Index, p.522.non-fictionEuropean history in the nineteenth centuryeurope - history, europe - history - 19th century

This book by Ronald Parsons contains information on the emigrant ships coming to South Australia from 1836 to 1850, the type of migrant, the voyage out and the arrival in South Australia. The ships are listed alphabetically and include information on the captain, the size and type of ship, departure and arrival dates and the number of passengers. European settlement with free settlers commenced in South Australia in 1836 and in the next four years more than a hundred migrant ships came to South Australia.This book is of some interest to those in the Warrnambool area as many 19th century settlers in the Western District of Victoria had emigrated initially to South Australia. The book will be useful to family history researchers.This is a soft cover book of 130 pages. It has a brown cover with a sketch of a sailing ship on the front. The cover has been covered with plastic. There is a Contents page, an Introduction and information on South Australian migrant ships from 1836 to 1850. The book contains three sketches of ships. It is bound with glue.Front cover: ‘Migrant Ships for South Australia 1836–1850’ ‘Ronald Parsons’ ‘A Sketch of the Coramandel that arrived in Holdfast Bay January 1837’ history of south australia, emigrant shipping to south australia, ronald parsons, warrnambool history

This is a book, ‘Divine Conduct or the Mystery of Providence’ originally written by the Rev. John Flavel in 1677. This is a later edition with no date listed but it is presumed it was re-published in the 19th century. The book was given to Janet McGhie in 1849, the first anniversary of the Warrnambool Sunday School, just 14 months after the first European settlers arrived in the new settlement of Warrnambool. The first Sunday School in Warrnambool was located in McDowell’s Store and run by Thomas Denney and Richard Osburne. The latter in 1851 commenced Warrnambool’s first newspaper, the Warrnambol Examiner and in 1887 published an important history of Warrnambool. Janet Garden McGhie was the daughter of Matthew and Isabella McGhie who were pioneer settlers in Warrnambool. Janet McGhie married Alfred Coulstock at the age of 17 and died in Warrnambool in 1918 at the age of 80. She was aged 11 when she received this book and one wonders what she made of the ponderous text. This book is very precious as one of the few mementos we have of the very early days of Warrnambool’s settlement. It gives us a date for the establishment of the first Sunday School and the name of one of the award winners. It is also an interesting example of the pious and ponderous writings that young children were expected to read in the mid 19th century. It is presumed that at that time there would not have been a great choice of reading material available in Warrnambool to give to childrenThis is a hard cover book of 252 pages. The dark green cover has gold lettering on the spine which is almost obliterated. The cover is partly detached from its binding and is much stained and blotched. There is an inscription on the inside front cover in black ink and a red stamp of the Warrnambool & District Historical Society on the first page. There are some indecipherable pencil markings on this first page and the last page.‘Janet McGhee (or McGhie), 1st Anniversary Warrnambool Sunday School, Decr 3rd 1849’janet mcghie, warrnambool sunday school

The Ring Ouzel can commonly be found in small flocks or pairs. They have a distinctive white strip across their chest which helps to identify this species. They generally reside in large open grassy spaces such as farmlands, and can be found in mountainous areas with large boulders and slopes. They are located across Western Europe, the Mediterranean and Northern Africa. In some countries such as Ireland, England and Wales, the Ring Ouzel is endangered due to human disturbances, however elsewhere the species thrives. Although this is a taxidermy mount, it is highly similar to the real female Ring Ouzel. This specimen is part of a collection of almost 200 animal specimens that were originally acquired as skins from various institutions across Australia, including the Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Museum of Victoria (known as Museums Victoria since 1983), as well as individuals such as amateur anthropologist Reynell Eveleigh Johns between 1860-1880. These skins were then mounted by members of the Burke Museum Committee and put-on display in the formal space of the Museum’s original exhibition hall where they continue to be on display. This display of taxidermy mounts initially served to instruct visitors to the Burke Museum of the natural world around them, today it serves as an insight into the collecting habits of the 19th century.This specimen is part of a significant and rare taxidermy mount collection in the Burke Museum. This collection is scientifically and culturally important for reminding us of how science continues to shape our understanding of the modern world. They demonstrate a capacity to hold evidence of how Australia’s fauna history existed in the past and are potentially important for future environmental research. This collection continues to be on display in the Museum and has become a key part to interpreting the collecting habits of the 19th century.This female Ring Ouzel is a predominantly brown in color. It has a white strip across its chest. The torso is a lighter shade of brown. The tale of the Ring Ouzel is long and a darker shade of brown when compared to the red colouring of the body. This specimen stands upon a wooden perch and has an identification tag tied around its leg. The bill is thin and has a pointed appearance. It has been styalised by the taxidermist in an open position which conveys the idea that this bird is mid call.Swing tag: 109a / Ring Thrush / Catalogue Page 27 / Metal tag: 4139 /taxidermy, taxidermy mount, animalia, burke museum, beechworth, australian museum, skin, reynell eveleigh johns, bird, ring ouzel, ouzel, european birds, african birds, mediterranean birds

