Showing 92 items
matching prison camp
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Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Photograph, Camp 1 prison, 1989
... Camp 1 prison...The building is the remains of the prison at Camp 1. Foam.... Two other doorways, no doors, flat roof. Camp 1 prison ...The building is the remains of the prison at Camp 1. Foam backed copy in file.Coloured photograph. Red brick building in foreground. To left of building there is a wooden door. Two other doorways, no doors, flat roof.camp 1, tatura victoria, camp goals, camp building remains -
Port Melbourne Historical & Preservation Society
Poster - 25th anniversary of Changi prisioners return to Australia, Alan Dower, The Road of Return, 1971
... changi prison camp, produced on 25th Anniversary of prisoners...' - 1971 pictorial poster detailing changi prison camp, produced ...Given to PMH&PS by the local RSL Branch on their closure in May 1998The Road of Return' - 1971 pictorial poster detailing changi prison camp, produced on 25th Anniversary of prisoners' return to Australia, to promote an anniversary tour to ChangiInk mark lower leftsocieties clubs unions and other organisations, war - world war ii, returned services league, rsl -
Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.
Article, Tough cop seized a new life down under, 2007
... Surviving a WWII prison camp, Welsh policeman Wal Mullett.... Nunawading City Soccer Club Mullett Wal Surviving a WWII prison camp ...Surviving a WWII prison camp, Welsh policeman Wal Mullett migrated to Australia, working as a security controller.Surviving a WWII prison camp, Welsh policeman Wal Mullett migrated to Australia, working as a security controller. He established the Nunawading City Soccer Club.Surviving a WWII prison camp, Welsh policeman Wal Mullett migrated to Australia, working as a security controller.nunawading city soccer club, mullett, wal -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Fly for your Life Author Larry Forrester, March 1956
... prison camp... italian bombers 257 squadron spitfire prison camp The story of R.R ...The story of Stanford Tuck's military career.Hard Cover - colour blue- on spine red seal with gold star on top and bottom. Photographs, The story of R.R. Stanford Tuck, D.S.O D.F.C with two bars To my wife and eight other proud travellers of the inner circle. Part of Companion Book Clubtuck, forrester, 65 squadron, distinguished service medal, royal air force, distinguished flying cross, italian bombers, 257 squadron, spitfire, prison camp -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Victory Roll - The RAAF at War, 1952
... story of a prison camp... dawn the victory in europe story of a prison camp night flight ...The stories in 'Victory Roll' tell of some of the deeds performed in the final and victorious year of WWII. They add to a long tradition of gallant service and sacrifice and will serve as an eternal inspiration in the task of building a new world in which the spirit of the Four Freedoms must predominate. In making final victory possible, we lost many comrades, to w home this book, together with those which preceded it, becomes a permanent memorial.Green hardcover and spine with black text - 'Victory Roll The RAAF at war' on front cover and spine. The inside front and back covers have silhouette, green sepia pictures of a variety of aeroplane. Illustrations, photographs and cartoonsMessage from the Chief of Air Staff.... Air Vice Marshal, Chief of Ai Staff C.Joneswwii, raaf, end of conflict, test pilot, wewak, the sisters fly on, battle of borneo, the biscuit bombers, anzacs on bougainville, raaf pacific, return to timor, pacific landing, long range from darwin, air victory over burma, lifeline to china, photo recce, first over malaya, jungle dawn, the victory in europe, story of a prison camp, night flight over hamburg, youth's prayer at a war memorial, victory at the alps, waaf's good service -
Monbulk RSL Sub Branch
Book, Allen & Unwin, Gull Force : Survival and Leadership in Captivity 1941-1945, 1988
... Prison camp - Ambon... - Japanese Prison camp - Ambon The captivity experiences of Gull ...The captivity experiences of Gull Force taken prisoner by the Japanese in Ambon in 1942Index, bib, ill, map, p.220.non-fictionThe captivity experiences of Gull Force taken prisoner by the Japanese in Ambon in 1942world war 1939 – 1945 - prisons and prisoners - japanese, prison camp - ambon -
