A topographic map of Victoria with Melbourne as the centre. Provisional edition showing contours in feet. International map of the world [scale] 1:1,000,000. Prepared by the Department of Minerals and Energy, Canberra in 1970.A pre-metric map, shows the Hume Highway travelling through towns such as Seymour and Benalla, now by-passed by the Hume Freeway.Map, printed in colour on one side.victoria - maps

Pmap on paper with hand colouringtarnagulla, newbridge, map

76 p.; 27 cmnon-fictionA report on the engineering geology of the Berwick areaberwick (vic.), geology

Copy of Contract of Sale of Real Estate and associated papers for property located in Flora Lane, Flora Hill which was purchased by Peter Ellis on 26 May 1993. Contract is in booklet with other loose papers. Contract includes General Conditions, Particulars of Sale, Special Conditions, Guarantee, Vendors Statement to the Purchaser, Shire of Strathfieldsaye Land Information Certificate, Planning Certificate Request for Building Approval Particulars, Coliban Region Water Authority Information Statement, Property Inquiry Application Form, Request for Property Information from Vic roads, Advice on Mine Subsidence Hazard (Department of Energy & Minerals), Map, Copy of Certificate of Title and Folder Numbers. Loose pages include Building Control Act 1981 Inspection Notice, two plans of building, Three plans (Coliban Water Asset Location) of Flora Lane where property is situated, 2 dated 13/11/2007 (have New Carport drawn beside house) and 1 dated 22/11/2007. Last page has specifications for car port.bendigo, house, peter ellis oam, peter ellis collection, reiv, law institute of victoria, real estate institute of victoria ltd, e j gannaway, peter n ellis, ray white bendigo pty ltd, e m monotti & son, rogers and every, craig watts, shire of strathfieldsaye, coliban region water authority, sec, g & fc of vic, telecom, vicroads, bruce l phillips, k deps?, department of energy and minerals, robert james sanderson, t flanagan, land titles office victoria, harston partridge & co pty ltd

William Baragwanath joined the Victorian Department of Mines in 1897, was director of the geological survey (1922-4), Chief Mining Surveyor (1924-43), Secretary for Mines (1932-34), consultant to the Department of Mines (1943-50) . He was born at Durham Lead on 1 August 1878 and was a former student of the Ballarat School of Mines. Baragwanath was president of the Royal society of Victoria (1943-44) and a councillor of the Ballarat School of Mines (1916-1950). After Baragwanath's death on 20 September 1966 the Department of Minerals and Energy (Geological Survey division) donated a number of Baragwanath's items to the Ballarat School of Mines, including this collection. Black and white photograph of E.J. Jack Barker (Ballarat School of Mines Principal) and Phil Day (Head of Geology) standing in front of a cabinet of geological specimens housed in a timber cabinet. ballarat school of mines, geology, ej barker, jack barker, phil day, baragwanath, william baragwanath, victorian mines department

This booklet contains an article on the plant fossil deposits in Eastern Victoria. It has been written by Dr John Douglas in 1963. He published extensively on a range of geological and natural history themes. His major works included co-editing the Geological Society of Victoria’s Geology of Victoria and his PH.D. thesis for the University of Melbourne contained in two Geological Survey Memoirs on the Mesozoic floras of Victoria. He was also responsible for the Geology and Sport and Recreation chapters in the State Government’s Atlas of Victoria and wrote the booklet, What Fossil Plant is That? He was a Supervising Geologist with the Department of Minerals and Energy in Victoria for many years and lectured extensively at Botany and Geology conferences in Australia and overseas. This book is of some interest as it was written by a former resident of Warrnambool, Dr John Douglas (1997 to his death in 2007). He was an active member of the Warrnambool Field Naturalists’ Group and edited for this group the book, The Nature of Warrnambool. This is a small booklet of 16 pages reprinted from the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Vol. 77, Part 1. It has a grey cover with the logo of the Royal Society of Victoria on the front cover. It has printed material on plant fossil deposits in eastern Victoria and several sketches and black and white plates of plant fossil photographs and cross-sections. The pages were stapled but the staples have been removed. There is some rust where the staples were removed. Front cover: ‘Royal Society of Victoria, New Bennettitalean Leaves from the Mesozoic of Eastern Australia by J. G. Douglas, reprinted from Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Vol 77, Part 1, Issued separately, 13 December, 1963.’ micro- paleontology in eastern victoria, dr john douglas, warrnambool

