This 1989 colour photograph of Jacana Primary School’s Teeball team captures a vibrant moment in the life of a school that served as a cornerstone of its local community from its founding in 1959 until its closure in the early 2000s. More than just a team photo, it stands as a valuable archival record, preserving the spirit and identity of the school during a time of significant social and educational change in Melbourne’s northern suburbs. This 1989 colour photograph of Jacana Primary School’s Teeball team holds enduring historical and cultural value as a visual record of a school that played a pivotal role in its local community from 1959 until its closure in the early 2000s. More than a simple team portrait, the image encapsulates the spirit of the school during a period of dynamic social and educational change in Melbourne’s northern suburbs. It reflects the importance of sport in fostering community identity, student engagement, and holistic education. As part of the school’s visual archive, the photograph contributes to a broader understanding of how extracurricular activities shaped student life and strengthened community bonds, preserving the legacy of Jacana Primary for future generations.A colour photograph on Matte photograph paperBack: Top left Corner: PH-2127 (blue label) Manufacturer's Mark: Fujicolor Paperjacana primary school, photograph, school photograph, education, 1989, teeball

Coloured group photograph of those at the Reunion of the 1949 Exies pf Ballarat Teachers' College Ballarat, take in 19991949 Exies of Ballarat Teachers' College 50th Reunion Ballarat 1999 written on the backballarat teachers' college, 50th reunion, photograph, group photograph, colour photograph

A black and white photograph of the Bendigo Post Office with the flag and the Bendigo Courthouse in April 1969. A man can be seen riding his bicycle in the foreground. Notice the lack of traffic in the street. See 3320.100bendigo, buildings, court house, la trobe university bendigo collection, collection, bendigo, streetscape, pall mall, post office, court house, miss j.c. burnett, mr. geoff pryor, history, building, buildings, place, photo, photos, photograph, photograph

This is a photograph of Lake Kerferd in Beechworth taken in the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries. It depicts two women, two young boys and four young girls standing in front of the lake. The women seem to be either the mothers or caregivers of the children. This photograph is significant because it depicts a group of people enjoying a outing at Lake Kerferd. This demonstrates that Lake Kerferd was a place of enjoyment for the people that lived in Beechworth during this time period. Lake Kerferd itself was also Beechworth's main water supply. This makes it very important to the community who lived there. Sepia rectangular postcard printed on paperObverse: Lake Kerferd Beechworth / wade / Reverse: Postcard / 5568 / This space may be used for correspondence / (For Address Only) /children, lake kerferd, lake, sepia photograph, photograph, beechworth, mothers, young girls, young boy, trees, caregivers, victoria, outing

Coloured photo of the Grade 4 Netball - C2 - Premiers Team of 1981. Photo taken in library. The girls are wearing yellow t-shirts with a printed emblem and Golden Square printed on them and dark blue skirts. The coach, Marion Dalrymple is wearing a light pink jacket and a white dress. The names of the girls are: Shannon Kurzke, Melanie White, Kylie Breheny, Janine Strauch, Tanya O'Shea, Angela Cumming, Sally Cantwell, Hayley Bish and Melinda Tipple.education, primary, golden square laurel st p.s., golden square laurel street p.s. collection - photograph - photograph grade 4 netball c2 - premiers, marion dalrymple, shannon kurzke, melanie white, kylie breheny, janine strauch, tanya o'shea, angela cumming, sally cantwell, hayley bish and melinda tipple

Coloured photo of the Grade 5 Netball - B4 Team of 1981. Photo taken in library. The girls are wearing yellow t-shirts with a printed emblem and Golden Square printed on them and dark blue skirts. The coach, Bev O'Shea is wearing dark blue. The names of the girls are: Maxine Green, Marlo Schade, Vicki Lees, Sharon Herbert, Susan Davis, Julianne Harvey, Jodi O'Shea, Cassandra Johnstone, Brooke Donnellan, Fiona Mason and Donna Atherton.education, primary, golden square laurel st p.s., golden square laurel street p.s. collection - photograph - photograph grade 5 netball b4, bev o'shea, maxine green, marlo schade, vicki lees, sharen herbert, susan davis, julianne harvey, jodi o'shea, cassandra johnstone, brooke donnellan, fiona mason and donna atherton

Coloured photo of the Grade 6 Netball - A3 Team of 1981. Photo taken in library. The girls are wearing yellow t-shirts with a printed emblem and Golden Square printed on them and dark blue skirts. The coach, Gloria Mackay, is dressed in blue. The names of the girls are: Natasha Lister, Anita McLean, Leanne Atherton, Kellie Mackay, Samonne Mathews, Luellen Bowe, Linda Thompson, Andrea Dalrymple, holding a ball, Elizabeth Sheen and Leanne Strauss.education, primary, golden square laurel st p.s., golden square laurel street p.s. collection - photograph - photograph grade 6 netball - a3, gloria mackay, natasha lister, anita mclean, leanne atherton, kellie mackay, samonne mathews, luellen bowe, linda thompson, andrea dalrymple, elizabeth sheen, leanne strauss

