The Lal Lal Blast Furnace ruins is the only one from the nineteenth century remaining in Australia and represents the only attempt to smelt iron ore in VictoriaThe Lal Lal Iron Mining Company was formed in 1874 and reached its peak in 1884 when 160 men were employed View of interior of Lal Lal Blast FurnaceInside the Lal Lal Blast Furnace 1991lal lal, blast furnace, iron ore smelting, industrial history, mining

Colour photographs of the Lal Lal Blast Furnace near Ballarat.lal lal blast furnace, lal lal

detail of historic buildingB/W Photograph, Lal Lal Blast Furnace, exterior in 1977buninyong, lal lal, blast furnace

detail of historic buildingB/W Photograph, Lal Lal Blast Furnace, interior, in 1977buninyong, lal lal, blast furnace

This particular specimen was recovered from the Lal Lal Coal and Iron Mine in Victoria, 19km from Ballarat. Brown Coal was discovered here in 1857, just alongside the Geelong to Ballarat Railway line. This discovery of lignite (brown coal) was the first in Victoria, which would bring important benefits to the region and state, both of which had previously been reliant on coal imports. In the 1860s, iron ore was found just 5km from Lal Lal, and the area was converted into an Iron Ore Mine. The Lal Lal Iron Mining Company took over operations in 1874, who then peaked iron production in 1884. This mine continued operations until June 1884, when the blast furnace was extinguished and never recommenced. The blast furnace at Lal Lal is considered one of the most important and highly significant sites ion early industrial history in Australia, as it is the only remaining best furnace from the nineteenth century in the Southern Hemisphere. The furnace ruins are 17 metres high, and are clearly visible today on Iron Mine Road, Lal Lal, near the Bungal Dam. This specimen of Lignite (brown coal) is significant, as it was mined from the area where brown coal was first discovered in Victoria, leading to an important and controversial future of the mining and use of brown coal in this State. The Victorian Heritage Database has listed the Lal Lal Coal Mine with local significance, with their Statement of Significance stating: "The Lal Lal coal mine is historically significant as the site of the first discovery of lignite (brown coal) in Victoria, and one that promised important benefits to regional and state industries that were reliant on coal imports at the time. The significance of the stie is reduced by the poor state of preservation of the coal mining and processing fabric". This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.A hand-sized light-weight, soft and combustable sedimentary rock specimen, that is dark brown in colour. The specimen has jagged edges, as though parts of the rock have crumbled away. Brown coal, or Lignite, is formed naturally from compressed peat, and is typically found in natural basins. The stages to the formation of coal ('coalification') begin with plant material and wood, which will decay if it is not subjected to deep burial or heating, and turn into Peat. Peat, when sufficiently compressed naturally, will turn into Brown Coal (Lignite), and finally into Black Coal (sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite). Each successive stage has a higher energy content and lower water content. It is brownish-black in colour. Brown Coal has a high moisture content, between 50 and 75 percent, and a low carbon content. Some Brown Coals may be stratified, with layers of plant matter, which means little coalification has occurred beyond the peat natural processing stage. When Brown Coal is submerged in dilute nitric acid or boiling potassium hydroxide solution, it reacts to produce a reddish solution, of which higher-ranked coals do not. When brown coal is pulverised and burned in boilers, the steam is used to drive turbines, which generates electricity. It is the lowest rank of coal, as when burned, it creates a relatively low heat content, which in turn does not create a great output of steam. burke museum, beechworth, indigo shire, beechworth museum, geological, geological specimen, mineralogy, brown coal, brown coal specimen, lignite, lal lal, lal lal coal mine, lal lal iron mine, ballarat, blast furnace