Three page report on Bendigo Mining NL, 28th October, 1980 prepared by Collect & Co. Credit Management Service. Report provides a credit record of Bendigo Mining NL, the nature of its business, details its directors, background and provides a statement regarding the business. The directors: Clive Singleton, Douglas Cahill, Richard Sandner, Richard Dungey, Desmond Robins, David Andrew. The nominal capital of the company was $250,000 and its nature of business was the exploration and drilling of a gold mine in the Bendigo area. The subject of the report is currently 'involved in a dispute with Western Mining Corporation over control of a gold mining lease. The matter is being arbitrated by the Department of Minerals and Energy'. It was anticipated that 'drilling will commence within approximately six months of the subject being given the go-ahead'.bendigo, gold mining, exploration, bendigo, western mining corporation, bendigo mining nl, drilling, gold mining

Merle Hall Collection: Rosalind Park Creative Village Bendigo Project Letters 31 March 1994 To: Victorian Arts Council Members From Grant Finck Project Coordinator Content: Introduces himself as the coordinator for 12 months; to members looking for expression of interest, includes Information Sheet 1994 on what the Creative Village is. 27 October 1995 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: City of Greater Bendigo, Bernard Smith (Director Environmental Services) Content: Granting access to the Victoria Hill site for small quantities of geological material. 10 January 1996 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: City of Greater Bendigo, Bernard Smith (Director Environmental Services) Content: Endorsement of the project by the Council and confirmation that the Council will provide preliminary site work to allow the project to be enabled. Also advised the Arts Bendigo Mosaic Project makes contact with the Salvation Army (New Work Opportunity Project) 27 February 1996 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: Ken Beasley Manager Project Development The Smith Read Training Group. Content: LEAP Project Proposal - Mining Heritage Mosaic outlining the benefits of using LEAP Trainees to undertake the project. Proposed Scope of work outlining responsibilities of each participant. Bendigo Mining NL Environmental Trust Fund (Perseverance Exploration and Department of Energy and Minerals Victoria representatives) 27 June 1996 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: City of Greater Bendigo, Bernard Smith (Director Environmental Services) Content: Advising that the Council will match dollar for dollar funding for the engagement of an artist to supervise the construction of the Mosaic in Upper Rosalind Park up to $3,500. 22 July 1996 To: Anne Buzza From Geof Brown Camp Hill Primary School Content: Thanks for using and managing the school students to help create tiles. 9 October 1996 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: City of Greater Bendigo, Bernard Smith (Director Environmental Services) Content: Enclosed cheque for matching grant of $3500 15 October 1996 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: City of Greater Bendigo, Bernard Smith (Director Environmental Services) Content: Agreement to relocate the project facilities to the car park and to maintain a close liaison between the Council and Arts Bendigo. 13 November 1996 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: The Sidney Myer Fund Helen Morris Research Officer Content: Remittance advice for $1000 22 April 1997 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: John Little Administrator Victorian Arts Council Content: Remittance advice for $500 towards the project and enclosing 12 VAC Annual reports. 20 October 1998 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: City of Greater Bendigo, Andrew Hall (Director Community Development) Content: Advising that the Council will make a grant of $1090 for the purpose of printing of Brochures for Bendigo Heritage Mosaic. A service agreement to be signed before the issue of the grant, 21 March 2001 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: City of Greater Bendigo, Justin Hanney (Director Community Services) Content: A reference from Council supporting the project application to Vic Health for the development of a series of small mosaic pieces along the linear pathway asjacent to the Bendigo Creek. 12 November 1996 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: Arts Bendigo Inc. Content: Cheque for $2000 being first payment as under contract two for mosaic project. 