This photograph is a print from an original painting by the Australian marine artist A V Gregory (1867-1957), also known as Arthur Victor Gregory. Gregory lived and worked in South Melbourne. He took over the Gregory Studio owned by his father, George Frederick Gregory, painting actively between 1899 and 1932. He usually signed his works as ‘A V Gregory’. Some of his original works have been sold for thousands of dollars. The four-masted iron barque 'Rowena' was built in 1883 by Barclay, Curle & Co. of Glasgow as the 'Cluny Castle', and renamed about 1890 as 'Rowena' by owners Rowena Ship Co.. After consequent owners, the ship was converted to a hulk in 1922 at Port Adelaide. The detailed image of the vessel depicted in this print shows one of the many sail and steam vessels painted by the renowned Victorian marine artist A V Gregory, whose original works are highly valued today by marine collectors.Photograph of a print, black and white, mounted onto card. It depicts the four-masted iron barque ship 'Rowena', originally named 'Cluny Castle'. The original painting was by marine artist A V Gregory.Painted on bow "ROWENA"flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, photograph, photograph of rowena, gregory, cluny castle, a v gregory, rowena, iron baque, rowena ship co., barclay, curle & co, glasgow

Sunshine Aerial Photograph 1972sunshine aerial club, aerial, photograph photograph

Sunshine Aerial Photograph 9th January 1968sunshine aerial club, aerial, photograph photograph

This is part of a collection which was donated by Chaplain-General John Aloysius Morgan (351016) who served with the Royal Australian Army Chaplains Department. He served as a Military Vicar of the Australian Defence Force. He was awarded The Companion of the Order of Australia (AOM) in 1976.A small black and white passport photograph of John Aloysius Morganchaplain-general john aloysius morgan, 351016, royal australian army chaplains department, the companion of the order of australia, oam, passport photograph, photograph, chaplain, morgan, vicar, military vicar

This 1991 group photograph of Grade 5/6 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School provides a vivid snapshot of suburban school life in Melbourne during a time of notable social and urban transformation. Established in 1959, Jacana Primary served as a vital educational and community hub until its closure in the early 2000s. More than a place of learning, the school fostered a strong sense of identity, belonging, and shared experience among its students and staff. The image reflects the school’s commitment to nurturing inclusive and supportive environments for young learners. It also subtly documents the growing cultural diversity of Jacana in the late 20th century, as suburban development brought together families from a wide range of backgrounds. As part of the school’s visual archive, this photograph contributes to a broader understanding of how public education helped shape community identity, promote social cohesion, and influence the lives of generations of children and families.This 1991 class photograph of Grade 5/6 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School is a historically significant artifact that captures a moment in time within a vibrant and evolving suburban community. Taken during a period of considerable social and urban change in Melbourne’s northern suburbs, the image reflects the school’s enduring role as a centre of education, inclusion, and community connection. Jacana Primary School, established in 1959 and closed in the early 2000s, was more than an academic institution—it was a place where children from diverse backgrounds came together, forming lasting relationships and shared memories. The photograph documents the increasing cultural diversity of the Jacana area in the late 20th century, offering insight into how public schools adapted to and reflected broader societal shifts. As part of the school’s visual archive, this image contributes to the historical narrative of public education in Victoria. It highlights the importance of schools as social anchors, fostering identity, cohesion, and continuity across generations. Its preservation ensures that the legacy of Jacana Primary School—and the community it served—remains visible and valued. Colour Photograph on Satin PaperBack: Top Left Corner: (Blue Label): PH-5500, Centre (in pencil) jacana primary school, education, photograph, group photograph, class photograph, andrew martins, karen marks, gunduz tabag, jayson sharman, jodi carroll, freda nguyen, houssein houssein, ross coats, andrew jenkins, debbie miller, tien huynh, lisa schewtschuk, alan stewart, salina leung, carrie lewis, brett chapman, peita anderson, danny borland, belinda norman, rebecca horton, mark layton, vicki bell, nahed elwohamed, shar-rena fitzgerald, mr. b. o'dea, mr. g. payne, grade 5/6p, 1991

This 1996 class photo of students and their teachers at Jacana Primary School offers a vivid glimpse into suburban school life in Melbourne during a period of significant social and urban change. Founded in 1959, Jacana Primary played a central role in the community, serving as both an educational institution and a gathering place until its closure in the early 2000s. It was more than just a school—it was a space where students and staff built a strong sense of identity, connection, and shared experience. The photograph highlights the school’s dedication to creating an inclusive and nurturing environment for young learners. It also quietly captures the increasing cultural diversity of Jacana in the late 20th century, as suburban expansion brought together families from varied backgrounds. As part of the school’s visual history, this image helps illustrate how public education contributed to shaping community identity, fostering social cohesion, and influencing the lives of generations of children and their families.This 1996 class photograph from Jacana Primary School holds historical, social, and cultural significance as a visual record of suburban education in Melbourne during a time of dynamic transformation. Capturing students and their teacher, the image reflects the school’s role as a cornerstone of community life from its founding in 1959 until its closure in the early 2000s. The photograph is a testament to the inclusive and supportive learning environment fostered at Jacana Primary, illustrating the school’s commitment to nurturing young minds and promoting a sense of belonging. It also serves as a subtle yet powerful document of the increasing cultural diversity in Melbourne’s northern suburbs, shaped by post-war migration and urban development. As part of the school’s visual archive, this image contributes to a broader understanding of how public education helped shape local identity, foster social cohesion, and influence the lives of generations of children and families. It stands as a meaningful artifact of community memory and educational heritage.Colour Photograph mounted on white card, and laminatedBack: Top Left Corner: (Blue Label): PH-1221jacana primary school, education, photograph, group photograph, class photograph, 1996