Lakes Entrance Regional Historical Society (operating as Lakes Entrance History Centre & Museum)
Book, Reid Richard Page Courtney Pounds Robert, Laden, Fevered, Starved. The POWs of Sandakan, North Borneo, 1945, 1999
... of the Japanese in the Sandakan, North Borneo prison camp... in the Sandakan, North Borneo prison camp, and the Sandakan-Ranau death ...An account of the atrocities suffered by Australian POWs of the Japanese in the Sandakan, North Borneo prison camp, and the Sandakan-Ranau death marches. Includes War Memorials, illustrated with photographs.military history, memorials -
Bendigo Military Museum
Booklet - DIARIES WW2, 1942-45
... Prison camp 1942-45 as a POW... account of life in Changi Prison camp 1942-45 as a POW Booklet ...George Llewellyn Thomas. Refer 1074P, 1075 medals..1) .2). Detailed diaries written by G. L. Thomas VX58918. They are written in ink and give a near daily account of life in Changi Prison camp 1942-45 as a POWpow, changi ww2, thomas -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - ENVELOPE- PHOTOS WW2, 1942 - 1945
... , prison camp, funerals in Germany, Group photos in Prison camp... subjects. War damage, scenes from N/Africa, prison camp, funerals ...Most of the photos were pasted on something originally so that now most of the writing is unreadable. Two large photos have stamped in red & blue on rear "Gepruft Stalag XVIII A". These were censored POW post cards. .1)The man standing centre is Walter FORBES VX953, on his right is Doug Gregor VX981. Both were POW's. Refer 1101, 1102, 1106..1) Envelope, fawn colour with B & W copy of original photo showing 3 soldiers set in photo corners on one end. The other end has typed details re the contents. .2)-.47) Forty-six photos inside the envelope, B & W, Sepia, all sizes up to Post card size covering the following subjects. War damage, scenes from N/Africa, prison camp, funerals in Germany, Group photos in Prison camp, working parties & concert parties in P.O.W camps.photography - photographs, documents - envelopes, military history, pow, forbes -
Bendigo Military Museum
Book, Robert Hale Limited, You'll Die in Singapore, 1955
... McCormac's escape from a Japanese prison camp in Singapore.... of Charles McCormac's escape from a Japanese prison camp in Singapore ...Hard, black coloured buckram cover, gold print on spine, 189 cut plain pages, illustrated, black & white photo of author, black & red map. Autobiography - an account of Charles McCormac's escape from a Japanese prison camp in Singapore.Front fly leaf in black ink: RSL Stampbooks, military, history, imprisonment -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Japanese Survivor, Reluctant Heroine
... to survive a brutal historyJapanese prison camp on a remote island... prison camp on a remote island off Sumatra created a slice ...As Austrralia celebrated Victory in the Pacific, in 1942 nurse Vivian Bullwinkell more yearswas trying to survive in a brutal Japanese camp her fight; a fight for 3 more yearsPeace. .224 Col article plus graphic of the subject matter In August 1942 Nurse Vivianl Bullwinkel, trying to survive a brutal historyJapanese prison camp on a remote island off Sumatra created a slice of history that would live long after the the con -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Magazine, Wild Life, June 1947
... at Camp 13 Murchison. Article page 207. adolf wilke my prison ...Australian nature magazine featuring articles written by POW Adolf Wilke about bearded lizards. Title of article "My Prison Companions" (part 1). Part 2 C7685. Adolf was a POW at Camp 13 Murchison. Article page 207.Soft covered magazine stapled at spine, has black and white illustrations throughout. Front cover features red coloured flower heads (waratah). Title is also in red. Vol 8 no 6. Price 1/-.Miss Joan Graf, 25 Lothair Road, London N4 England Wilkeadolf wilke, my prison companions, camp 13 murchison, pow camps, australian nature magazine -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Magazine, Wild Life, July 1947
... Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum 49 Hogan Street ...Australian nature magazine featuring articles written by POW Adolf Wilke about bearded lizards. This is the second part of "My Prison Companions" (part 1 C7684) Adolf was a POW at Camp 13 Murchison. Original articles was translated from German by Captain Llewellyn Seal, of Army Intelligence and is about bearded lizards. Page 245.Soft covered magazine stapled at spine, has black and white illustrations throughout. Front cover features bird on tree limbs with seed in its beak. Orange splash on birds wings. Title is also in orange. Vol 9 no 7. Wilkeadolf wilke, my prison companions, camp 13 murchison, pow camps, australian nature magazine, bearded lizards, captain llewellyn seal -
Bendigo Military Museum
Container - SUITCASE WW2, c.1941 - 1945
... Suitcase was made by Italian POW's at the prison camp... goldfields Suitcase was made by Italian POW's at the prison camp ...Suitcase was made by Italian POW's at the prison camp in Murchison, Victoria in the 1940's. Refer Cat No 3673 for other items re POW's. Suitcase made from varnished timber & masonite. Metal handle hinges & locks.container, suit case, pow, italian -
Bendigo Military Museum
Container - CUPBOARD, c.1941 - 45
... Item was made by Italian POW's at the prison camp... goldfields Item was made by Italian POW's at the prison camp ...Item was made by Italian POW's at the prison camp in Murchinson, Victoria in the 1940's. Refer Cat No 3672 for other items re POW's.Cupboard made from varnished timber & masonite. Inside has 3 x masonite shelves, hinges are metal, door handle is plastic.container, cupboard, pow, italian -
Bendigo Military Museum
Book - BOOK - JAPANESE PRISON CAMPS WW2, Rohan D. RIVETT, "Behind Bamboo", 1947 (First published May 1946
... "BEHIND BAMBOO" "An Inside Story of the Japanese Prison... Japanese Prison Camps Front end papers - Owner's name - handwritten ..."BEHIND BAMBOO" "An Inside Story of the Japanese Prison Camps" Author - ROHAN D. RIVETT "War Correspondent Prisoner of War, on the Burma-Siam Railway"Hard cover book. Cover - cardboard, light orange buckram with red and white print on front and spine. 400 pages - cut, plain, off white paper, illustrated - black and white and colour illustrations. Front end papers - owner's name, owner's stamp, book seller's label. Price notation.Front end papers - Owner's name - handwritten, black pen, "O.PELL / 7 VIOLET ST/ BGO" "M. PELL/ ORBOST" Owner's stamp - black ink "BENDIGO DISTRICT RSL SUB BRANCH INC/ PO BOX 42/ LONG GULLY 3550. Book seller's label - silver on black background A.J. DIGBY/ BOOKSELLER AND STAT (?)/ BAIRNSDALE" price notation - grey lead pencil "$10/ DMTY"books, military history, ww2, japanese prison camps -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Booklet, Dhurringile, 1845-1970, 1970
... and occupiers, including a prison camp during WW2, Presbyterian Boys... of other owners and occupiers, including a prison camp during WW2 ...History of Dhurringile, The Mansion. Also of other owners and occupiers, including a prison camp during WW2, Presbyterian Boys' Training farm and Rehabilitation prison.Burgandy back and binding, beige front, clear plastic coverhistory of dhurringile, bossence w, tatura, "tatura" by wh bossence, presbyterian boys' training farm, presbyterian boys' rehabilitation prison -
Port Melbourne Historical & Preservation Society
Card - Edgar family WWII Christmas cards, 1941 - 1945
... ). Two are from Jack Edgar from prison camps Stalag XXA1... Edgar from prison camps Stalag XXA1 and Stalag V111B. Two fom ...Five Christmas cards from the front in World War 2 (WWII). Two are from Jack Edgar from prison camps Stalag XXA1 and Stalag V111B. Two fom Charlie Edgar from his unit 2/4 Australian Field Regiment. One from Tommy Edgar from his unitarmed services - army, charlie edgar, jack edgar, tommy edgar -
Churchill Island Heritage Farm
Document - Greeting card, 1902
... was serving in the Boer War. It shows prison camp in Cape Town..... It shows prison camp in Cape Town. Communication from Harry Jenkins ...Card was sent by Harry Jenkins, owner of Churchill Island 1936-1963, to his aunt Ada Annie Trott in 1902 while he was serving in the Boer War. It shows prison camp in Cape Town.Communication from Harry Jenkins, a previous owner of Churchill Island and serving Australian soldier to his family in Boer War. This forms part of an eclectic collection of documents from Harry Jenkins.Folded card with printed front cover, blank back page. The front cover has a thin black border with printed drawing of leaves and vines concealing a black footed cat with 'Everlasting Silver Leaves From Table Mountain Cape Town South Africa' inside. Inside