atnwengerrp. 'Bush Melon' is depicted using linear design of curves and circles in different colours creating a very loose and bold design. This dreaming tells the story of this lovely sweet food that comes from a very small bush and is only found in Atnwengerrp. Once very abundant and fruiting in the summer season, the Bush Melon is now hard to find. Minnie and other women used to collect this fruit (that was green in colour and then ripened to a brown colour) and scrape out the small black seeds. They would then eat the fruit straight away or cut it in pieces and skewer them onto a piece of wood to dry then to be eaten in the coming months when bush tucker was scarce. These artistic symbols carry potent spiritual meanings.. The physical creation of these Dreamings in an important part of the continuation of an ancient and rich cultural heritage. This item is part of the Federation University Art Collection. The Art Collection features over 1000 works and was listed as a 'Ballarat Treasure' in 2007.Awelye & Bush Melon Dreaming, 2004 Acrylic on canvas, over three panels art, artwork, minnie pwerle, aboriginal, anmatyerre language, atnwengerrp country

Wandin Thomas Sebire JP (1867-1960) learnt boot-making as a young man. In a small workshop on his property in Sebire Avenue, Wandin he made boots for family, friends & neighbours. He also repaired boots & made other small leather articles. Bootmaking is a complex process requiring a variety of tools. The leather is cut to shape, glazed & burnished (polished) with heated irons. The pieces are stretched onto, & nailed to, a wooden last to form the boot. Once attached to the insole, the boot is finished on a metal last. Uppers are stitched with waxed thread through holes made with an awl. Heels comprise pieces nailed together & neatened with a heel shave. Metal plates, short nails or hob nails driven into the sole & heel, often in a pattern, improved durability.Wooden bookmaker's repair stand, opens slightly at one end. Two pieces of wood connected by two screws.bootmaking tools

The cabinet has a curved back and would have been custom‐built to fit the dimensions of the lantern room interior. It is likely to date from when the lighthouse was built in 1884 and may have been among the items delivered by the government steamer dispatch early in March which included ‘the lantern and other fittings for the Cape Nelson Lighthouse’. The Public Works Department provided a range of lightstation furnishings including office desks and cabinets, and domestic settings for keepers’ quarters, with nineteenth century items often stamped with a crown motif and the PWD monogram however the curved cupboards installed in Victoria’s lighthouse lantern rooms do not appear to display this small feature. Further research may reveal more about their manufacture and it is tempting to think that they were perhaps even supplied by Chance Bros as part of the entire lantern room installation. The company usually provided the timber battens for the lantern room paneling, and a cabinet may have been included in the assemblage. Another possibility is that the specially designed cabinet was made on site by carpenters along with other fittings. It is not known whether it is attached to the wall or movable; if attached it is considered to be a fixture and included in the Victorian Heritage Register listing for the lightstation (VHR H1773). Its location, when identified in the CMP of April 1995, was on the ‘lower lantern level’, where there was also a ‘timber step ladder’ (Argus, 6 March 1884, p6. nineteenth or early twentieth century), ‘timber framed lighthouse specification’, ‘timber framed chart’ and telephone .Residue on the furnishing indicates that it was formerly painted green, the colour of some of the other fixtures in the room, such as the original cast iron ladder. It is now partially varnished and the corner to the top’s edging on the right side has been cut off. The lighthouse also has a large curved back, two‐door cupboard. Other similar cabinets with curved backs survive at Cape Schanck, varnished wood cabinet with brass door knob, no drawers; Point Hicks, painted green with silver doors, no drawers and Gabo Island, bench top, 2‐door, no drawers, green paint removed to reveal cedar timber). Cape Nelson’s curved cabinet is unique among these examples for having drawers. The cabinet is a unique, original feature of the lantern room and has first level contributory significance for its historic values and provenance.The bench top cupboard has two drawers, each above a door, and each door is framed and beveled around a central panel. The cabinet has a curved back.

It is unknown what this item was a pattern for.One flat piece of rectangular wood with a hole on the top - center and two nails, one at the top left corner, one at the bottom - RH corner. A second piece of wood is attached on top of the first; it is smaller in width and split exactly in two. There is a design cut out of second piece in shape of a pear. Bulbous part of design is centered around a hole in the first piece of wood. Three nails protrude from the second piece of wood. Three nails in the second piece of wood are located; one in each section of the more bulbous end of cut-out, & third on one section of the smaller end of cut-out. Hole on bottom of wood does not go all of the way through.