This 1981 photograph of Grade 2 and 3 students from Room 12 at Jacana Primary School offers a valuable glimpse into the everyday life of primary education in Melbourne’s northern suburbs during a period of suburban growth and demographic transformation. Founded in 1959, Jacana Primary School served the local community for over four decades, providing not only academic instruction but also a vital space for social development and community connection. The image reflects the school’s dedication to creating a nurturing and inclusive environment for young learners in their early years of schooling. It also illustrates the cultural diversity and changing social landscape of Jacana in the late 20th century. As part of the school’s visual archive, this photograph contributes to a broader understanding of how public education supported community cohesion, shaped local identity, and played a formative role in the lives of children and families across generations.The 1981 photograph of Grade 2 and 3 students in Room 12 at Jacana Primary School is a historically significant artefact that captures the everyday realities of early primary education during a period of growth and change in Melbourne’s northern suburbs. It reflects the school’s commitment to providing a nurturing and inclusive learning environment for young children, many of whom came from diverse cultural backgrounds. This image offers insight into the social and educational atmosphere of the early 1980s, including classroom dynamics, fashion, and the evolving demographic character of the Jacana community. As part of the visual legacy of a now-closed institution, the photograph preserves the memory of a school that played a vital role in shaping childhood experiences and fostering community identity across generations.Colour Photograph on Matte Paper, with white borderBack, Top Left Corner: (White label): PH-5009/ (Blue Label): PH-5596 Centre (in pencil) J.P.S., Manufacturers Mark; this paper/Manufactured/ by Kodakjacana primary school, education, photograph, group photograph, class photograph, grade 2 and 3, room 12, 1981

The Hamilton-Smith collection was donated by the children of Grace Mary Hamilton-Smith nee Ellwood (1911-2004) and John Hamilton-Smith (1909-1984) who settled in Wodonga in the 1940s. The Ellwood family had lived in north-east Victoria since the late 1800s. Grace’s mother, Rosina Ellwood nee Smale, was the first teacher at Baranduda in 1888, and a foundation member of the C.W.A. Rosina and her husband Mark retired to Wodonga in 1934. Grace and John married at St. David’s Church, Albury in 1941. John was a grazier, and actively involved in Agricultural Societies. The collection contains significant items which reflect the local history of Wodonga, including handmade needlework, books, photographs, a wedding dress, maps, and material relating to the world wars. This item has well documented provenance and a known owner. It forms part of a significant and representative historical collection which reflects the local history of Wodonga. It contributes to our understanding of social and family life in early twentieth century Wodonga, as well as providing interpretative capacity for themes including local history and social history.Grey paper photograph album, front covered embossed with a floral motif. photo, photograph, family photograph, albumm, photograph album, hamilton-smith, wodonga, ellwood

This 1979 group photograph of Grade Prep and Grade 1 students with their teacher at Jacana Primary School offers a valuable glimpse into the early years of education in Melbourne’s northern suburbs during a time of significant suburban development and cultural change. Established in 1959, Jacana Primary served the local community for over four decades, providing not only academic instruction but also a space for social interaction, inclusion, and community building. The image reflects the school’s commitment to nurturing young learners in a supportive and diverse environment. It also illustrates the demographic shifts occurring in Jacana during the late 20th century, as families from varied backgrounds settled in the area. As part of the school’s visual archive, this photograph contributes to a broader understanding of how public education shaped local identity, fostered community cohesion, and supported the development of children during their formative years.This 1979 group photograph of Grade Prep and Grade 1 students with their teacher at Jacana Primary School is a historically significant artifact that captures the early stages of formal education in Melbourne’s northern suburbs during a time of suburban growth and social transformation. Established in 1959, Jacana Primary served as a vital educational and community institution for over four decades, fostering learning, connection, and a shared sense of identity among local families. The image reflects the school’s foundational values—nurturing, inclusivity, and belonging—through its depiction of young learners at the beginning of their educational journey. It also offers insight into the cultural and demographic diversity of Jacana in the late 20th century, highlighting the role of public schools in supporting social cohesion and community development. As part of Jacana Primary’s visual legacy, this photograph stands as a testament to the enduring impact of early education and the school’s contribution to shaping generations of students and strengthening community bonds.Colour Photograph on Matte Paper, with white borderBack, Top Left Corner: (White label): PH-5008/ (Blue Label): PH-5595, Centre (in pencil) J.P.S., Manufacturers Mark; this paper/Manufactured/ by Kodakjacana primary school, education, photograph, group photograph, 1979, class photograph, grade prep & 1