left is sepia photo stuck on showing "prisoners' camp cycle track Cape Town". Inside right page has three everlasting silver leaves. Centre leaf has hand painted three ostriches and a tree. Left leaf has handwritten " Loving greetings". Right leaf " To my dear Aunt". Red white and blue striped ribbon glued to base of centre leaf.Front: EVERLASTING / Silver Leaves / from Harry J [handwritten in ink]] / FROM / JAN 25 1902 [ink stamp] / TABLE / MOUNTAIN, / Cape Town / SOUTH / AFRICA. Inside: Prisoners Camp, Cycle Track, Cape Town Loving/Greetings [handwritten on leaves in ink]/To my/Dear/Auntharry jenkins, jenkins, boer war, churchill island, ada, annie, trott, boer, card, communication, australian, soldier -
Bendigo Military Museum
Document - DECLARATION, GERMAN WW2, 30.10.1942
... William GOODMAN, POW German Prison Camp Lazarette, Lamsdorf... goldfields William GOODMAN, POW German Prison Camp Lazarette ...William GOODMAN, POW German Prison Camp Lazarette, Lamsdorf. Chief Doctor authorizes discharge home to Australia on 30.10.1942. Ref Reg No's 3568 for his service history, 3569, 3570, 3571, 3572, 3573. German notification discharge due to ill health from POW Camp on 30.10.1942.document, declaration, pow -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Photograph, Arthur Knee, Camp 13 Goal, 1989
... by Camp 13 Murchison during WW2. murchison victoria goal prison ...Camp 13, Murchison. Property owned by Jim Finnegan. German, Italian, Japanese prisoners of war held between 1941 - 1946. Shows the remains of what is left of the goal used by Camp 13 Murchison during WW2.Camp 13, Camp Road, Murchison. Camp 13 goal. Solid brick building showing individual cells, roofless, tree right mid-distrance. murchison victoria, goal, prison cells, pow, camp internees, jim finnegan -
Dandenong/Cranbourne RSL Sub Branch
HMAS Bataan Plaque, Circa 1950s
... to make an arduous 65 mile march to the prison camps.... to make an arduous 65 mile march to the prison camps. Shield ...The Battle of Bataan is famous in history as one of the last stands of American and Filipino soldiers before they were overwhelmed by the Japanese Forces in WW11. The Bataan Death March was named after the province where the infamous March started. Approximately 75,000 Filipino and American troops on Bataan were forced to make an arduous 65 mile march to the prison camps.Wooden plaque with metal shield attached. Shield shows eagle with out spread wings standing on dark blue wreath with gold castle inside on light blue background.Shield is inscribed with BATAAN at top and the motto UNQUIBUS ET ROSTRO below. -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Folder - autobiography, Vittorio Tolaini, Voyage of an alien, October 1982
... described in the first 20 pages and life in Australian prison camps... prison camps until he returned to England in 1946, dunera ...an interesting account of one of the 734 who joined the ill fated Arandora Star of which 486 perished and one of the 200+ survivors who subsequently came to Australian on the Dunera. The German survivors from the Arandora Star, 244 joined the B & G class 2288 Jewish Refugees, some 2732 souls. Graphically described in the first 20 pages and life in Australian prison camps until he returned to England in 1946,Folder. Voyage of an alien. picture of the Dunera. by Vittorio Tolaini. printed on a gold coloured cardboard cover.Voyage of an alien. picture of the Dunera. by Vittorio Tolaini. printed on a gold coloured cardboard cover.dunera, arandora star, italian aliens, italian pow's, dunera boys, marco grazzi, german survivors -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - GERMAN HERITAGE SOCIETY COLLECTION: THE BEILHARZ FAMILY
... they were moved to Australia where they were placed in prison camps... in prison camps. The booklet is an insight into life in the camps ...Booklet with pale yellow front cover and a bright green back cover. The front has 2 illustrations and Printing: Passages from 'The Story of the Beilharz Family' pages 195-218 by Dr. Paul Sauer, Published by Heinz W. Beilharz; 2nd Edition, revised and in English 1988. Introduction by Kurt Beilharz, Ravenswood. Mentioned are German people who had migrated to Palestine because of religious persecution and during W.W.2 they were imprisoned by the British, and when the war got closer they were moved to Australia where they were placed in prison camps. The booklet is an insight into life in the camps.Introduction by Kurt Beilharz, Published by Heinz W. Beilharz. Dr Paul Sauer.biography, family, beilharz family, german heritage society collection - the beilharz family, 'the story of the beilharz family', dr paul sauer, heinz w beilharz, kurt beilharz -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - STRAUCH COLLECTION: TRIAL BAY GAOL