4 December 1996 To: Mrs. Mearle Hall From: Arts Bendigo Inc. Content: Cheque for $2000 being second payment as under contract two for mosaic project. 27 July 1997 To: Maery Gabriel Mosaic Artist From: Arts Bendigo Inc. Content: Cheque for $2000 being final payment as under contract two for mosaic project. 12 June 1997 - Two copies To: Maery Gabriel Mosaic Artist From: Arts Bendigo Inc. Content: Agreement between Maery Gabriel (The artist) and Arts Bendigo Inc. to complete the final two sections of the Bendigo Heritage Mosaic at the base of the Rosalin Park Poppet Head, Bendigo with a design of approximately two square meters within each section. The work to be completed by the endo of July 1997, unless severe weather conditions make the laying impossible. Agreement for two lots of $2000. 14 June 1996 From: Maery Gabriel Mosaic Artist To: Arts Bendigo Inc. Content: receipt for 50% payment for two weeks and $60 Travelling expenses. 21 May 1996 Agreement between Arts Bendigo of P.O Box 563, Bendigo in the State of Victoria (hereinafter referred to as the ‘AB’ of the first part AND Meary Hall of Morningswood, Petersons Road, Ellinbank, 3821 in the State of Victoria (hereinafter referred to as ‘the artist’) of the second part. ENGAGEMENT: (a) AB engages the Artist to provide her services as Mosaic Artist for the design and creation of a Mosaic pavement surround to the poppet head lookout in Rosalind Park, Bendigo and matters incidental thereto at such schools, halls and any other places as required from time to time by AB and the Artist accepts the engagement upon the term and conditions hereinafter appearing. (b) Services to be provided by the artist include community consultation and design work in association with AB Co-Ordinator and Arts Bendigo, a minimum of six weeks of the artist’s time within the six months of the project. Completion of section one of the whole design with further work on the other sections to depend on available funding. The agreed fee was $5400 and $60 per visit to Bendigo with living away to be provided by Arts Bendigo 1 November 1996 Agreement between Arts Bendigo of P.O Box 563, Bendigo in the State of Victoria (hereinafter referred to as the ‘AB’ of the first part AND Meary Hall of Morningswood, Petersons Road, Ellinbank, 3821 in the State of Victoria (hereinafter referred to as ‘the artist’) of the second part. ENGAGEMENT: (a) AB engages the Artist to provide her services as Mosaic Artist for the design and creation of a Mosaic pavement surround to the poppet head lookout in Rosalind Park, Bendigo and matters incidental thereto at such schools, halls and any other places as required from time to time by AB and the Artist accepts the engagement upon the term and conditions hereinafter appearing. (b) Services to be provided by the artist include community consultation and design work in association with AB Co-Ordinator and Arts Bendigo, a minimum of six weeks of the artist’s time within the six months of the project. Completion of section one of the whole design with further work on the other sections to depend on available funding. The agreed fee was $5000 and $60 per visit to Bendigo with living away to be provided by Arts Bendigo, plus transfer of the diamond saw purchased by AB 28 August 1996 Memorial to Bendigo’s Mining Heritage and Traditions financial and other support as at August 128th Arts Bendigo Financial contribution: $7000 Local Busine Sponsors: $2800 City of Greater Bendigo Matching Above: $2800 City of Greater Bendigo Site works: Equiv, $12000 Local Businesses and institutions supplying goods and services to total value of: Equiv: $7600 Expenditure: Purchase of equipment, including diamond saw: $2000 Purchase of materials: $800 Artists design fees: $3000 Artists on site work, travel and accommodation: $12000 insurance, administration etc.: $700 31 May 1996 List of possible donors' checklist Undated Budget Sheet 21 September 1995 From: The Victorian Arts Council To: City of Greater Bendigo Content: Invoice for $5000 10 December 1995 From: Maery Gabriel artist To: Arts Bendigo Content: Invoice $1575 for design of Rosalind Park Lookout. 45 hours @ $35/hour 1 October 1996 Historic mining Mosaic Pavement, Rosalind Park Poppet Head Financial Statement as a October 1st, 1996 28 October 1996 From: Maery Gabriel To: Ann Buzza (representing Arts Bendigo) Report on project of Rosalind Park Mosaic as at October 1996. The report lists the difficulties faced with the weather, unsuitable facilities on site and problems with the LEAP team labour.victorian arts council, city of greater bendigo

