Tempered steel sharpener for sharpening knives.domestic items, utensils, cutlery

Used in wood splitting to split with the grain of the wood. Splitting or stud axe bits are more wedge shaped. This shape causes the axe to rend the fibres of the wood apart, without having to cut through them. Possibly made by Kelly Axe Company after 1949.A wooden handled axe with a flat ended wedge shaped blade for hammering. There is a piece of orange cord threaded through the handle for hanging. Made in USA True temper flint edge.stud-axe tools

Tempered steel sharpener for sharpening knives. It has a bone handle.domestic items, utensils, cutlery

Cyrus Chambers was a self-described mechanic who started out winding bobbins in his father's woollen mill and went on to invent machines that changed their industries. Cyrus Chambers came from Quaker parents the ninth of thirteen siblings, he once said a year before his death. “I believe I have succeeded because, first, I was industrious; second, because I made a study of the subject that was before me.” At age 7, Chambers went to work in his father’s mill. His job was to monitor bobbins—wooden spindles around which thread was wound and to remove and replace them as they became full. "There was no child labour law at that time," he later recalled. Chambers loved machinery and always regarded himself as a mechanic rather than an inventor. At age 16, Chambers was sent to learn dentistry with an older brother, (Edwin) who was already in the field and willing to take him on as an apprentice. Chambers was talented at working with small parts. He used his brother's dental instruments to build a miniature high-pressure steam engine of silver. It ran at 3,000 revolutions per minute and weighed less than a half-ounce. At that time it was the smallest engine that had ever been constructed. The engine was displayed at the 1876 Centennial and is now in a permanent collection at the Franklin Institute USA. Chambers major invention was the paper folding machine and came from reading that school teachers made less than the young girls who were employed to fold book pages as they came off the press. He told friends that his first efforts were to make the machine that would fold newspapers after demonstrating his device he met with Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune who advised Chambers would never invent the machine that would be able to fold his newspaper or books. In less than a year Chambers had built a full-size machine capable of folding large newspapers and books and was installed at J B Lippincott & Co folding pages for the "Comly Speller" this machine ran successfully for twenty-five years until the printing works burnt down. Chambers then went into partnership with a brother and they established the firm "Chambers, Brother & Co" at a plant in Philadelphia. It was also observed in 1910 and a fact that there was not a periodical or newspaper printed or recently published book that had not gone through one of Chambers inventions. Chambers went on to produce many mechanical inventions and improvements to existing tools and machinery most notable was his invention for the machine that would make clay bricks. This machine made forty bricks per hour and by the end of Chambers life after many improvements, it could make more than four hundred. Although there were a large number of bold cutters made of this patent at Cyrus Chamber’s foundry in Philadelphia, the item is associated with a notable American inventor of the nineteenth century. This particular patent for a bolt and rivet cutter won Chambers the prestigious Elliott Cresson Medal. This cutter is just one of the many inventions and mechanical improvements that Cyrus Chambers made during his lifetime, contributing to the ongoing development of mechanical improvements that were occurring in American industry of the time and therefore a notable addition to the Flagstaff collection.Cast iron bolt cutter with removable tempered steel cutter. Chambers New No. 2.Raised embossed lettering on cast body of cutter "New No 2" on one side, "Chambers Bros & Co" on the other sideflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, cyrus chambers, bolt cutter, paper folding machine, brick making machine, elliot cresson, elliot cresson medal, franklin institute, gold medal, rivet cutter

Badminton racquet. Unbranded. Metal with nylon strings. Red grip tape. Text on shaft states: 'Tempered Steel Shaft'. Materials: Metal composite, Nylontennis

By using this Cat No it will bring up all associated items re Thompsons.1. Commonwealth Order to Ordnance Factory Bendigo to harden, temper and test 4" MK x 1 x Naval Barrels, "" F" nickel steel. Six barrel numbers are shown. Dated 1 Oct 1942. 2. Commonwealth Order to Bendigo Ordinance Factory to harden, temper and test piece 4"breech block billett "F" Nickel steel. Thompsons Foundry.1. Stamped - order finished. Received 2 Oct 1942 - order tracking signed by R. J. Liniacke, shipped 28 June 1944. 2. Stamped - order. Received 21 Nov 1942 - signed by R. J. Liniacke.ww2, cannon manufacture