At one time Her Majesty's Theatre was known as the Memorial Theatre. When these photos were taken Geoffrey Biddington was highly involved with the Ballarat Branch of the National Trust. Lenaghan of Tourello "Master Dan Lenaghan, eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. R. Lenaghan, of Tourello, has been successful in obtaining a Government scholarship, tenable for four years at St. Patrick's College, Ballarat.(Melbourne Advocate, 02 March 1939) Black folders of Ballarat photographs as follows: .1) Ballarat City Council Logo on Ballarat Botanical Garden Gates .2) Ballarat Railway Station .3) Ballarat Town Hall .4) Ballarat Fire Station, Ballarat East .5) Interior of Ballarat Railway Stations .6) Ballaarat Municipal Libraries Barkly Street Branch, formerly Ballarat East Library .7) Entrance to Ballarat Presbyterian Church? .8) Former Ballarat Baptist Church, Dawson Street .9) Church with small steeple, erected AD 1860 .10) Brick Church with steeple .12) Gates of the former Ballarat Gaol .13) Gates of the former Ballarat Gaol .15) Craig's Hotel, Nominee Brian D. Foley .16) ? .17) Interior of Her Majesty's Theatre, Ballarat .18) Bailey's Mansion, later used as the St John of God Convent .19) Lal Lal Blast Furnace .20) Gates of St Patricks Cathedral Ballarat, looking towards the Cathedral Hall .21) .20) Gates of St Patricks Cathedra, Sturt Street, Ballarat .22) ? .23) Lenaghan's Tourello .24) Ballarat Terrace, c1967 .25) Entrance to Ballarat Terrace, c1967 .26) ? .27) Entrance gate to Novar, Webster Street, Ballarat .28) Interior of Ballarat Railway Station, c1967 .30) Pratt's Warehouse, Camp Street, Ballarat, c1967 .31) Entrance gate to Novar, Webster Street, Ballarat .32) Cast Iron Gate .33) Cast Iron Gate .34) Cast Iron Gate .35) Ballarat New Cemetery Gates .36) Cast Iron Post Cap .37) Cast Iron lamp .38) Cast Iron lamp .39) Ballarat Botanical Gardens Statuary Pavilion .40) 'Flight of Pompeii' statue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens Statuary Pavilion ballarat city council logo on ballarat botanical garden gates, ballarat botanical garden gates, ballarat railway station, ballarat town hall, ballarat fire station, ballarat east, interior of ballarat railway stations, ballaarat municipal libraries barkly street branch, formerly ballarat east library, entrance to ballarat presbyterian church?, former ballarat baptist church, dawson street, church with small steeple, erected ad 1860, brick church with steeple, gates of the former ballarat gaol, craig's hotel, nominee brian d. foley, brian d. foley, interior of her majesty's theatre, ballarat, bailey's mansion, later used as the st john of god convent, lal lal blast furnace, gates of st patricks cathedral ballarat, looking towards the cathedral hall, gates of st patricks cathedral, lenaghan's tourello, ballarat terrace,, entrance to ballarat terrace, entrance gate to novar, webster street, ballarat, interior of ballarat railway station, c1967, pratt's warehouse, camp street, ballarat, c1967, cast iron gate, ballarat new cemetery gates, cast iron post cap, cast iron lamp, ballarat botanical gardens statuary pavilion, 'flight of pompeii' statue, architectural features

When these photos were taken Geoffrey Biddington was highly involved with the Ballarat Branch of the National Trust. At one time Her Majesty's Theatre was known as the Memorial Theatre. Lenaghan of Tourello "Master Dan Lenaghan, eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. R. Lenaghan, of Tourello, has been successful in obtaining a Government scholarship, tenable for four years at St. Patrick's College, Ballarat.(Melbourne Advocate, 02 March 1939) Two Black folders of Ballarat photographs as follows: .1) Interior of Ballarat Railway Station .2) Interior of Ballarat Railway Station .3) Craig's Hotel .4) Craig's Hotel .5) Craig's Hotel .6) Craig's Hotel .7) Ballarat Fine Art Gallery later Art Gallery of Ballarat .8) Cuthberts, corner Lydiard and Mair Streets .9) Golden City Hotel (GCs) .10) Golden City Hotel (GCs) .11) Reid's Coffee Palace .12) Alexandria Tea Rooms, neighbouring Old Colonists' Club, Ballarat, Lydiard Street North .13) ? .14 Caste iron drink fountain, corner of Strurt and Drummond Streets, October 1967 .15) Lal Lal Blast Furnace .16) Ballarat Botanical Garden Gates .17) Ballaarat Old Cemetery Gates .18) Novar gate .19) Ballaarat Old Cemetery Gates .20) ? .21) Webster Street .22) Doveton Street South .23) ? .24) ? .25) .26) .27) Iron hitching Rail .28) Iron hitching Rail .30) Postal Box, Corner or Armstrong Street South and Eyre Street, October 1967 .31) Iron Drinking Fountain in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens .32) Iron Drinking Fountain in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens .33) Killarney, Warrenheip .34) Killarney, Warrenheip .35) Killarney, Warrenheip .36) Killarney, Warrenheip .37) Bailey's Mansion, Drummond Street .38) Bailey's Mansion, Drummond Street .39) Beaufort House .40) Beaufort House .41) ? .42) ? .43) ? .44) ? .45) ? .46) ? .47) ? .48) Lenaghan's Tourello, February 1968 .49) Lenaghan's Tourello, February 1968 .50) ? .51) ? .52) ? .53) ? .54) ? .55) ? .56) ? .57) ? .58) ? .59) ? .70) Her Majesty's Theatre, Lydiard Street .71) Her Majesty's Theatre, Lydiard Street .72) Dana Street Primary School, September 1967 .73) Ballarat School of Mines Administration Building, September 1967 .74) Eureka Street Primary School ? .75) Selkirk Brick Chimney? .76) Grigsby's Foundry, Mair Street, September 1967 .77) Pratt's Warehouse, Camp Street .78) Premises of R. And R.A. Williams, Mair Street, September 1967 .79) City Oval Grandstand, with fire training tower in the background, .80) City Oval Grandstand .81) City Oval Grandstand .82) Smythesdale Post Office, October 1967 .83) Court House Hotel. Smythesdale, October 1967 .84) Smythesdale, October 1967ballarat, buildings, bluestone, iron, architecture, biddington, geoff biddington, railway, old colonists, lal lal blast furnace, beaufort house, her majesty's theatre, craig's hotel, botanical gardens, bailey, cuthbert, lenaghan, tourello, smythesdale post office, court house hotel, smythesdale, smythesdale, alexandria tea rooms, cast iron, eureka street primary school, dana street primary school, ballarat school of mines administration building, grigsby brass founder, foundry, pratt's warehouse, selkirk bricks, grandstand, court house hotel