Produced b Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches. The Minister of the Department was the Honourable Donald R Downe and the Deputy Minister was Darrell D HiltzLarge coloured map depicting different areas and deposits. Includes a legend, symbols used, mineral abbreviations and alteration abbreviations.Symbolsnova scotia, kejimkujik lake, geological survey, cartography, mine and energy branches, donald r downe, minister, darrell d hiltz, deputy mnister, south mountain batholith project, legend, symbols

Produced b Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches. The Minister of the Department was the Honourable Donald R Downe and the Deputy Minister was Darrell D HiltzLarge coloured map depicting different areas and deposits. Includes a legend, symbols used, mineral abbreviations and alteration abbreviations.Symbols

Produced by Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches. The Minister of the Department was the Honourable Donald R Downe and the Deputy Minister was Darrell D HiltzLarge coloured map depicting different areas and deposits. Includes a legend, symbols used, mineral abbreviations and alteration abbreviations.Symbolsnova scotia, department of natural resources, mines and energy branch, donald r downe, minister, darrel d hiltz, deputy minister, glacial and till clast, geo;logy, south mountain batholith project

Three gold covered auction catalogues with black printing for Australia's First (Believed to be World's First) Gold Nugget Auction held in the Memorial Hall, Pall Mall, Bendigo on the 24th May, 1980. Catalogues are made of card and are tri-fold. On the front is a black sketch of Bendigo Historic Post Office. The inside which is white are the Conditions of Sale, the centre has the List of Nuggets which includes Lot No., No. of Nuggets and Approx. Lot Wt. in Grains. Under this are the Ingots which includes the Lot No. and Approx. Weight in Grains. Some notes are underneath. On the right fold is A History of Gold Discovery in Victoria and Large Nugget finds in the Area. Also mentioned are the Welcome Stranger Nugget, The Blanche Barkly Nugget and the Robins Nugget. On the inside gold side is A History of 3 D's Gold Mine N.L. and some information about Nuggets. On the back is Curnows name and a Reproduction of Curnows original Letterhead circa 1900.business, auctioneers, j h curnow & son pty ltd, ian dyett collection - auction catalogue - gold nugget auction, 3d's gold mine n.l., bendigo advertiser & clearads, mines department, welcome stranger nugget, red hill company's mine, blanche barkly nugget, precious nugget, ah chang, desmond robins, arthur robins, mining lease 452, mr a sexauer, robins nugget, gold nugget casino las vegas, bolton bros pty ltd, bluey robins, doug cahill, dick sandner, department of minerals and energy, national bank of australasia ltd, commonwealth development bank daryl mcclure, e j dunn, department of mines, curnows (bendigo), j h curnow & son pty ltd, ian dyett, fred dyett