... Trial Bay Gaol, Public Works Prison and Wartime Detention... HISTORY Australian prisons Australia-history-NSW-prisons Marie h ...Trial Bay Gaol, Public Works Prison and Wartime Detention Camp, a Macleay River Historical Society publication Kempsey, New South Wales, small booklet with black and white photographs.Marie h Neilhistory, australian, prisons, australia-history-nsw-prisons -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - CITY OF BENDIGO HISTORICAL WALK BOOK, 2001
... Of Mines and Industry, H. M. Prison Bendigo, Camp Hill Police... Institute/School Of Mines and Industry, H. M. Prison Bendigo, Camp ...Photocopy mock up of original booklet of The Bendigo Historical Society Inc. 'City of Bendigo Historical Walk' containing photographs of historic buildings to be seen on the walk. Front cover Queen Victorian Gardens, Town hall, Mechanics Institute/School Of Mines and Industry, H. M. Prison Bendigo, Camp Hill Police Barracks, Sandhurst Corporate High School, Central State School No. 1976, The Cascades, District Lands Office (Dudley House), Masonic Temple and Hall, Sandhurst Volunteer Rifle Brigade Orderly Room, Bank of Victoria, Henry Jackson's Store View Point,Alexandra Fountain, Beehive Store/Mining Exchange, Colonial Bank. Hustlers Royal Reserve NO. 2/R.S.L. Memorial Hall, Post Office 3rd 4th and final, Bendigo Law Courts, Shamrock Hotel 2nd and another view. Important Bendigo Dates; 1851, April gold discovered at Golden Square by Margaret Kennedy,1851 Approx. 200,000Troy oz. of gold found in Bendigo, 1852 475,857 Troy oz. Gold for the year, 1853 November 31st Bendigo Hospital admits first patient,1853 December 9th Bendigo Advertiser first issue printed, 1854 First Land Sales and streets are surveyed and named for the first time, 1854 Census of Bendigo showed 15,480 residents plus 4,000 Chinese, 1855 Sandhurst Municipal District formed, 1861 Sandhurst Proclaimed a Town. 1862 Railway to Melbourne opened, 1867 Visit by His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, 1871 July 21st Sandhurst proclaimed a City, 1881 Population of Sandhurst 14,577 residents, 1882 First telephone communications introduced, 1890 Electric trams (battery) commenced running, 1891 May 18th City of Sandhurst changes its name to City of Bendigo.book, bendigo, buildings, historic -
The Beechworth Burke Museum
Audio - Oral History, Jennifer Williams, Sister Elizabeth McGovern, Sister Mary Lacey, Sister Mary Griffiths, Sister Gerardus Thistlewaite, 18th March 2000
Sister Elizabeth McGovern, Sister Mary Lacey, Sister Mary Griffiths, and Sister Gerardus Thistlewaite were all nuns of the Brigidine Order in Beechworth in the second half of the twentieth century. They had backgrounds in teaching and office work. As nuns, their contributions to the community included teaching, running camps, being there for community members wishing to talk to them or pray, and visiting prisons and hospitals. During their time in the order, the role of the nuns in Beechworth shifted due to the closing down of the Priory School, and changes in where housing for nuns was provided. The oral history also includes stories of boarding at the convent in the 1950s, and reflections on how the experience of being a nun has changed due to increasing immersion in the modern world, and the move from convent to house. This oral history recording was part of a project conducted by Jennifer Williams in the year 2000 to capture the everyday life and struggles in Beechworth during the twentieth century. This project involved recording seventy oral histories on cassette tapes of local Beechworth residents which were then published in a book titled: Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth century Beechworth. These cassette tapes were digitised in July 2021 with funds made available by the Friends of the Burke.Sister Elizabeth McGovern, Sister Mary Lacey, Sister Mary Griffiths, and Sister Gerardus Thistlewaite's interview with Jennifer Williams is revealing of the history of the Brigidine