Large original plan of an engine of the Lal Lal Iron Company. Note, this item is in fragile condition and can only be viewed exceptional circumstance. Digital image details are available "W. Watson Prectical Mechanical Engineer Draughtsman Windermere St Ballaratw. watson, lal lal, lal lal blast furnace, lal lal iron company, steam engine, lal lal iron company steam engine, plan, engineering drawing

Cast iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and poured into molds made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.Black and White Photo by A Doney Bendigo of balustrade in Forest Street next to Wesley ChurchA. Doney Bendigoa doney, forest street

Cast Iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into molds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.A black and white photograph by Alan Doney of the building at 247 View St in Bendigo. The photo shows detail of the wrought iron on the verandah. alan doney, bendigo, wrought iron

Cast Iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into moulds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.A black and white photograph by Alan Doney of the building at 257 View St in Bendigo. The photo shows detail of the wrought iron on the verandah. alan doney, bendigo, wrought iron

Cast Iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into molds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.A black and white photograph by Alan Doney of the building at 22 Valentine St in Bendigo. The photo shows detail of the wrought iron on the verandah. alan doney, bendigo, wrought iron

Cast iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron",iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into moulds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon. A black and white photograph by Alan Doney of 288 View St in Bendigo. The photo shows detail of the wrought iron on the fence. alan doney, bendigo, wrought iron

Cast Iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into moulds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.A black and white photograph by Alan Doney of 159 Forest St in Bendigo. The photo shows detail of the wrought iron on the verandah. alan doney, bendigo, wrought iron

Cast iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into moulds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.Black and White photos by A Doney of House on corner of Mc Kenzie and Short Street Bendigo showing lace ironwork on the balustrade.Photo A Doneyiron lace work, a doney, historical home bendigo

Cast iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into moulds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.A black and white photograph by Alan Doney of Caretakers Residence Cathedral Short Street Bendigo showing detail of the wrought iron on the verandah. A Doney Bendigoalan doney, bendigo, wrought iron, balustrade

Cast iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such factories in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into moulds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.Black and White photos by A Doney of bench seats one showing fern detail and the other leaves and flowers.Photo A Doneyiron lace work, a doney, bench seats

CAst iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron"' iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and poured into moulds usually made with sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.Black and White photo by A Doney of Balustrade on property on the corner of Forest and Barnard Streets Bendigo.A Doney Bendigoalan doney, bendigo, wrought iron, forest street bendigo, barnard street bendigo

Cast Iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into moulds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon. Two black and white photographs by Alan Doney of the Spastic Centre in Don Street, Bendigo. Both photos shows detail of the wrought iron on the verandah. alan doney, bendigo, wrought iron, spastic children's society

Cast Iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and then poured into molds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon. Three black and white photographs by Alan Doney of the residence 'Illira' at 57 Forest St, Bendigo. The first photo shows the front of the residence. The other two photos show detail of the wrought iron on the verandah. alan doney, bendigo, wrought iron, illira bendigo

CAst iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such factories in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys a nd then poured into moulds usually made of sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.A black and white photograph by Alan Doney of Early Nurses House Lucan Street (Bendigo Base Hospital). Now incorporated in portion of present Nurses home A Doney Bendigo - Copyalan doney, bendigo, wrought iron

Cast iron lace was made in foundries in most cities. There were 42 such foundries in Melbourne alone. It was cheaper to make than wrought iron. "Pig iron", iron ore, was melted in a blast furnace, mixed with alloys and poured into moulds usually med from sand. The alloys needed a minimum of 2% carbon.Black and White photo by A Doney of sandblasting iron lace work on unknown property in Bendigo. Two internal photos of door and arch ways. Larger photo of balustrade with verandah pillars in backgroundA Doney Bendigoalan doney, bendigo, wrought iron