This 1979 group photograph of Grade 2 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School offers a meaningful glimpse into the everyday experiences of primary education in Melbourne’s northern suburbs during a time of suburban expansion and demographic change. Established in 1959, Jacana Primary served the local community for over 40 years, providing not only academic instruction but also a vital space for social connection and community identity. The image reflects the school’s commitment to fostering a nurturing and inclusive environment for young learners in their early years of schooling. It also highlights the cultural diversity and evolving social fabric of Jacana in the late 20th century. As part of the school’s visual archive, this photograph contributes to a broader understanding of how public education supported community cohesion, shaped local identity, and played a formative role in the lives of children and families across generations.This 1979 group photograph of Grade 2 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School is a historically significant artifact that captures a formative moment in the educational and social life of Melbourne’s northern suburbs. Established in 1959, Jacana Primary operated for over four decades, serving as a key institution in the local community until its closure in the early 2000s. The photograph reflects the school’s enduring commitment to nurturing young learners in an inclusive and supportive environment. It also offers insight into the cultural and demographic landscape of Jacana during a period of suburban growth and transformation. As part of the school’s visual legacy, this image documents the everyday experiences of students and highlights the role of public education in fostering community identity, cohesion, and continuity across generations.Colour Photograph on Matte Paper, with white borderBack, Top Left Corner: (White label): PH-5009/ (Blue Label): PH-5596 Centre (in pencil) J.P.S., Manufacturers Mark; this paper/Manufactured/ by Kodakjacana primary school, education, photograph, group photograph, 1979, class photograph, grade 2

This 1979 group photograph of Grade 6 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School offers a valuable window into the everyday rhythms of school life in Melbourne’s northern suburbs during a time of notable social and urban transformation. Established in 1959, Jacana Primary served as a key educational and social institution until its closure in the early 2000s. Beyond its academic role, the school fostered a strong sense of place, belonging, and shared experience among its students and staff. The image reflects Jacana Primary’s commitment to creating inclusive and supportive learning environments. It also subtly documents the growing cultural diversity of the Jacana area in the late 20th century, as suburban development brought together families from a range of backgrounds. As part of the school’s visual archive, this photograph contributes to a broader understanding of how public schools helped shape community identity, promote social cohesion, and influence the lives of generations of children and families.This 1979 group photograph of Grade 6 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School is a historically significant artifact that documents the educational and social landscape of Melbourne’s northern suburbs during a period of rapid urban and demographic change. As a visual record of a public school community, the image reflects the values, diversity, and everyday experiences of students and educators in the late 20th century. Jacana Primary School, established in 1959 and closed in the early 2000s, played a foundational role in shaping the identity and cohesion of the Jacana community. The photograph captures not only the individuals present but also the inclusive and supportive environment that the school fostered. It offers insight into the evolving cultural fabric of the suburb, as families from varied backgrounds came together through shared educational experiences. The image is significant for its contribution to understanding how public schools functioned as social anchors—promoting belonging, continuity, and collective memory. It serves as a testament to the enduring impact of local education on community development and the lives of generations of children and families.Colour Photograph on Matte Paper, with white borderBack: Top Left Corner: (White label): PH-5012/ (Blue Label): PH-5599, Centre (in pencil) J.P.S., Manufacturers Mark; this paper/Manufactured/ by kodakjacana primary school, education, photograph, group photograph, 1979, class photograph, grade 6

This 1979 group photograph of Grade 5 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School offers a compelling glimpse into the everyday life of a suburban Melbourne school during a time of significant social and urban evolution. Founded in 1959, Jacana Primary was a cornerstone of the local community until its closure in the early 2000s, providing not only education but also a strong sense of identity, belonging, and shared experience. The photograph illustrates the school’s dedication to fostering inclusive and supportive learning environments. It also subtly reflects the increasing cultural diversity of Jacana in the late 20th century, as suburban expansion brought together families from a variety of backgrounds. As part of the school’s visual archive, this image contributes to a broader understanding of how public education helped shape community identity, encouraged social cohesion, and played a formative role in the lives of generations of children and families.This 1979 class photograph of Grade 5 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School is a historically significant visual record that captures the essence of suburban school life in Melbourne during a period of social and demographic transformation. The image reflects the role of Jacana Primary—established in 1959 and closed in the early 2000s—as a central institution in the community, offering not only education but also a sense of belonging and continuity for local families. The photograph is particularly valuable for its documentation of the cultural diversity emerging in Jacana during the late 20th century, as urban expansion brought together families from varied backgrounds. It illustrates the inclusive and supportive environment fostered by the school, and serves as a testament to the broader role of public education in shaping community identity and promoting social cohesion. As part of Jacana Primary’s visual archive, this image contributes to the collective memory of the school and its impact on generations of students. It holds enduring significance for understanding how schools functioned as social anchors in suburban Melbourne, and how they helped cultivate shared experiences that extended beyond the classroom. Colour Photograph on Matte Paper, with white borderBack: Top Left Corner: (White label): PH-5011/ (Blue Label): PH-5598, Centre (in pencil) J.P.S., Manufacturers Mark; this paper/Manufactured/ by kodakjacana primary school, education, photograph, group photograph, 1979, class photograph, grade 5