This goblet was gifted to the Faculty by Professor John Norman (UK) during the Combined Scientific Meeting (CSM) organized by Hong Kong College of Anesthesiologists (HKCA) with ANZCA, held in May 2001, Hong Kong. The goblet is a unique design by the Australian - born artist Stuart Devlin AO, CMG. Devlin is considered to be a significant contemporary gold and silversmith, having become well known as a London Designer in the '70s and '80s. His achievements include the Royal Warrant of Appointment as Goldsmith and Jeweller to the Queen of England granted in 1982.Hand made gold gilded sterling silver goblet. The stem is designed in a rope like twist holding up a simple tempered cup. The hallmarks are punched on the outside of the cup.[hallmarks] SD / lion passant / lion's head / Sprofessor norman, john, combined scientific meeting, csm, devlin, stuart

Mrs Stella Surman recalled "Ginge" as always having a smile for everyone (quoted in "Linton Makes History", p. 85). However, the early LDHS index to photographs says that his temper matched his hair colour - fiery!Small, faded and damaged photograph which shows "Ginge", a Chinese hawker who sold his goods in Linton and other towns in the district in the early 1900s. Legend says that his name derived from having red hair.ginge, ginger, chinese traders, chinese miners

Windlass, an ISO accredited sword maker and official supplier to MOD UK and the RN.good example of Navy cutlass swords2 x British Naval Cutlass 1804 - Chromed These highest quality blades are manufactured by Windlass, an ISO accredited sword maker and official supplier to MOD UK and the RN. Each blade is fold forged from a single billet of high-carbon steel, then hardened and tempered. Hand assembled and ground, each is then fully chrome plated for a mirror finish. 1. Blade near the hilt has on one side crossed sword and scabbard, obverse has a J. On the basket are N an arrow WD followed by an L. 2. Blade near the hilt has on one side crossed sword and scabbard, obverse has a inscribed 9 and stamped C6. On the basket are N an arrow WD followed by an L.navy, cutlass

In October 1928, on the eve of the Great Depression, Melbourne’s wharfies went on strike. Strike-breakers were brought in and police, armed with guns and brandishing batons, lined the wharf to protect them. Tempers rose, fighting broke out, and a nervous inspector ordered his men to fire first into the air, then into the crowd.on page 8strike, wharfs, police, port melbourne, princes pier, alan whittaker, fan album, 1928, labourers

Printed - 6 page foolscap, stapled on left hand side, 2 sections, Victorian State Parliamentary Report titled "Report - The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Railways on the question of the Beaumaris Electric Street Railway." - dated 22 December 1916. References previous reports, Black Rock, Beaumaris, residential development, routes and costs of the proposed tramway, costs provided by the Chief Engineer for Railway Construction, E. Kernot, and Committee recommendations - tempered by the War.trams, tramways, sandringham, black rock, beaumaris, railways, tramways, proposals

The Collins history of publishing dictionaries began in 1824 in Glasgow by William Collins who had a background as a teacher and an interest in material related to the Temperence Movement. The company continues to publish dictionaries to this day, including digital versions and foreign language editions. Today the company is known as Harper Collins. The dictionary was used by several members of the Badham family which reflects the continued usage of such items and not just replacing something that may be older.Collins Dictionary with cardboard red covers and 288 pages. Names of former owners on front cover and inside front cover. Inside the back are names of various members of the Badham family - Edith, Ida and Jim. This dictionary has had several owners in the one family.a 'Collins' Clear Type Illustrated Pronouncing Dictionary. 300 Illustrations'. Name of former owner printed in top right-hand corner 'Ida Badham'. b Inside the front cover names of owners of the dictionary 'E. Badham', Ida Badham'.badham collection, dictionary, collins, william collins

The mitre trimmer is a classic hand-powered tool for picture framers and trim carpenters that has remained relatively unchanged for decades. It is heavy, simple, and sturdily built of cast iron with tempered steel guillotine blades. It is used for taking super accurate, paper-thin slices off the ends of mitres and butt joints, and leaving behind a glassy-smooth surface. Also used in picture frame making or cabinet woodworking, by placing a piece of timber in one side after setting the desired angle and pulling a handle that operates a guillotine blade thereby cutting the timber or decorative trim to the required angle.A significant tool still in use today in many cabinet makers workshops. The subject tool gives insight into how this type of tool development, design and use has not progressed since it’s original invention. It is still for sale from many tool manufacturing companies and use in small craftsmen boutique workshops today as it was many decades ago.Cast Iron wood Trimmer bench like construction on raised feet with 2 adjustable gates. Noneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, cabinet makers tools, picture framing, mitre cutting, wood trimming