This is a pattern for the stove front for the oat kiln at the mill.Rectangular piece of wood, broken at one end with two full cutouts and part of third. One, and the part of another cut-out is high arches. Frame, missing in places, running along outer rim and along cut-outs. Two rows of nails run down between arches holding braces in palce on back.

Used as pattern to cast crown wheel of drive on water wheel. Actual drive has since been sold, only mold remainsCircular wooden pattern, raised centre circular area surrounded by four wide, flat spokes at regular intervals (the interim spaces being cut out with rounded corners) which are in turn surrounded by a rim which tapers back from the centre of the piece and has fixed to it regularly interleaved slats. Slats of protruding oblongs tapered from attachment to top and also central end to outer point. Light coloured wood 1 & 2 are Broken off pieces of back.

Used in the late or early 20th Century. Could be used to cut steel.A curved steel shaped wooden handled Bow saw with a curved nail puller near the handle. A metal saw blade is attached by a screw at the end where it is fitted. Used in the late 19th or 20th Century.saws, carpentry tools, woodworking tools, tools, steel, wood, metal

Wreckage from unknown ship. Found on "big beach" at Telegraph Point. 2002. Made of wood with corroded metal fragments, the hatch is undated wreckage from an unknown ship. The remnants of shipwreck fabric have second level contributory significance for their interpretive and historic value as artefacts that highlight the distinctive history of the Gabo Island Lightstation.Timber & steel hatch cover from ship.(wrekage) Rectangular shaped piece of wood with a circular shape cut from centre. Corroded metal fragments have adhered to the wood.

A newspaper article about Legacy delivering firewood to 130 families in The Age on 21 March 1960. The article calls it 'Operation Wood Lift' but it was normally known as Operation Firewood. The widow was Mrs E Angus of Richmond. Operation Firewood provided help to widows and families by supplying and stacking firewood for the winter. The article was cut from the newspaper and pasted into a scrap book of press clippings. For many years Legacy kept scrap books of press clippings that related to their work and publicity.A record of Legacy helping widows by supplying and stacking firewood. When open fires were the main source of heating, a load of firewood and help moving it, would have been very important to the widows.Newspaper article of Legacy delivering firewood to families in 1960 pasted to brown page of a scrap book .operation firewood, widows

All persons are named above the photograph.Black and white photograph in brown wood frame showing members of the Buninyong Bowling Club in 1954. Image cut from a book. Buninyong Bowling Club taken in 1954.bowls, sport, recreation

Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone during the 17th, 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries was an important industry providing an important commodity. Whales from these times provided everything from lighting & machine oils to using the animal's bones for use in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and many other everyday items then in use.Whale rib bone with advanced stage of calcification as indicated by brittleness. None.warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whale bones, whale skeleton, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips, whaleling industry, maritime fishing, whalebone

Professor Ernest Edgar Kurth of the University of Tasmania, invented a faster, simpler and cleaner way to produce charcoal on a continuous basis during the second world war. The charcoal was used to produce a combustible gas in motor cars, as a substitute for petrol, which was heavily rationed. The first batch of charcoal was produced in February 1942 and continued until the end of the war. Wood from stringybark trees was cut into lengths and fed into a kiln which converted it into charcoal. The Kiln is located on Beenak Road, 7km north of Gembrook. It has great historical significance, particularly as an alternative supplier of fuel during the second world war. It is a State Registered facility, managed by the Friends of Kirth Kiln and the park is managed by Parks Victoria Green soft covered book of 150 pages, with a photo of 2 men and a boy out in the bush with 3 fires burning.Contains a Prelude about Ernest Edgar Kurth written by Alfred Klink (2013) and a Foreward by John Sullivan (Heritage Officer of Parks Victoria). There is an Acknowledgement page, with recognition given to the grant provided by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. e.e. kurth, kirth kiln, charcoal kiln, parks victoria