Common Starlings are a noisy bird that typically inhabit urban and rural areas, especially those with short grass for easy foraging, though can occasionally be found in open forests or along costal areas. They are native to a wide area of Eurasia and the North of Africa, though have been introduced to North America, some nations in South America, Fiji, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. They live in large flocks that fly together in strong unison, and have a range of loud calls. Male Common Starlings usually have brown eyes, in contrast to the light coloured eyes of the taxidermy mount. Otherwise, the specimen bears a reasonable resemblance to a typical Common Starlings. This specimen is part of a collection of almost 200 animal specimens that were originally acquired as skins from various institutions across Australia, including the Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Museum of Victoria (known as Museums Victoria since 1983), as well as individuals such as amateur anthropologist Reynell Eveleigh Johns between 1860-1880. These skins were then mounted by members of the Burke Museum Committee and put-on display in the formal space of the Museum’s original exhibition hall where they continue to be on display. This display of taxidermy mounts initially served to instruct visitors to the Burke Museum of the natural world around them, today it serves as an insight into the collecting habits of the 19th century.This specimen is part of a significant and rare taxidermy mount collection in the Burke Museum. This collection is scientifically and culturally important for reminding us of how science continues to shape our understanding of the modern world. They demonstrate a capacity to hold evidence of how Australia’s fauna history existed in the past and are potentially important for future environmental research. This collection continues to be on display in the Museum and has become a key part to interpreting the collecting habits of the 19th century.This male Common Starling is covered in black feathers that each have a metallic orange edge. This gives the appearance of small dots across its head and neck, larger dots along its underbelly and back, and lines along the outer feathers of the wings. Its beak is yellow and its eyes are a light blue with a black pupil. The bird is stretched tall with its head turned towards the left and slightly tilted right. The specimen stands on a brown, wooden perch with a circular bar, curved stand, and circular base. The left leg has a metal tag and a swing-tag tied around it and the right leg has two swing-tags tied around it, one of which is torn.Metal Tag: 4256 Swing-Tag 1: Sturnus vulga[illegible]is / male, adult / 25 January 1861 / near Leiden / Swing-Tag 2: Tris grey-brown / Feet black - brown / Bill brown / 4256 / Swing-Tag 3 (torn): ng / e Page 58taxidermy mount, taxidermy, animalia, burke museum, beechworth, australian museum, skin, reynell eveleigh johns, bird, starling, european starling, common starling, european bird

The Eurasian Jay is a small passerine bird occurring in Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. There are very distinct variations between the species of the Jay which assists in their identification. These birds inhabit mixed woodland, parks, orchards, and large gardens. They are generally solitary but can gather in large communal roosts during periods of cold weather. Eurasian Jays are known for their mimicry. They can often sound like a different species and during the day may mimic the birds they are attacking in order to confuse their opposition. This particular specimen has been mounted in an accurate but stylised fashion. This specimen is part of a collection of almost 200 animal specimens that were originally acquired as skins from various institutions across Australia, including the Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Museum of Victoria (known as Museums Victoria since 1983), as well as individuals such as amateur anthropologist Reynell Eveleigh Johns between 1860-1880. These skins were then mounted by members of the Burke Museum Committee and put-on display in the formal space of the Museum’s original exhibition hall where they continue to be on display. This display of taxidermy mounts initially served to instruct visitors to the Burke Museum of the natural world around them, today it serves as an insight into the collecting habits of the 19th century.This specimen is part of a significant and rare taxidermy mount collection in the Burke Museum. This collection is scientifically and culturally important for reminding us of how science continues to shape our understanding of the modern world. They demonstrate a capacity to hold evidence of how Australia’s fauna history existed in the past and are potentially important for future environmental research. This collection continues to be on display in the Museum and has become a key part to interpreting the collecting habits of the 19th century.The Eurasian Jay, as depicted in this specimen, has distinctive blue, white and dark brown stipes at the top of the wing. The body and head are light brown with a reddish undertone and there are streaks of dark brown at top the head. The tail, bottom of the wings and underneath the eyes are dark brown. This particular specimen stands upon a wooden mount and has an identification tag tied around its leg. It has pale coloured glass eyes which are accurate for this species.Swing Tag: [illegible] / to Sydney - N =99taxidermy mount, taxidermy, animalia, burke museum, beechworth, australian museum, skin, bird, jay, eurasian jay, europe, european birds, blue stripes