This 1979 group photograph of Grade 3 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School provides a valuable insight into the everyday experiences of school life in Melbourne’s northern suburbs during a period of significant social and urban change. Established in 1959, Jacana Primary played a central role in the local community, serving as both an educational institution and a hub for social connection until its closure in the early 2000s. The image illustrates the school’s emphasis on inclusive and supportive learning environments and subtly reflects the increasing cultural diversity of the Jacana area in the late 20th century, as suburban expansion brought together families from varied backgrounds. As part of the school’s visual archive, this photograph contributes to a broader understanding of how public education shaped community identity, fostered social cohesion, and influenced the lives of generations of children and families in Melbourne’s outer suburbs.This 1979 group photograph of Grade 3 students and their teacher at Jacana Primary School is a historically significant visual record that captures the educational and social character of Melbourne’s northern suburbs during a time of rapid urban expansion and demographic change. As a representation of a public school community, the image reflects the values, diversity, and everyday experiences of students and educators in late 20th-century Australia. Jacana Primary School, established in 1959 and operating until its closure in the early 2000s, played a vital role in shaping the identity and cohesion of the local community. The photograph documents not only the individuals present but also the inclusive and supportive environment fostered by the school. It offers insight into the evolving cultural landscape of Jacana, where families from diverse backgrounds came together through shared educational experiences. This image is significant for its contribution to understanding how public schools functioned as social anchors—promoting belonging, continuity, and collective memory. It stands as a testament to the enduring impact of local education on community development and the lives of generations of children and families.Colour Photograph on Matte Paper, with white borderBack: Top Left Corner: (White label): PH-5012/ (Blue Label): PH-5599, Centre (in pencil) J.P.S., Manufacturers Mark; this paper/Manufactured/ by kodakjacana primary school, education, photograph, group photograph, 1979, class photograph, grade

A photo of a bluestone and timber bridge across the Deep Creek at Lighthouse Creek. There is a man standing on the bridge. The photographer, Alfred Sinel, is listed in the 1874 rate book.A sepia mounted photograph of a bridge at Lighthouse Gully in Deep Creek.written in ink bottom centre: "Bridge at Lighthouse Gully" / Deep Creek. written LH corner of photograph: Photographed by A. Sinelbridges, sunbury, men, clothing and dress, sinel, alfred, photographers, lighthouse gully, deep creek, shire of bulla, george evans collection