A colour photograph of the plaque commemorating Victorian veterans who have lost their lives in various conflicts in world history which was placed in the Cumberland Memorial Scenic Reserve on 16th February 1994, the day of the opening of the reserve.The Cumberland Memorial Scenic Reserve comprises of 275 hectares set aside as a reserve to commemorate Victorians who have died in service or were killed in action in World War One, World War Two, and conflicts since 1945. The reserve is situated on the Marysville-Wood's Point Road.THE CUMBERLAND MEMORIAL SCENIC RESERVE THIS 275 HECTARES OF HIGH COUNTRY HAS BEEN SET ASIDE AS A RESERVE IN MEMORY OF/ THOSE VICTORIANS WHO FELL ON FOREIGN FIELDS IN THE GREAT WAR 1914 - 1918,/ THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1939 - 1945 AND ALL POST WAR II CONFLICTS LEST WE FORGET MARYSVILLE SUB BRANCH RSL AND THE SCENIC RESERVES COMMITTEE GAZETTED 1993 (DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION) OFFICIALLY OPENED BY BRUCE RUXTON OBE. ON THE 16TH FEBRUARY 1994 DAN GOULD/ PRESIDENT MARYSVILLE RSL ED MESSER/ HON SECRETARY HON. JIM PLOWMAN/ MINISTER FOR ENERGY AND MINERALS MAX COCKERERLL/ HON. SECRETARY SCENIC RESERVES COMMITTEEcumberland memorial scenic reserve, marysville, victoria, marysville-woods point road

Bushfire perimeter rather than bushfire area is the main control problem for firefighters on the ground. A conundrum rapidly compounded by spot fires. A small 5 ha fire can be nearly 1 km around the perimeter. That's a long way to build a control line by hand in rough bush. Dry firefighting techniques by hand were mostly confined to “knocking down” or “beating out” the flames, as well as "digging out". Digging or raking a “mineral earth” trail down to bare dirt proved most effective in forest fuels which, unlike grass, tend to retain heat and smoulder. Early tools were whatever happened to be close at hand. They were simple and primitive and included shovels, slashers, axes, hoes, beaters and rakes. A cut branch to beat the flames was often the only thing available. Farming and logging tools, developed over centuries of manual labour, and readily available at local hardware stores came into use, but little thought was given to size, weight, and balance. For years foresters experimented with combination tools. In about 1952 fire beaters and other implements were being replaced with Rakuts. However, its believed the now common Rakehoe is an Australian variation of the American McLeod Tool which was developed in 1905 by forest ranger Malcolm McLeod of the Sierra National Forest. The late Athol Hodgson advised that predecessors, Reg Torbet who had been the Chief Fire Officer for the Forests Commission from 1948-1956, along with his QLD counterpart Clive Price, went in late 1951 as Australian delegates on a 10 week fire study tour of Nth America organised by the United Nations. They came back with a couple of McLeod tools from Canada. Cam MacLeod (different spelling) had been the Head of Fire Research for the Canadian Forest Service at the time and had supplied them. The tools were ideal for deciduous forests in the eastern provinces and Clive arranged to have them manufactured in QLD. The Rakho, as it was then spelled, was first issued to FCV crews 65 years ago in 1955-56. The American Pulaski had been trialled, but never found favour with Australian firefighters.First used in 1955Rakehoe Combination of a heavy-duty six-toothed (each 9cm long) rake with a large, sturdy (25cm) hoe.bushfire, forests commission victoria (fcv)

Bushfire perimeter rather than bushfire area is the main control problem for firefighters on the ground. A conundrum rapidly compounded by spot fires. A small 5 ha fire can be nearly 1 km around the perimeter. That's a long way to build a control line by hand in rough bush. Dry firefighting techniques by hand were mostly confined to “knocking down” or “beating out” the flames, as well as "digging out". Digging or raking a “mineral earth” trail down to bare dirt proved most effective in forest fuels which, unlike grass, tend to retain heat and smoulder. Early tools were whatever happened to be close at hand. They were simple and primitive and included shovels, slashers, axes, hoes, beaters and rakes. A cut branch to beat the flames was often the only thing available. Farming and logging tools, developed over centuries of manual labour, and readily available at local hardware stores came into use, but little thought was given to size, weight, and balance. This leather beater was based on a century-old stockman's design which used green cow hide leather lashed to a broom handle. It's recommend that users lift no more than above knee height to conserve energy and let the beater to the work. For years foresters experimented with combination tools. In about 1952 fire beaters and other implements were being replaced with Rakuts and later RakehoesEarly firefighting toolBushfire beater - Leather with wooden handlebushfire, forests commission victoria (fcv)