The Sooty Albatross can be located on islands in the southern Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is a colonial bird with colonies consisting of 50 to 60 pairs of birds. These birds will build nests on cliffs and steep slopes. The diet of the Sooty Albatross includes squid, crustaceans, cephalopods, fish and carrion. They are considered an endangered species by the IUCN with a population shrinkage of over 75% over the last 90 years. In the 21st century, the population of this Albatross has seen stability on Gough Island. Interestingly, this species have several features which make them unique. They have nasal passages attached to their upper bill called naricorns and can produce a stomach oil which is stored by the bird and used against predators as well as being food for their chicks. These birds also have a salt gland which helps desalinate their bodies after residing in salt water. This specimen is part of a collection of almost 200 animal specimens that were originally acquired as skins from various institutions across Australia, including the Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Museum of Victoria (known as Museums Victoria since 1983), as well as individuals such as amateur anthropologist Reynell Eveleigh Johns between 1860-1880. These skins were then mounted by members of the Burke Museum Committee and put-on display in the formal space of the Museum’s original exhibition hall where they continue to be on display. This display of taxidermy mounts initially served to instruct visitors to the Burke Museum of the natural world around them, today it serves as an insight into the collecting habits of the 19th century.This specimen is part of a significant and rare taxidermy mount collection in the Burke Museum. This collection is scientifically and culturally important for reminding us of how science continues to shape our understanding of the modern world. They demonstrate a capacity to hold evidence of how Australia’s fauna history existed in the past and are potentially important for future environmental research. This collection continues to be on display in the Museum and has become a key part to interpreting the collecting habits of the 19th century.This Sooty Albatross specimen is of medium size and mainly a sooty-brown plumage. The colouring around the sides of the head and the base of the tail is dark. It has a dark bill which is medium in size and has been stylized with glass eyes by the taxidermist. The tail is a wide diamond-shape and the feet are webbed. This specimen has been placed on a wooden mount and has a small paper identification tag tied to its right leg.Sooty Albatross / 13D / Catalogue Page 49 /taxidermy mount, taxidermy, animalia, burke museum, beechworth, australian museum, skin, reynell eveleigh johns, bird, hawk-owl, europe, atlantic ocean, indian ocean, albatross, sooty albatross, endangered species

The Northern Hawk-owl is a nomadic and generally solitary bird, although they can occasionally be seen in pairs. While these birds resemble owls, their behaviour is more similar to that of a hawk, hence their name. Normally active during the day (similar to the hunting habits of a hawk), they prefer to reside in boreal forest, grasslands, shrublands and temperate, cold and polar zones. Located in North America, Europe and Asia, these owls can also occasionally be found during migration, in the northern United States. There are three subspecies in North America, Central Asia and Siberia. At the present time (2021), its numbers are stable and so it is therefore considered of ‘least concern’ on the IUCN Red List, indicating it is not yet endangered. This particular specimen has been correctly mounted and presented as a relatively accurate representation of the actual bird. This specimen is part of a collection of almost 200 animal specimens that were originally acquired as skins from various institutions across Australia, including the Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Museum of Victoria (known as Museums Victoria since 1983), as well as individuals such as amateur anthropologist Reynell Eveleigh Johns between 1860-1880. These skins were then mounted by members of the Burke Museum Committee and put-on display in the formal space of the Museum’s original exhibition hall where they continue to be on display. This display of taxidermy mounts initially served to instruct visitors to the Burke Museum of the natural world around them, today it serves as an insight into the collecting habits of the 19th century.This specimen is part of a significant and rare taxidermy mount collection in the Burke Museum. This collection is scientifically and culturally important for reminding us of how science continues to shape our understanding of the modern world. They demonstrate a capacity to hold evidence of how Australia’s fauna history existed in the past and are potentially important for future environmental research. This collection continues to be on display in the Museum and has become a key part to interpreting the collecting habits of the 19th century.The Northern hawk-owl's face features white and brown soft feathery plumage and a dark brown border around its face/chin area, with a dark cream curving beak soft yellowy brown coloured eyes. Its front breast feathers are generally off white in colour with some flecks of brown. It has a long brown tail with off white banding, with creamy white claws. The owl has speckled brown and white plumage over the back of its body and wings and some areas of more solid brown are present around the back of its neck and top of wings. This specimen stands upon a wooden platform and two identifying tags hang from its right leg, while a metal numbered tag hangs from its left.Swing-tag: 38 / Rayed Swin Owl –/ See Catalogue, Page 53. Tag with faded script: No 33 Strix[?] / misarea[?] / Sweden[?] Metal tag - digits on metal tag appear to read, either ‘5028’ or ‘6028’taxidermy mount, taxidermy, animalia, burke museum, beechworth, australian museum, skin, reynell eveleigh johns, bird, surnia ulula, strigidae, northern hawk-owl, hawk-owl, canadian owl, hudsonian hawk-owl, owl, canada, asia, europe, north america