'Whose Ethics?':Codifying and enacting ethics in research settings Bringing ethics up to date? A review of the AIATSIS ethical guidelines Michael Davis (Independent Academic) A revision of the AIATSIS Guidelines for Ethical Research in Indigenous Studies was carried out during 2009-10. The purpose of the revision was to bring the Guidelines up to date in light of a range of critical developments that have occurred in Indigenous rights, research and knowledge management since the previous version of the Guidelines was released in 2000. In this paper I present an outline of these developments, and briefly discuss the review process. I argue that the review, and the developments that it responded to, have highlighted that ethical research needs to be thought about more as a type of behaviour and practice between engaged participants, and less as an institutionalised, document-focused and prescriptive approach. The arrogance of ethnography: Managing anthropological research knowledge Sarah Holcombe (ANU) The ethnographic method is a core feature of anthropological practice. This locally intensive research enables insight into local praxis and culturally relative practices that would otherwise not be possible. Indeed, empathetic engagement is only possible in this close and intimate encounter. However, this paper argues that this method can also provide the practitioner with a false sense of his or her own knowing and expertise and, indeed, with arrogance. And the boundaries between the anthropologist as knowledge sink - cultural translator and interpreter - and the knowledge of the local knowledge owners can become opaque. Globalisation and the knowledge ?commons?, exemplified by Google, also highlight the increasing complexities in this area of the governance and ownership of knowledge. Our stronghold of working in remote areas and/or with marginalised groups places us at the forefront of negotiating the multiple new technological knowledge spaces that are opening up in the form of Indigenous websites and knowledge centres in these areas. Anthropology is not immune from the increasing awareness of the limitations and risks of the intellectual property regime for protecting or managing Indigenous knowledge. The relevance of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in opening up a ?rights-based? discourse, especially in the area of knowledge ownership, brings these issues to the fore. For anthropology to remain relevant, we have to engage locally with these global discourses. This paper begins to traverse some of this ground. Protocols: Devices for translating moralities, controlling knowledge and defining actors in Indigenous research, and critical ethical reflection Margaret Raven (Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy (ISTP), Murdoch University) Protocols are devices that act to assist with ethical research behaviour in Indigenous research contexts. Protocols also attempt to play a mediating role in the power and control inherent in research. While the development of bureaucratically derived protocols is on the increase, critiques and review of protocols have been undertaken in an ad hoc manner and in the absence of an overarching ethical framework or standard. Additionally, actors implicated in research networks are seldom theorised. This paper sketches out a typology of research characters and the different moral positioning that each of them plays in the research game. It argues that by understanding the ways actors enact research protocols we are better able to understand what protocols are, and how they seek to build ethical research practices. Ethics and research: Dilemmas raised in managing research collections of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander materials Grace Koch (AIATSIS) This paper examines some of the ethical dilemmas for the proper management of research collections of Indigenous cultural materials, concentrating upon the use of such material for Native Title purposes. It refers directly to a number of points in the draft of the revised AIATSIS Guidelines for Ethical Research in Indigenous Studies and draws upon both actual and hypothetical examples of issues that may arise when requests are made for Indigenous material. Specific concerns about ethical practices in collecting data and the subsequent control of access to both the data itself and to published works based upon it are raised within the context of several types of collections, including those held by AIATSIS and by Native Title Representative Bodies. Ethics or social justice? Heritage and the politics of recognition Laurajane Smith (ANU) Nancy Fraser?s model of the politics of recognition is used to examine how ethical practices are interconnected with wider struggles for recognition and social justice. This paper focuses on the concept of 'heritage' and the way it is often uncritically linked to 'identity' to illustrate how expert knowledge can become implicated in struggles for recognition. The consequences of this for ethical practice and for rethinking the role of expertise, professional discourses and disciplinary identity are discussed. The ethics of teaching from country Michael Christie (CDU), with the assistance of Yi?iya Guyula, Kathy Gotha and Dh�?gal Gurruwiwi The 'Teaching from Country' program provided the opportunity and the funding for Yol?u (north-east Arnhem Land Aboriginal) knowledge authorities to participate actively in the academic teaching of their languages and cultures from their remote homeland centres using new digital technologies. As two knowledge systems and their practices came to work together, so too did two divergent epistemologies and metaphysics, and challenges to our understandings of our ethical behaviour. This paper uses an examination of the philosophical and pedagogical work of the Yol?u Elders and their students to reflect upon ethical teaching and research in postcolonial knowledge practices. Closing the gaps in and through Indigenous health research: Guidelines, processes and practices Pat Dudgeon (UWA), Kerrie Kelly (Australian Indigenous Psychologists Association) and Roz Walker (UWA) Research in Aboriginal contexts remains a vexed issue given the ongoing inequities and injustices in Indigenous health. It is widely accepted that good research providing a sound evidence base is critical to closing the gap in Aboriginal health and wellbeing outcomes. However, key contemporary research issues still remain regarding how that research is prioritised, carried out, disseminated and translated so that Aboriginal people are the main beneficiaries of the research in every sense. It is widely acknowledged that, historically, research on Indigenous groups by non-Indigenous researchers has benefited the careers and reputations of researchers, often with little benefit and considerably more harm for Indigenous peoples in Australia and internationally. This paper argues that genuine collaborative and equal partnerships in Indigenous health research are critical to enable Aboriginal and Torres Islander people to determine the solutions to close the gap on many contemporary health issues. It suggests that greater recognition of research methodologies, such as community participatory action research, is necessary to ensure that Aboriginal people have control of, or significant input into, determining the Indigenous health research agenda at all levels. This can occur at a national level, such as through the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Road Map on Indigenous research priorities (RAWG 2002), and at a local level through the development of structural mechanisms and processes, including research ethics committees? research protocols to hold researchers accountable to the NHMRC ethical guidelines and values which recognise Indigenous culture in all aspects of research. Researching on Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar: Methodologies for positive transformation Steve Hemming (Flinders University) , Daryle Rigney (Flinders University) and Shaun Berg (Berg Lawyers) Ngarrindjeri engagement with cultural and natural resource management over the past decade provides a useful case study for examining the relationship between research, colonialism and improved Indigenous wellbeing. The Ngarrindjeri nation is located in south-eastern Australia, a ?white? space framed by Aboriginalist myths of cultural extinction recycled through burgeoning heritage, Native Title, natural resource management ?industries?. Research is a central element of this network of intrusive interests and colonising practices. Government management regimes such as natural resource management draw upon the research and business sectors to form complex alliances to access funds to support their research, monitoring, policy development, management and on-ground works programs. We argue that understanding the political and ethical location of research in this contemporary management landscape is crucial to any assessment of the potential positive contribution of research to 'Bridging the Gap' or improving Indigenous wellbeing. Recognition that research conducted on Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar (country/body/spirit) has impacts on Ngarrindjeri and that Ngarrindjeri have a right and responsibility to care for their lands and waters are important platforms for any just or ethical research. Ngarrindjeri have linked these rights and responsibilities to long-term community development focused on Ngarrindjeri capacity building and shifts in Ngarrindjeri power in programs designed to research and manage Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar. Research agreements that protect Ngarrindjeri interests, including cultural knowledge and intellectual property, are crucial elements in these shifts in power. A preliminary review of ethics resources, with particular focus on those available online from Indigenous organisations in WA, NT and Qld Sarah Holcombe (ANU) and Natalia Gould (La Trobe University) In light of a growing interest in Indigenous knowledge, this preliminary review maps the forms and contents of some existing resources and processes currently available and under development in the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia, along with those enacted through several cross-jurisdictional initiatives. A significant majority of ethics resources have been developed in response to a growing interest in the application of Indigenous knowledge in land and natural resource management. The aim of these resources is to ?manage? (i.e. protect and maintain) Indigenous knowledge by ensuring ethical engagement with the knowledge holders. Case studies are drawn on from each jurisdiction to illustrate both the diversity and commonality in the approach to managing this intercultural engagement. Such resources include protocols, guidelines, memorandums of understanding, research agreements and strategic plans. In conducting this review we encourage greater awareness of the range of approaches in practice and under development today, while emphasising that systematic, localised processes for establishing these mechanisms is of fundamental importance to ensuring equitable collaboration. Likewise, making available a range of ethics tools and resources also enables the sharing of the local and regional initiatives in this very dynamic area of Indigenous knowledge rights.b&w photographs, colour photographsngarrindjeri, ethics, ethnography, indigenous research, social justice, indigenous health