Bushfire perimeter rather than bushfire area is the main control problem for firefighters on the ground. A conundrum rapidly compounded by spot fires. A small 5 ha fire can be nearly 1 km around the perimeter. That's a long way to build a control line by hand in rough bush. Dry firefighting techniques by hand were mostly confined to “knocking down” or “beating out” the flames, as well as "digging out". Digging or raking a “mineral earth” trail down to bare dirt proved most effective in forest fuels which, unlike grass, tend to retain heat and smoulder. Early tools were whatever happened to be close at hand. They were simple and primitive and included shovels, slashers, axes, hoes, beaters and rakes. A cut branch to beat the flames was often the only thing available. Farming and logging tools, developed over centuries of manual labour, and readily available at local hardware stores came into use, but little thought was given to size, weight, and balance. This canvas hose beater was based on a century-old design which used lengths of canvas fire hose rivetted together and lashed with wire to a broom handle. The hose was be soaked in water to improve its effectiveness. If the flames were more than a metre or so the user was generally not able to get close enough to extinguish the fire It's recommend that users lift no more than above knee height to conserve energy and let the beater to the work. For years foresters experimented with combination tools. In about 1952 fire beaters and other implements were being replaced with Rakuts and later RakehoesEarly firefighting toolBushfire beater - Canvas with wooden handleR P PWD (Public Works Department) The handle has painted markings which indicate which FCV District it belonged to.bushfire, forests commission victoria (fcv)

Bushfire perimeter rather than bushfire area is the main control problem for firefighters on the ground. A conundrum rapidly compounded by spot fires. A small 5 ha fire can be nearly 1 km around the perimeter. That's a long way to build a control line by hand in rough bush. Dry firefighting techniques by hand were mostly confined to “knocking down” or “beating out” the flames, as well as "digging out". Digging or raking a “mineral earth” trail down to bare dirt proved most effective in forest fuels which, unlike grass, tend to retain heat and smoulder. Early tools were whatever happened to be close at hand. They were simple and primitive and included shovels, slashers, axes, hoes, beaters and rakes. A cut branch to beat the flames was often the only thing available. Farming and logging tools, developed over centuries of manual labour, and readily available at local hardware stores came into use, but little thought was given to size, weight, and balance. For years foresters experimented with combination tools. In about 1952 fire beaters and other implements were being replaced with Rakuts.Fire tool used before the introduction of RakehoesRakut - Fire Rake and cutting toolGreen and red coloured handle and 020 marking indicated which FCV District the tool belonged tobushfire

Bushfire perimeter rather than bushfire area is the main control problem for firefighters on the ground. A conundrum rapidly compounded by spot fires. A small 5 ha fire can be nearly 1 km around the perimeter. That's a long way to build a control line by hand in rough bush. Dry firefighting techniques by hand were mostly confined to “knocking down” or “beating out” the flames, as well as "digging out". Digging or raking a “mineral earth” trail down to bare dirt proved most effective in forest fuels which, unlike grass, tend to retain heat and smoulder. Early tools were whatever happened to be close at hand. They were simple and primitive and included shovels, slashers, axes, hoes, beaters and rakes. A cut branch to beat the flames was often the only thing available. Farming and logging tools, developed over centuries of manual labour, and readily available at local hardware stores came into use, but little thought was given to size, weight, and balance. For years foresters experimented with combination tools. In about 1952 fire beaters and other implements were being replaced with Rakuts. However, its believed the now common Rakehoe is an Australian variation of the American McLeod Tool which was developed in 1905 by forest ranger Malcolm McLeod of the Sierra National Forest. The late Athol Hodgson advised that predecessors, Reg Torbet who had been the Chief Fire Officer for the Forests Commission from 1948-1956, along with his QLD counterpart Clive Price, went in late 1951 as Australian delegates on a 10 week fire study tour of Nth America organised by the United Nations. They came back with a couple of McLeod tools from Canada. Cam MacLeod (different spelling) had been the Head of Fire Research for the Canadian Forest Service at the time and had supplied them. The tools were ideal for deciduous forests in the eastern provinces and Clive arranged to have them manufactured in QLD. The Rakho, as it was then spelled, was first issued to FCV crews 65 years ago in 1955-56. The American Pulaski had been trialled, but never found favour with Australian firefighters.Rakhoeforests commission victoria (fcv), hand tools, forest harvesting, bushfire