The Ring Ouzel is a member of the Thrush family, Turdis, of which there are about 85 different species, commonly located in Europe. They are found in upland Scotland, northern England, north west Wales and Dartmoor. This species is identified by their dark colouring which contrasts to the white crescent across the breast and the white edging on the wings and some body feathers which provides a scale-like appearance. The diet of this species consists of invertebrates, some small vertebrates and a wide range of fruit. This specimen is part of a collection of almost 200 animal specimens that were originally acquired as skins from various institutions across Australia, including the Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Museum of Victoria (known as Museums Victoria since 1983), as well as individuals such as amateur anthropologist Reynell Eveleigh Johns between 1860-1880. These skins were then mounted by members of the Burke Museum Committee and put-on display in the formal space of the Museum’s original exhibition hall where they continue to be on display. This display of taxidermy mounts initially served to instruct visitors to the Burke Museum of the natural world around them, today it serves as an insight into the collecting habits of the 19th century. This specimen is part of a significant and rare taxidermy mount collection in the Burke Museum. This collection is scientifically and culturally important for reminding us of how science continues to shape our understanding of the modern world. They demonstrate a capacity to hold evidence of how Australia’s fauna history existed in the past and are potentially important for future environmental research. This collection continues to be on display in the Museum and has become a key part to interpreting the collecting habits of the 19th century.The Ring Ouzel specimen is stylised perched on a wooden platform. It is a medium sized bird of the thrush family. This particular specimen is a brown colour with pale edging to the wing feathers rather than the plumage being a darker black which can help identify this bird as female. The feathers have a white edging on the stomach giving this bird a scaly appearance. The bird has a small dark bill, two glass eyes, black legs and a long tail. Around the front of the upper breast, the bird has a striking white crescent shaped band. "Label 1 110a. / Ring Thrush / Catalogue Page 29 / Lable 2 Furdus torquaters / [illegible] 10 OCT. 1859 / near Leiden /"taxidermy mount, taxidermy, animalia, burke museum, beechworth, australian museum, skin, reynell eveleigh johns, bird, european birds, ring ouzel, blackbird, ouzel

Soft covered book written in German title translates to European University, Emigration policy and social issue in the 19th century, state mandated emigration from the mountain rescue team Clausthal to South Australia, North and South America 1848 - 1854. White cover with black print & picture of a sailing ship, 318 pages. Notation inside front cover, Donated to the German Heritage Society Bendigo in May 1995 by the Author Dr.Renate Vollmer Osnabruck Germany.Renate Vollmerbooks, catalogues, shipping, germany-emigration-shipping

Soft cover book of 40 pages with spiral wire spine. Compilation of images and descriptive timeline of the geology, geography and European settlement history of Canterbury Road.Soon after beginning at Burke Road Camberwell, Canterbury Road moves into the gentle hills of Canterbury, then on to Surrey Hills, Box Hill and Forest Hill. Further along past these three "hills" come three "monts" - Vermont, Heathmont and at its other end, Montrose, by then in the foothills of the Dandenongs. Grand homes and churches at one end, major and minor shopping centres along the 25km, factories now where farms were, big box stores, fast food outlets, train stations, resrvoir, traffic, residential stretches, modern apartment blocks, parklands, child-minding centres, sporting ovals, a sewage farm, hotels, quarries, commercial developments, plant nurseries, a golf course, bridges, memorials, Asian food shops, telecommunication towers, bushland, creeks, crossroads, traffic lights, mansions, orchards, swamps ... Delaneys Road, renamed Canterbury Road after a 19th century Victorian Governor, is a fascinating study in land use and history as suburban Melbourne has continually diversified and pushed outwards. Compiled by Heathmont History Group, Rita James, Les Prato, Betty Colbert, Jeff Leipold, Gerry Robinson (convenor).

A pulley block of this size would have many applications on a ship, including lifting loads such as cargo and sails. It was recovered from the wreck of the Halladale in the 1970s by divers Gary Hansen and Peter Ronald, former Director of Flagstaff Hill. The Falls of Halladale was an iron-hulled, four-masted barque built in Glasgow, Scotland. It was used as a bulk carrier of general cargo. When the ship left New York in August 1908 it was bound for Melbourne and Sydney it’s the cargo in its hold consisted of roofing tiles, barbed wire, stoves, oil, benzene and many other manufactured items. On the 15th of November, 1908, after three months at sea and close to its destination, a navigational error caused the Falls of Halladale to be wrecked on a reef off the Peterborough headland. The captain and 29 crew members survived but most of the cargo was lost, despite two salvage attempts in 1908-09 and 1910. The Court of Marine Inquiry in Melbourne ruled that the foundering of the ship was entirely due to Captain David Wood Thomson's navigational error, not to any technical failure of the ship. The Falls of Halladale was built in1886 by Russell & Co., at Greenock shipyards on the River Clyde, Scotland for Wright, Breakenridge & Co of Glasgow. The vessel was one of several designs of Falls Line of ships named after waterfalls in Scotland. The company had been founded between 1870- 1873 as a partnership between Joseph Russell, Anderson Rodger, and William Todd Lithgow. During the period between 1882-92 Russell & Co. standardised its ship designs, which sped up their building process so much that they were able to build 271 ships during that time. The Falls of Halladale had a sturdy construction built to carry maximum cargo and was able to maintain full sail in heavy gales. It was one of the last of the 'windjammers'. She and her sister ship, the Falls of Garry, were the first ships in the world to include fore and aft lifting bridges. Previous to this, heavily loaded vessels could have huge seas break along the full length of the deck, causing serious injury or even death to those on deck. The new, raised catwalk-type decking allowed the crew to move above the deck in stormy conditions.The Falls of Halladale shipwreck is listed on the Victorian Heritage (No. S255). The vessel was one of the last ships to sail the Trade Routes from Europe and the Americas. Also of significance is that the ship was one of the first ships to have fore and aft lifting bridges as a significant safety feature that is still in use on modern vessels today. The block and pulley is an example of ship rigging equipment used on sailing ships during the 19th and early 20th centuries that transported goods around the world. It represents aspects of Victoria’s shipping industry and maritime history.A pulley block; metal frame with three sheaves. The block is in a fragile condition. It is also large and heavy. It was recovered from the wreck of the Falls of Halladale in the 1970s. warrnambool, flagstaff hill, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, clipper ship, windjammer, cargo vessel, falls of halladale wreck, shipwreck, 1908 wreck, breakenridge & co glasgow, russell & co ship builders, 1886 ship, shipwreck artefact, rigging, ship rigging, rigging equipment, sailing equipment, cargo equipment, marine technology, block, ship’s block, pulley block