We don?t leave our identities at the city limits: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in urban localities Bronwyn Fredericks Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who live in cities and towns are often thought of as ?less Indigenous? than those who live ?in the bush?, as though they are ?fake? Aboriginal people ? while ?real? Aboriginal people live ?on communities? and ?real? Torres Strait Islander people live ?on islands?. Yet more than 70 percent of Australia?s Indigenous peoples live in urban locations (ABS 2007), and urban living is just as much part of a reality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as living in remote discrete communities. This paper examines the contradictions and struggles that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experience when living in urban environments. It looks at the symbols of place and space on display in the Australian cities of Melbourne and Brisbane to demonstrate how prevailing social, political and economic values are displayed. Symbols of place and space are never neutral, and this paper argues that they can either marginalise and oppress urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, or demonstrate that they are included and engaged. Juggling with pronouns: Racist discourse in spoken interaction on the radio Di Roy While the discourse of deficit with regard to Australian Indigenous health and wellbeing has been well documented in print media and through images on film and on television, radio talk concerning this discourse remains underresearched. This paper interrogates the power of an interactive news interview, aired on the Radio National Breakfast program on ABC Radio in 2011, to maintain and reproduce the discourse of deficit, despite the best intentions of the interview participants. Using a conversation-analytical approach, and membership categorisation analysis in particular, this paper interrogates the spoken interaction between a well-known radio interviewer and a respected medical researcher into Indigenous eye health. It demonstrates the recreation of a discourse emanating from longstanding hegemonies between mainstream and Indigenous Australians. Analysis of firstperson pronoun use shows the ongoing negotiation of social category boundaries and construction of moral identities through ascriptions to category members, upon which the intelligibility of the interview for the listening audience depended. The findings from analysis support claims in a considerable body of whiteness studies literature, the main themes of which include the pervasiveness of a racist discourse in Australian media and society, the power of invisible assumptions, and the importance of naming and exposing them. Changes in Pitjantjatjara mourning and burial practices Bill Edwards, University of South Australia This paper is based on observations over a period of more than five decades of changes in Pitjantjatjara burial practices from traditional practices to the introduction of Christian services and cemeteries. Missions have been criticised for enforcing such changes. However, in this instance, the changes were implemented by the Aboriginal people themselves. Following brief outlines of Pitjantjatjara traditional life, including burial practices, and of the establishment of Ernabella Mission in 1937 and its policy of respect for Pitjantjatjara cultural practices and language, the history of these changes which commenced in 1973 are recorded. Previously, deceased bodies were interred according to traditional rites. However, as these practices were increasingly at odds with some of the features of contemporary social, economic and political life, two men who had lost close family members initiated church funeral services and established a cemetery. These practices soon spread to most Pitjantjatjara communities in a manner which illustrates the model of change outlined by Everett Rogers (1962) in Diffusion of Innovations. Reference is made to four more recent funerals to show how these events have been elaborated and have become major social occasions. The world from Malarrak: Depictions of South-east Asian and European subjects in rock art from the Wellington Range, Australia Sally K May, Paul SC Ta�on, Alistair Paterson, Meg Travers This paper investigates contact histories in northern Australia through an analysis of recent rock paintings. Around Australia Aboriginal artists have produced a unique record of their experiences of contact since the earliest encounters with South-east Asian and, later, European visitors and settlers. This rock art archive provides irreplaceable contemporary accounts of Aboriginal attitudes towards, and engagement with, foreigners on their shores. Since 2008 our team has been working to document contact period rock art in north-western and western Arnhem Land. This paper focuses on findings from a site complex known as Malarrak. It includes the most thorough analysis of contact rock art yet undertaken in this area and questions previous interpretations of subject matter and the relationship of particular paintings to historic events. Contact period rock art from Malarrak presents us with an illustrated history of international relationships in this isolated part of the world. It not only reflects the material changes brought about by outside cultural groups but also highlights the active role Aboriginal communities took in responding to these circumstances. Addressing the Arrernte: FJ Gillen?s 1896 Engwura speech Jason Gibson, Australian National University This paper analyses a speech delivered by Francis James Gillen during the opening stages of what is now regarded as one of the most significant ethnographic recording events in Australian history. Gillen?s ?speech? at the 1896 Engwura festival provides a unique insight into the complex personal relationships that early anthropologists had with Aboriginal people. This recently unearthed text, recorded by Walter Baldwin Spencer in his field notebook, demonstrates how Gillen and