Bushfire perimeter rather than bushfire area is the main control problem for firefighters on the ground. A conundrum rapidly compounded by spot fires. A small 5 ha fire can be nearly 1 km around the perimeter. That's a long way to build a control line by hand in rough bush. Dry firefighting techniques by hand were mostly confined to “knocking down” or “beating out” the flames, as well as "digging out". Digging or raking a “mineral earth” trail down to bare dirt proved most effective in forest fuels which, unlike grass, tend to retain heat and smoulder. Early tools were whatever happened to be close at hand. They were simple and primitive and included shovels, slashers, axes, hoes, beaters and rakes. A cut branch to beat the flames was often the only thing available. Farming and logging tools, developed over centuries of manual labour, and readily available at local hardware stores came into use, but little thought was given to size, weight, and balance. For years foresters experimented with combination tools. In about 1952 fire beaters and other implements were being replaced with Rakuts. However, its believed the now common Rakehoe is an Australian variation of the American McLeod Tool which was developed in 1905 by forest ranger Malcolm McLeod of the Sierra National Forest. The late Athol Hodgson advised that predecessors, Reg Torbet who had been the Chief Fire Officer for the Forests Commission from 1948-1956, along with his QLD counterpart Clive Price, went in late 1951 as Australian delegates on a 10 week fire study tour of Nth America organised by the United Nations. They came back with a couple of McLeod tools from Canada. Cam MacLeod (different spelling) had been the Head of Fire Research for the Canadian Forest Service at the time and had supplied them. The tools were ideal for deciduous forests in the eastern provinces and Clive arranged to have them manufactured in QLD. The Rakho, as it was then spelled, was first issued to FCV crews 65 years ago in 1955-56. The American Pulaski had been trialled, but never found favour with Australian firefighters.Pulaski Fire Tool Combines an axe and a grubbing hoe. Digging end and cutting end with short wooden handleforests commission victoria (fcv), hand tools, forest harvesting, bushfire

Bushfire perimeter rather than bushfire area is the main control problem for firefighters on the ground. A conundrum rapidly compounded by spot fires. A small 5 ha fire can be nearly 1 km around the perimeter. That's a long way to build a control line by hand in rough bush. Dry firefighting techniques by hand were mostly confined to “knocking down” or “beating out” the flames, as well as "digging out". Digging or raking a “mineral earth” trail down to bare dirt proved most effective in forest fuels which, unlike grass, tend to retain heat and smoulder. Early tools were whatever happened to be close at hand. They were simple and primitive and included shovels, slashers, axes, hoes, beaters and rakes. A cut branch to beat the flames was often the only thing available. Farming and logging tools, developed over centuries of manual labour, and readily available at local hardware stores came into use, but little thought was given to size, weight, and balance. For years foresters experimented with combination tools. In about 1952 fire beaters and other implements were being replaced with Rakuts. However, its believed the now common Rakehoe is an Australian variation of the American McLeod Tool which was developed in 1905 by forest ranger Malcolm McLeod of the Sierra National Forest. The late Athol Hodgson advised that predecessors, Reg Torbet who had been the Chief Fire Officer for the Forests Commission from 1948-1956, along with his QLD counterpart Clive Price, went in late 1951 as Australian delegates on a 10 week fire study tour of Nth America organised by the United Nations. They came back with a couple of McLeod tools from Canada. Cam MacLeod (different spelling) had been the Head of Fire Research for the Canadian Forest Service at the time and had supplied them. The tools were ideal for deciduous forests in the eastern provinces and Clive arranged to have them manufactured in QLD. The Rakho, as it was then spelled, was first issued to FCV crews 65 years ago in 1955-56. The American Pulaski had been trialled, but never found favour with Australian firefighters.Fire Beater (canvas) 1930s designforests commission victoria (fcv), hand tools, forest harvesting, bushfire