Thought to be the chains used for the Henty's bullock harness. The Henty family are known as Victoria's earliest European settlers and pastoralists, emigrant squatters who played a defining role in the establishment of Portland and the development of the region's wool trade. Facing challenges as a farmer in early 19th-century England, West Sussex grazier Thomas Henty (1775–1839) turned his sights south to the colonies, where he believed his seven sons would have a brighter future as sheep breeders and wool producers. He had been the first to introduce merino to the south of England, and would do so in the colonies also.Thought to be the chains used for the Henty's bullock harness.Iron chains with fittings for bullock harnesses.farming, rural industry, henty, bullock, chains

The Fisherman's Union in Victoria evolved from the formalisation of the fishing industry in the late 19th century, leading to state-based unions like the Victorian Fishermen's Union. These early unions provided members with exclusive access to resources like cold storage and sales networks, but also functioning as barriers to non-European participation. This union represented a shift from informal fishing practices to a regulated industry, reflecting broader trends in Australian trade unionism during this period. The book belonged to the family of Charles Gustav Patterson who was part of the original Portland Lifeboat crew. Receipts collected by Roy Patterson were inside the book and have been accessioned separately.Interim statement pending further research: This minute book is significant because it belonged to Charles Gustav Patterson. Patterson was one of the early European settlers to Portland and as well as being a part of the early fishing industry here was part of the Portland Lifeboat crew who took part in the rescue of survivors from the Admella Shipwreck. The book details repairs done to the Portland Lifeboat as well as documenting its history - in particular its time at the Portland Botanic Gardens. The book also documents the early history off the union movement in Portland. This book has been in the Patterson family until donation to the Glenelg Shire Cultural Collection.Dark blue book with brown/orange spine and corners. The front cover has paint splashes and splatters on it. The spine has a dark red label located in the top half of the spine. It reads, ' Minute Book'/ The corners on both the front and back cover are worn with the top layer having worn off. Both the inside of the front and back cover have blue marbled paper. The pages of the book are numbered in the top corners. The pages have blue lines and a red lined margin. The inside has hand written minutes. The first page is titled ' Minutes of ordinary General Meeting Held Feb 24th 1905'. The handwriting is in black ink. Page 262 is loose and detached. The final page - 286 - has the minutes dated 8.1. 1937. The book contained receipts and other papers which have been catalogued separately.fishing, union, unionism, trade unions, portland lifeboat, admella, patterson, glenelg shire cultural collection, portland harbour, fisherman's union

This text deals with the economic development of Victoria in the 19th and early 20th century.Published to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the European settlement of VictoriaHard cover. 382 pages, illus., maps.victoria land use, victoria economic conditions, victoria history, victoria social conditions, susan priestley, melbourne suburbs