Spencer sought to establish the parameters of their anthropological enquiry in ways that involved both Arrernte agency and kinship while at the same time invoking the hierarchies of colonial anthropology in Australia. By examining the content of the speech, as it was written down by Spencer, we are also able to reassesses the importance of Gillen to the ethnographic ambitions of the Spencer/Gillen collaboration. The incorporation of fundamental Arrernte concepts and the use of Arrernte words to convey the purpose of their 1896 fieldwork suggest a degree of Arrernte involvement and consent not revealed before. The paper concludes with a discussion of the outcomes of the Engwura festival and the subsequent publication of The Native Tribes of Central Australia within the context of a broader set of relationships that helped to define the emergent field of Australian anthropology at the close of the nineteenth century. One size doesn?t fit all: Experiences of family members of Indigenous gamblers Louise Holdsworth, Helen Breen, Nerilee Hing and Ashley Gordon Centre for Gambling Education and Research, Southern Cross University This study explores help-seeking and help-provision by family members of Indigenous people experiencing gambling problems, a topic that previously has been ignored. Data are analysed from face-to-face interviews with 11 family members of Indigenous Australians who gamble regularly. The results confirm that substantial barriers are faced by Indigenous Australians in accessing formal help services and programs, whether for themselves or a loved one. Informal help from family and friends appears more common. In this study, this informal help includes emotional care, practical support and various forms of ?tough love?. However, these measures are mostly in vain. Participants emphasise that ?one size doesn?t fit all? when it comes to avenues of gambling help for Indigenous peoples. Efforts are needed to identify how Indigenous families and extended families can best provide social and practical support to assist their loved ones to acknowledge and address gambling problems. Western Australia?s Aboriginal heritage regime: Critiques of culture, ethnography, procedure and political economy Nicholas Herriman, La Trobe University Western Australia?s Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA) and the de facto arrangements that have arisen from it constitute a large part of the Aboriginal ?heritage regime? in that state. Although designed ostensibly to protect Aboriginal heritage, the heritage regime has been subjected to various scholarly critiques. Indeed, there is a widespread perception of a need to reform the Act. But on what basis could this proceed? Here I offer an analysis of these critiques, grouped according to their focus on political economy, procedure, ethnography and culture. I outline problems surrounding the first three criticisms and then discuss two versions of the cultural critique. I argue that an extreme version of this criticism is weak and inconsistent with the other three critiques. I conclude that there is room for optimism by pointing to ways in which the heritage regime could provide more beneficial outcomes for Aboriginal people. Read With Me Everyday: Community engagement and English literacy outcomes at Erambie Mission (research report) Lawrence Bamblett Since 2009 Lawrie Bamblett has been working with his community at Erambie Mission on a literacy project called Read With Me. The programs - three have been carried out over the past four years - encourage parents to actively engage with their children?s learning through reading workshops, social media, and the writing and publication of their own stories. Lawrie attributes much of the project?s extraordinary success to the intrinsic character of the Erambie community, not least of which is their communal approach to living and sense of shared responsibility. The forgotten Yuendumu Men?s Museum murals: Shedding new light on the progenitors of the Western Desert Art Movement (research report) Bethune Carmichael and Apolline Kohen In the history of the Western Desert Art Movement, the Papunya School murals are widely acclaimed as the movement?s progenitors. However, in another community, Yuendumu, some 150 kilometres from Papunya, a seminal museum project took place prior to the completion of the Papunya School murals and the production of the first Papunya boards. The Warlpiri men at Yuendumu undertook a ground-breaking project between 1969 and 1971 to build a men?s museum that would not only house ceremonial and traditional artefacts but would also be adorned with murals depicting the Dreamings of each of the Warlpiri groups that had recently settled at Yuendumu. While the murals at Papunya are lost, those at Yuendumu have, against all odds, survived. Having been all but forgotten, this unprecedented cultural and artistic endeavour is only now being fully appreciated. Through the story of the genesis and construction of the Yuendumu Men?s Museum and its extensive murals, this paper demonstrates that the Yuendumu murals significantly contributed to the early development of the Western Desert Art Movement. It is time to acknowledge the role of Warlpiri artists in the history of the movement.b&w photographs, colour photographsracism, media, radio, pitjantjatjara, malarrak, wellington range, rock art, arrernte, fj gillen, engwura, indigenous gambling, ethnography, literacy, erambie mission, yuendumu mens museum, western desert art movement

A short guide to the history, lives and culture of the First Australians, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.b&w photographs, colour photographsmoieties, reconciliation, land rights, mabo

A pictorial anthology of Indigenous Australia from 1847-2008. Published to coincide with the first anniversary of the Apology to the Stolen Generations, this title is a stunning and emotive record of the first Australians. All proceeds from the sale going to the Jimmy Little Foundation.b&w photographs, colour photographs