order in Beechworth, and the role religion and nuns played in the wellbeing, education, and life of the community in the latter half of the twentieth century. It is significant both for what it illustrates about the lives and motivation of the Sisters, and for what it tells us about how the role of religious education and figures shifted in Beecjhworth from 1950 onward. It is especially illuminating about the experience of women in education. This oral history account is socially and historically significant as it is a part of a broader collection of interviews conducted by Jennifer Williams which were published in the book 'Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth-century Beechworth.' While the township of Beechworth is known for its history as a gold rush town, these accounts provide a unique insight into the day-to-day life of the town's residents during the 20th century, many of which will have now been lost if they had not been preserved.This is a series of digital recordings that were originally recorded on multiple cassette tapes. The cassette tapes are black with a horizontal white strip and are currently stored in a clear flat plastic rectangular container. They up to 40 minutes of recordings on each side.Sister Elizabeth McGovern, Sister Mary Lacey, Sister Mary Griffiths, Sister Gerardus Thistlewaitelisten to what they say, listen to what they say: voices of twentieth century beechworth, nuns, brigidine sisters, brigidine convent, school, religion, prison, boarding school, modernization, food, women's history, teaching, teachers, education, hospitals, beechworth hospital, charity, old priory, father stockdale, easter, beechworth 1950s -
Waverley RSL Sub Branch
Key
... as it was a major prison camp during WWII Changi Fall of Singapore key P.O.W ...During World War II, following the Fall of Singapore in February 1942, the Japanese military detained about 3,000 civilians in Changi Prison, which was built to house only 600 prisoners. The Japanese used the British Army's Selarang Barracks, near the prison, as a prisoner of war camp, holding some 50,000 Allied—predominantly British and Australian—soldiers.[1] Although POWs were rarely, if ever, held in the civilian prison, the name Changi became synonymous in the UK, Australia, and elsewhere with the POW camp. About 850 POWs died during their internment in Changi during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore,[2] a relatively low rate compared to the overall death rate of 27% for POWs in Japanese camps.[3] However, many more prisoners died after being transferred from Changi to various labour camps outside Singapore, including the Burma Railway and the Sandakan airfield.this item is of historical significance because it is supposedly one of the few surving keys to Changi Jail and donated by Mr.Robertson . Changi is significant as it was a major prison camp during WWII Changi Jail Key. Blackened metal key, Wooden tag attached with Japanese print on it. Kanji Characters read Middle Gatechangi, fall of singapore, key, p.o.w. -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Handbook, Guests of the contemptibles.....memories of the prison camps
... of the prison camps. Handbook. ...A most insightful touching small book of words.J.E.Purtill.has written from his heart and mind.It is obvious that he valued his place in 2/29 BAtt..8th Division and that he valued his fellow 8th Divisioners most greatlyGuests A deeply expressed account of signifigence offering insight into the heartbreak and trauma that manifests from any form of warfare.social and spiritual slgnificance.2 3 page handbook.....oblong portrait....yellowed white paper 23 pages......cardboard cover....declarations on front cover.For their pal ship which l cherished....to my dead cobbers......I dedicate this little book. U -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - MEDICAL Middle East and Far East. Author Allan.S.Walker MD, Ch.M. F.R.A.C.P, First Published 1953
... of the Medical conditions setting up camp hospitals, medical transport ...The complete record of the Medical conditions setting up camp hospitals, medical transport, medical records,Photographs, Maps,IllustrationsAustralian War Memorialtobruk, crete, general health in the desert, surgical conditions in the desert, syria, nurses, tropical medicine, malaria, medical conditions, burma thai railway, labour forces, prison camps