Naturally, we tend to take commonplace objects for granted, because they have always been there. Yet how many of you actually have thought “hey, where do forks come from?” Well, it takes one trip to China and a 3-year-old laughing at your face because of your desperate attempt to eat with chopsticks to finally appreciate something so ordinary such as a fork. So, where do forks come from? The early history of the fork is obscure. As a kitchen and dining utensil, it is believed to have originated in the Roman Empire, as proved by archaeological evidence. The personal table fork most likely originated in the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire. Its use spread to what is now the Middle East during the first millennium AD and then spread into Southern Europe during the second millennium. It did not become common in northern Europe until the 18th century and was not common in North America until the 19th century. Carving fork from 1640. Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain Carving Fork from 1640. Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain Some of the earliest known uses of forks with food occurred in Ancient Egypt, where large forks were used as cooking utensils. Bone forks had been found on the burial site of the Bronze Age Qijia culture (2400–1900 BC) as well as later Chinese dynasties’ tombs.The Ancient Greeks used the fork as a serving utensil. Read also: Steven Spielberg to Remake the Classic Musical ‘West Side Story’ In the Roman Empire, bronze and silver forks were used. The use varied according to local customs, social class and the nature of food, but forks of the earlier periods were mostly used as cooking and serving utensils. The personal table fork was most likely invented in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, where they were in everyday use by the 4th century (its origin may even go back to Ancient Greece, before the Roman period). Records show that by the 9th century a similar utensil known as a barjyn was in limited use in Persia within some elite circles. By the 10th century, the table fork was in common use throughout the Middle East. Bronze forks made in Persia during the 8th or 9th century.Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain Bronze forks made in Persia during the 8th or 9th century.Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain The first recorded introduction of the fork to Western Europe, as recorded by the theologian and Cardinal Peter Damian, was by Theophano Sklereina the Byzantine wife of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II, who nonchalantly wielded one at an Imperial banquet in 972, astonishing her Western hosts.By the 11th century, the table fork had become increasingly prevalent in the Italian peninsula. It gained a following in Italy before any other Western European region because of historical ties with Byzantium and continued to get popularity due to the increasing presence of pasta in the Italian diet. At first, pasta was consumed using a long wooden spike, but this eventually evolved into three spikes, design better suited to gathering the noodles. In Italy, it became commonplace by the 14th century and was almost universally used by the merchant and upper classes by 1600. It was proper for a guest to arrive with his fork and spoon enclosed in a box called a cadena; this usage was introduced to the French court with Catherine de’ Medici’s entourage. In Portugal, forks were first used at the time of Infanta Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, King Manuel I of Portugal’s mother around 1450. However, forks were not commonly used in Western Europe until the 16th century when they became part of Italian etiquette. The utensil had also gained some currency in Spain by this time, and its use gradually spread to France. Nevertheless, most of Europe did not adopt the use of the fork until the 18th century. Read also: The 8 Most Famous ‘Functioning Alcoholics’ in History Long after the personal table fork had become commonplace in France, at the supper celebrating the marriage of the Duc de Chartres to Louis XIV’s natural daughter in 1692, the seating was described in the court memoirs of Saint-Simon: “King James having his Queen on his right hand and the King on his left, and each with their cadenas.” In Perrault’s contemporaneous fairy tale of La Belle au bois dormant (1697), each of the fairies invited for the christening is presented with a splendid “fork holder”. The fork’s adoption in northern Europe was slower. Its use was first described in English by Thomas Coryat in a volume of writings on his Italian travels (1611), but for many years it was viewed as an unmanly Italian affectation. Some writers of the Roman Catholic Church expressly disapproved of its use, St. Peter Damian seeing it as “excessive delicacy.” It was not until the 18th century that the fork became commonly used in Great Britain, although some sources say that forks were common in France, England, and Sweden already by the early 17th century. Spaghetti fork By Lady alys - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6414948 Spaghetti Fork By Lady alys – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, The fork did not become popular in North America until near the time of the American Revolution. The curved fork used in most parts of the world today was developed in Germany in the mid 18th century while the standard four-tine design became current in the early 19th century. The fork was important in Germany because they believed that eating with the fingers was rude and disrespectful. The fork led to family dinners and sit-down meals, which are important features of German culture. https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/08/31/priority-fork-came-italy-european-country-pasta/?chrome=1Serving fork, two prongs, with a shaped wooden handle. Badly rusted.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, food, meat, carving

Nar Nar Goon, a town in Gippsland, Victoria, has a rich history dating back to the mid-19th century. Originally part of the Kulin nation, the area was home to the Boon Wurrung people. The name "Nar Nar Goon" is believed to come from a Boonwurrung word referring to either the koala or the rakali. European settlement began with the establishment of the Mount Ararat pastoral run in 1844, followed by land sales in the 1850s and 1860s. Many settlers came from Ireland, particularly from the Monteagle estate in Limerick. The arrival of the railway in 1881 was a turning point, facilitating timber and agricultural industries. Several sawmills operated in the area, transporting timber via wooden tramways to the railway station. By the early 20th century, Nar Nar Goon had developed into a thriving township with a general store, hotel, butcher, baker, and garage. The town had strong Catholic roots, with a church opening in 1905. Over time, timber milling declined, and dairy farming became the dominant industry. In 2021, part of Nar Nar Goon was annexed to form the new suburb of Pakenham East. Today, Nar Nar Goon is known for its murals, historical buildings, and community spirit. It remains a small but significant town in Victoria’s history. [AI generated text]Display book containing a table of contents and various newspaper clippings and other information pertaining to the Nar Nar Goon area.non-fictionnar nar goon (vic.), nar nar goon (vic.) -- history, bernie byrne, jack egan, mark & sylvia jones, daisy lia, bill doherty, michael o'brien, joan & frank lindsay, paddy henwood, bob rose, harry james, ray coombs, jack payroll, deb bramley, nar nar goon-maryknoll cricket club, john byrne, bernie dingle, jan van steensel, len & mary bramley, kylie shanks, bill bickerton, james dore, red gem potatoes, brydie cunningham

Pince-nez were a style of spectacles that held on to a person's nose by a spring mechanism and was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in European cultures.The social history objects held in the Burke Museum's collection help to tell the stories of Beechworth's past by showing the social, cultural, and economic aspects of the town's history.A pair of brass pince-nez styled spectacles with a loose brass chain earpieceA01156.2glasses, eyewear, fashion

Pince-nez were a style of spectacles that held on to a person's nose by a spring mechanism and was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in European cultures.The social history objects held in the Burke Museum's collection help to tell the stories of Beechworth's past by showing the social, cultural, and economic aspects of the town's history.A pair of brass pince-nez styled spectacles.glasses, eyewear, fashion