Hard covered book of 80 pages with a yellow dust jacket. Many sketches including Armstrong Street, Lydiard Street, Montrose Cottage Eureka Street, Lauderdale, Ballarat Railway Station. Bailey's Mansion, Former Ballarat Gaol, Ballarat Town Hall, Camp Street Police Station. Ballarat East Post Office, Ballarat Synagogue, Lal Lal blast furnace, Sovereign Hill, Mount Buninyong, Dana Street Primary School. non-fictionballarat, buildings, architecture, edward heffernan

Hematite is an iron ore significant for its high iron content (70%) and as being one of the two main iron oxide minerals, the other being magnetite. Hematite has a rating of 5-6 on the Moh's hardness scale and is often found as an accessory mineral in many igneous rocks. (an accessory mineral being "any mineral in an igneous rock not essential to the naming of the rock" - Britannica) Hematite has historically been the mainstay of South Australia’s iron ore production. (Magnetite: South Australia’s potential) Making up the eastern section of the Gawler Rangers, the Middleback Range is a mountain range on the eastern side of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia that has been a source of iron ore (its main commodity in minerals) for over a century. (see https://www.mindat.org/loc-22576.html). "Large reserves of high-grade iron ore were identified in 1890 in the Middleback Range, west of Whyalla. From 1915 these ores were shipped to Newcastle and later to Port Kembla, both in New South Wales. Local production of pig iron began when the first blast furnace was opened at Whyalla in 1941, and construction of an integrated iron and steel plant began there in 1958." (Britannica, South Australia: Resources and power). This area is home to 24 mines/mineral deposits (according to mindat.org, thought the Sarig Map provided by SA gov on their Energy and Mining website indicates significantly more mining leases).This mineral specimen was collected from the Middleback Ranges before the area was identified as holding large reserves of iron ore and being commercially mined and is representative of South Australia's significant and ongoing history of iron ore mining, and its contribution to Australia's steel manufacturing industry of the early 20th century (this specimen being collected in the prelude to these events).A small ferric oxide mineral composition a mid-blue-grey in colour with specks of rust-brown throughout.HEMATITE / (iron oxide) / Locality: Middleback Ranges, S. Aust.middleback ranges, iron ore mining, mining, south australia

.1) Pages 7 to 10 of the Ballarat Courier, 10 July 1923. Page 7 includes the article 'Cheap electricity' and poses questions such as 'should Ballarat look to Morwell for cheap power?', and should an independent power plant be installed at Crockers, Arnolds, Harry Hall, Ewins, Harry Davies, Fred Halls, The London Drapery there. Page 9 includes articles on Ripon's roads, Mount Cole Springs; Soldier Settlement Rates Beaufort; Creswick brass band Officers; Daylesford Road Deviation to Hepburn Springs; Dereel Public Telephone; State Electricity Supply for Beaufort; Newlyn Valedictory to Mr and Mrs W. E. Bennett Page 9 - Racing at Ascot; Avoca Golf Tournament, Chinese Herbalists Page 10 - Auctions and house sales Advertisements include Harry Davies; Fred Halls; C. Marks and Co., London Drapery, Creer the Cashman; Chamberlain's Cough Remedy; Cornell's Little Liver Pills; Paynes; W. Fley Chemist; Bickart and Dawson; Rivers; Allchin Bros; J. Bartam & Son .2) Ballarat Courier, 30 July 1937, page 1 and 2 Page 1 reports Lal Lal's Iron Ore Company being formed. Page 2 reports the Prospectus of the lal lal Iron and Steel Blast Furnaces Mining Company, No Liability; Mining News - Wattle Gully; Commercial News Advertisements include Crockers, Arnolds, Harry Hall, Ewins, Harry Davies, Fred Halls, The London Drapery electricity, lal lal, lal lal iron, lal lal coalfield, morwell, gippsland, crockers, arnolds, harry hall, ewins, harry davies, fred halls, the london drapery, lal lal brown coal, ripon's roads, mount cole springs, soldier settlement rates beaufort, creswick brass band officers, daylesford road deviation to hepburn springs, dereel public telephone, state electricity supply for beaufort, newlyn, w.e. bennett, ascot, avoca golf tournament, chinese herbalists, c. marks and co., london drapery, creer the cashman, chamberlain's cough remedy, cornell's little liver pills, paynes, w. fley chemist, bickart and dawson, rivers, allchin bros, j. bartam & son, lal lal iron and steel blast furnaces mining company, wattle gully