Robert Brough Smyth (1830-1889), civil servant and mining engineer, was born on 18 February 1830 near Wallsend, Northumberland, England, son of Edward Smith, mining engineer, and his wife Elizabeth, née Brough. On 14 November 1852 Smyth arrived in Melbourne and went to the gold diggings, where he worked as a carter on the construction of roads at Sawpit Gully. Back in Melbourne, on 7 November 1853 he became a draftsman under the surveyor-general, Andrew Clarke, and soon was acting chief draftsman. Smyth compiled numerous reports and wrote catalogues for exhibitions of minerals and fossils. In November 1869 he superintended the establishment of a museum of economic geology, mineralogy and mining and published in Melbourne The Gold Fields and Mineral Districts of Victoria … Covertly involved in the controversy that led to the disbanding of the Geological Survey in 1869, he became its director on its reinstatement in 1871; he increased its part in the search for and proving of economic mineral and coal deposits. In 1875 he became chief inspector of mines and published the geological reports on John Forrest's Western Australian exploration. On 19 June 1860 Smyth had become honorary secretary to the Board for the Protection of Aborigines and in 1863 became a voting member. Zealous and determined, he assumed the role of chairman, which belonged ex officio to the chief secretary, and wielded great power, including the dubious dismissal of John Green, general inspector of Aborigines in 1861-75 with whom he had earlier collaborated. Smyth's compilation, The Aborigines of Victoria … (1878), arose from his efforts to gather information and artefacts of Victorian Aboriginal cultures at a time when their vestiges were fast disappearing. The work, still valuable though long since superseded, relied heavily upon others such as L. Fison, G. B. Halford, A. Howitt and J. Milligan. Press reports and a petition from officers in the Mining Department accused Smyth of 'tyrannical and overbearing conduct', and in February 1876 a board of inquiry was constituted and heard evidence until April. McCoy defended 'one of the best heads of department he had ever known' but the board found the charges of 'excessive severity … in the main substantiated', and reported that Smyth had been irritable, lacking self-control and over-fastidious, but acknowledged his 'unremitting energy and zealous labours in the public service'. On 4 May Smyth resigned all public offices except his membership of the Aborigines' board. Source: Australian Dictionary of Biography. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/smyth-robert-brough-4621Original map printed on paper on canvas; copy of map with original. Title: Sandhurst gold field [cartographic material] / surveyed and compiled under the direction of R. Brough Smyth and Thos. Couchman, Angus Mackay ; additions made to the survey under the same direction by Regd. A.F. Murray, April 1873. "Lithd. by R. Shepherd" Topographic map of Sandhurst gold field, with relief shown by hachures. Shows roads, railways and public buildings. "Note - blocks held under leasing regulations are outlined and numbered in red" Map is also available on State Library Victoria: https://find.slv.vic.gov.au/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=61SLV_INST:SLV&search_scope=slv_local&tab=searchProfile&context=L&docid=alma994975393607636 sandhurst, goldfield, lease holdings, gullies, brough smyth, state library of victoria