Hard cover book History of Australia in three Volumes Author: George William Rusden Publisher: Chapman & Hall Ltd London, Melbourne and Sydney Date: 1883 Dark blue hardcover with a blue matching spine, the spine has a label with an inscription. (These volumes are first editions)non-fictionVolume 2 of G.W. Rusden's History of Australia continues the narrative from early colonial governance, examining governors after Arthur Phillip up through the mid 19th century. It covers expansions in New South Wales, the establishment of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), and Moreton Bay (Queensland), including key events like the Macarthur wool industry rise, convict management under governors like Lachlan Macquarie, and inter colonial tensions.warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, great ocean road, book, warrnambool library, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, mechanics’ institute library, victorian library board, warrnambool books and records, warrnambool children’s library, warrnambool public library, history of australia vol 2, g w rusden

The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 14 serves as a bridge between the late early-modern period and the height of the imperial era for two major European powers. It is titled "The Netherlands (concluded), The Germanic Empires."flagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 14 set 1, henry smith williams

The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 13 focuses primarily on the modern history of France and the Netherlands. It specifically covers, France (1815–1904.) This section picks up immediately after the fall of Napoleon l following the 1815 Battle of Waterloo.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 13 set 1

Waverley Novels St Ronans Well-2 Vol 34, Light brown hardcover lettering in black text. Author: Sir Walter Scott Publisher: Fisher Son & Co Date: 1838 fictionThe subject volume of Waverley Novels St Ronans Well-2 Vol 34 published by Fisher Son & Co (1838) is part of a collected 48 volume set of Sir Walter Scott's works, containing various stories. Vol 34 in the 1836 Fisher edition reprints later entries from the fourth series, as these stories originally appeared in Scott's Magnum Opus 48 volume editions, the first from 1816. With the influential “Magnum Opus” editions from 1829–1833 by Robert Cadell, serving as the basis for later reprinted published sets like Fisher's. St. Ronan's Well Volume 2 advances the central rivalries and intrigues at the Scottish spa. Originally published in 1824 as part of Sir Walter Scott's novel, it spans chapters 14-26, escalating tensions between half brothers Francis Tyrrel and the Earl of Etherington over Clara Mowbray. After Tyrrel misses a duel and vanishes, innkeeper Meg Dods fears murder and consults solicitor Bindloose; wealthy traveller Peregrine Touchwood arrives, criticising modern changes and staying at the Cleikum Inn. Etherington gambles with John Mowbray, proposes to Clara citing his uncle's will requiring a Mowbray marriage, and duels Tyrrel secretly, wounding him. Theatricals at Shaw's Castle, anonymous warnings, and Clara's rejections heighten drama, with Etherington revealing their sham marriage past in letters to Captain Jekyl.warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, book, waverley novels vol 46 tales of my landlord, sir walter scott, pattison collection, warrnambool library, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, ralph eric pattison, corangamite regional library service, warrnambool city librarian, mechanics’ institute library, victorian library board, warrnambool books and records, warrnambool children’s library, waverley novels

Waverley Novels St Ronans Well-1 Vol 33, Light brown hardcover lettering in black text. Author: Sir Walter Scott Publisher: Fisher Son & Co Date: 1838 fictionThe subject volume of Waverley Novels St Ronans Well-1 Vol 33 published by Fisher Son & Co (1838) is part of a collected 48 volume set of Sir Walter Scott's works, containing various stories. Vol 33 in the 1836 Fisher edition reprints later entries from the fourth series, as these stories originally appeared in Scott's Magnum Opus 48 volume editions, the first from 1816. With the influential “Magnum Opus” editions from 1829–1833 by Robert Cadell, serving as the basis for later reprinted published sets like Fisher's. St. Ronan's Well centres on rivalry between half brothers Valentine Bulmer (Earl of Etherington) and Francis Tyrrel, both pursuing Clara Mowbray amid secrets from a sham marriage and inheritance schemes at a fashionable Scottish spa town. The story is set in the early 19th century at the fictional St. Ronan's spa in the Scottish Borders, the story unfolds across three volumes originally published in 1824. Tyrrel returns to the area, reconnects with Clara (whom he once loved), and clashes with locals like Sir Bingo Binks, while Etherington schemes to wed her for her family name to secure his title. Tensions escalate through duels, gambling debts, and revelations about their past, culminating in tragedy with Clara's death and a fatal confrontation.warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, book, waverley novels vol 46 tales of my landlord, sir walter scott, pattison collection, warrnambool library, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, ralph eric pattison, corangamite regional library service, warrnambool city librarian, mechanics’ institute library, victorian library board, warrnambool books and records, warrnambool children’s library, waverley novels

The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionIn the 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World, Volume 24 acts as the definitive survey of the "Eastern Question" and the peripheral powers of Europe. It shifts focus away from the Western powers of the time to examine the complex histories of the East and the South. The contents cover, Poland, the Balkans, Turkey, and Minor Nations Volume 24 becomes a geographically diverse volume that covers the history of several regions that were, in 1908, centres of intense geopolitical tension. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 24 set 1