This bellows was used at the Warrnambool Racecourse by Master Farrier, Brian Chapman (1931-2017), during the 1970s but its history before then is still being investigated. The bellows have continued to be used from 1978 at Flagstaff Hill's blacksmith's workshop. Even today, in 2021, this same bellows are used by a volunteer blacksmith as he demonstrate the skills and tells of the importance of the blacksmith trade to colonial Australia. This 1860s double-action bellows is a typical form of blacksmith's or shipsmith's bellows. The end is forge-fitted with an iron nozzle or tube, called a tuyere or Tue iron, which concentrates the air to fan the fire or furnace. Tuyeres were traditionally made of cow horn. The double-action design of this bellows efficiently moves air both in and out of the chambers in the one movement of the long handle. The bellows was manufactured by John C. Onions of Birmingham, England, between 1862 and 1875. The stamp with the text, Gold Medal 1862, was also used on the business’ advertising. In 1875 the company was registered and began using the name John C. Onions Limited. JOHN C. ONIONS - John C. (Collingwood) Onions (1841-1904) was the son of a bellows maker of the same name. Onions (born 1841) and his wife Helen married in 1867 and they named one of their children John Collingwood Onions (1868-1913), as was the family tradition. He was well known as a Birmingham manufacturer of patented bellows and other forge-related equipment. He sold to the wholesale and retail markets for both local and overseas customers, including the British colonies. An 1862 advertisement points out that John C. Onions was a “Bellows manufacturer and contractor to Her Majesty’s Honourable Board of Ordinance” and His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of the French [Napoleon Bonaparte]”. The advertisement includes a sketched portrait of the Emperor Napoleon III, and an Imperial Autograph Letter dated May 23, 1854, from Napoleon, Palace of the Tulleries to Mr J C Onions of Bradford Street, Birmingham. In 1863 the company registered a patent on portable forges. In 1871 there were eight employees. John C. Onions Limited became a registered company in 1875. In 1876 an advertisements included that the company were smiths for hearths and tools in general and showed a row of six medallions including one with “Napoleon III, Emperor” and his portrait, and another “ _ _ _ 1862 MEDAL”. Their advertising motto was “For Excellence of Quality”. In 1885 the company merged with William Allday and Sons to become Allday and Onions. This mid-19th century bellows has local historical significance as it were once used by blacksmiths at the Warrnambool Racecourse in the annual racing event that continues today. This bellows is significant as a working example of equipment used in the 1800 and 1900s in the trace of blacksmiths and other metal working smiths. The bellows is technologically significant as it shows the progress from simple bellows to the double-action bellows, a time saving and efficient improvement. The manufacturer John C. Onions is historically significant as a family business that began in the 1600s and continued up until the 1980s.Bellows; large, oval, mechanical double-action smith’s bellows, manually operated, in working condition. The paddles of wood that form the top, middle sections and base of the bellows have flexible leather pieces attached firmly between them, forming airtight double lungs. Cut-outs in the panels allow the bellows to fill with air then force it out. A long handle is connected to pump the bellows and control the quantity and force of the air. The blasts of air are forced through the metal nozzle or tuyere at the end of the bellows and into the forge’s fire. Inscriptions are impressed into the wood on the upper paddle or board of the bellows. There are three circular stamps containing text. Text impressed in the wooden upper paddle of the bellows has been assumed to read “JOHN C. ONIONS, PATENTEES & MANUFACTURERS, BIRMINGHAM””?” “EXTRA” “AWARDED FOR EXCELLENCE OF QUALITY”, made from the following readable text :- “JOHN C ONIONS“ “PATENT - - - & MAN - - - - - - - - -“, “BIR - - - - HAM“, “ _ ERA - - - - “- XTRA-“, “- - - - - - - FOR EXCELL-“ “OF - - - - ITY” Text in the stamp “ - - ECE - - “, “ - - - - - / 1862 / MEDAL”, “- ITY” flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, john collingwood onions, john c onions, allday and onions, bellows, smith’s bellows, 19th century bellows, double-action bellows, double-acting bellows, double lung bellows, double chamber bellows, blacksmith tools, blacksmith trade, blacksmith craft, blacksmith equipment, forging equipment, john c onions patented double-action bellows, brian chapman, warrnambool racecourse, blacksmith, shipsmith, iron smith, mechanical bellows