This is an incomplete record of those people who signed Laurie's autograph book. Most of the pages contain remembrances from members of Laurie's extended family however some relate to Mont Albert Central School where Laurie was a student. Those entries which are dated are from 1957. This is part of a large donation relating to the Young / Mair / Deakin families. In Europe autograph books have a history that can be traced back to 15th century university students. In Australia autograph albums were particularly popular towards the end of the 19th century, although there are known examples as far back as the 1830s. The increase in popularity coincides with printing and book binding becoming more affordable. Autograph books came in many sizes but were typically small with blank pages, usually in pastel colours. The books were often exchanged so the gathering of autographs was a very social pastime. Pages were filled with not only names, signatures and personal details but also poems, limericks, drawings, personal messages, small pieces of verse, and other mementos, such as pressed flowers, locks of hair and even embroidery. Although they could be very personal, unlike a diary they were meant to be viewed as part of the exchange. Autograph books from the 1950s may have a different focus. Although it remained common to collect the autographs of friends it was also highly desirable to collect the signatures of the famous, especially rock and television stars. Autograph books are of social relevance because they reflect the sentiment of the era of creation; they can also be reflective of social change, major political events or new inventions. Nine pages which have been cut from an autograph book. The pages are faded pink, blue and green in colour with a gold edge. All but one have inscriptions on one side only. laurie young, beryl young, ernest lance young, ernest augustus young, arthur john young, m w damiel, e s hall, c c mansell, autograph books, teachers, head master, mont albert central school

Index, notes, ill, maps, p.614.non-fictionBiography of Lachlan Macquarie including references to relations between Aborigines and Europeans, including attacks, murders, proclamations, raids, settlements, attitudes; Aboriginal habits. governors - new south wales - biography, new south wales - history - 19th century

This deadeye was amongst artefacts recovered from the wreck of the Falls of Halladale. It would have been used on the ship to attach, hold and run ropes for the ship’s rigging. The Falls of Halladale was an iron-hulled, four-masted barque, used as a bulk carrier of general cargo. She left New York in August 1908 bound for Melbourne and Sydney. In her hold was general cargo consisting of roofing tiles, barb wire, stoves, oil, and benzene as well as many other manufactured items. After three months at sea and close to her destination, a navigational error caused the Falls of Halladale to be wrecked on a reef off the Peterborough headland on the 15th of November, 1908. The captain and 29 crew members survived, but her cargo was largely lost, despite two salvage attempts in 1908-09 and 1910. The Court of Marine Inquiry in Melbourne ruled that the foundering of the ship was entirely due to Captain David Wood Thomson's navigational error, not too technical failure of the Clyde-built ship. The Falls of Halladale was built in1886 by Russell & Co., at Greenock shipyards on the River Clyde, Scotland for Wright, Breakenridge & Co of Glasgow. She was one of several designs of Falls Line of ships named after waterfalls in Scotland. The company had been founded between 1870- 1873 as a partnership between Joseph Russell, Anderson Rodger, and William Todd Lithgow. During the period 1882-92 Russell & Co. standardised designs, which sped up their building process so much that they were able to build 271 ships during that time. The Falls of Halladale had a sturdy construction built to carry maximum cargo and was able to maintain full sail in heavy gales, one of the last of the 'windjammers' that sailed the Trade Route. She and her sister ship, the Falls of Garry, were the first ships in the world to include fore and aft lifting bridges. Previous to this, heavily loaded vessels could have heavy seas break along the full length of the deck, causing serious injury or even death to those on deck. The new, raised catwalk-type decking allowed the crew to move above the deck in stormy conditions. The Falls of Halladale shipwreck is listed on the Victorian Heritage (No. S255). She was one of the last ships to sail the Trade Routes from Europe and the Americas. Also of significance is that the vessel was one of the first ships to have fore and aft lifting bridges as a significant safety feature still in use on modern vessels today. The subject item is an example of ships rigging objects used on sailing ships during the 19th and early 20th centuries to transport goods around the world the item is representing aspects of Victoria’s shipping industry and maritime history. Deadeye; wooden deadeye, three (3) holes, with metal surrounds and metal rigging cable attached. Recovered from the Falls of Halladale.Nonewarrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, clipper ship, rigging equipment, sailing equipment, deadeye, falls of halladale wreck, breakenridge & co glasgow, russell & co ship builders, cargo vessel, 1908 wreck, rigging, ship rigging

The Discovery of Australia Author: Albert F Calvert Publisher: George Phillip & Son Date: 1893non-fictionAlbert Frederick Calvert was an English author, traveler, mining engineer, and entrepreneur who became a prominent booster of Western Australia in the 1890s before shifting focus to Spain and Africa. He was born in London in 1872 and died there in 1946, his life blended exploration, promotion, and prolific, sometimes slapdash writing. His Australian Dictionary of Biography entry notes that he circumnavigated Australia while gathering material for “The Discovery of Australia” in 1893. The book was published in London by George Philip & Son in 1893, and a library record shows a 2nd edition issued in 1902 by Dean, so the work had at least two editions. warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, book, the discovery of australia, albert f calvert