The Warrnambool Congregational Church was established with a meeting called in April 1862 and over the ensuing months a congregation with first pastor Rev W Pentland was established. After initially meeting at the small Temperence Hall in Liebig St, land was purchased at the corner of Liebig and lava St and the first church opened in March 1864. It remained on this site until the site was sold to the T & G Assurance in 1939 and land known as Kianga Estate was purchased on the corner of Lava and Henna Streets.It became part of the amalgamation with other churches to form the Uniting Church in 1977.This cup is possibly a souvenir from the 50th anniversary celebrations held in 1912. A common object which is linked to one of warrnambool's longest running churches.Cream china cup with thick gold rim and black test in banner style on one side of the cup. Warrnambool Congregational Church on front of cup . 338 written on bottom and 4 on paper labelwarrnambool, warrnambool congregational church

Robert Gray at Kays Foundry Wimmera Street Stawell standing beside Crusher built for Bulola Goldfields New Guinea. Robert (Bob) Gray born Stawell in 1879 to Edmond and Susan Gray. Robert worked for 20 years at the George Kay Foundry Wimmera Street as a fitter and turner manufacturing and repairing steam engines and boilers. The foundry burnt down in 1924. George Kay gave Bob this reference. He them worked at the sandstone quarry out beyond Mt Dryden (Heatherlie) The stone of which was used to build the Elizabeth Street Commonwealth Bank in Melbourne. Roberts job was that of black smith tempering and sharpening rock drills.Black and white photograph of a man standing beside a circular structure in a large workshop.Robert Grey at Kays Foundry Stawell. Built for Bulola Goldfields New Guinea.stawell industry mining

"It was John Wedge, Batman's private surveyor, who named the Yarra Yarra. In September 1835 he was at the Turning Basin with some Kulin and heard them identify the river as it came over the Falls as, he wrote, 'Yarrow Yarrow'. It was only some months later that Wedge discovered they had been referring to the pattern and movement of water over the Falls, not the river itself. And ever since, it has been the Yarra's fate to be misunderstood: maligned for its muddiness, ill-used as sewer and tip; scooped, sculpted, straightened and stressed, 'cleaned up' to the detriment of its natural inhabitants; built-over, under and beside; worked mercilessly and then bridged almost to maritime extinction. In Kristin Otto's superbly entertaining new history, the whole sorry tale is laid bare. From the creation stories of Kulin owners and geologist blow-ins (and Robert Hoddle's bad-tempered expedition to the headwaters) to the twenty-first-century waterside building boom, Otto traces the course of Melbourne's murky river. Erudite, affectionate and witty, with more meanders and diversions than the river itself, Yarra is both a fascinating read and a fitting tribute to the 'noble stream'." -- Publisher's website.Paperback; [viii], 245 p. : illus., maps ; 24 cm.ISBN 1920885781yarra river

William Rutledge [born 1806, Ireland] was a self-made, larger-than-life man who involved himself prominently in business, municipal, political, community and social aspects of life. Eldest son of James and Martha [nee Forster], William arrived in Australia from Ireland in 1829 and within six years had sufficiently established himself to purchase land in New South Wales. He married Eliza Kirk in Sydney in august 1840. They had two sons and five daughters. In 1843 he began his association and life in Port Fairy and soon became prominent and influential in almost all aspects of that developing town. His interests encompassed mercantile, civic, pastoral, shipping, importing, exporting, immigration, politics and social aspects with in the district and colony. He was a major contributor to the building of St John’s Anglican Church, Port Fairy. He acquired three special surveys with historical importance in Victoria. In south west Victoria that interest being especially the Farnham Survey of 5120 acres between Dennington and Tower Hill/Killarney. This was farmed by immigrant tenant and lessee farmers, some of whom were brought to the Australia at William Rutledge’s own expense and by whom he was considered a kind and considerate landlord. His endeavours were not without failures and in 1862 his Port Fairy Company failed with debts of over £170,000. This debt was redeemed in full within a year. According to reported accounts, William Rutledge had a tempestuous manner with an “explosive” temper, although he did not hold grudges. This is countered by accounts of his kindness, generosity, honesty and practical, progressive outlook in all his undertakings. After the failure and closure of his Company, William Rutledge moved to his property at Farnham Park near Warrnambool where he concentrated his interest in breeding sheep and horses. Throughout his life his home was reputed to be convivial and hospitable. William Rutledge died at Farnham Park on June 1st, 1876. William Rutledge's place in the history of settlement in south west Victoria gives importance to this memorial.Stained glass window, south wall, main nave, depicting Jesus bearing the Cross. The background is quite floral. A medallion shape holds the title as printed on a ribbon: "By thy cross and passion good Lord deliver us".In Latin: In Memoriam Gulielmi Rutledge qui A.D. MDCCCVI underimo ante Kal: Feb: natus vitam posuit/ Kal: Jun: MDCCCLXXVI Filae amantissimae hanc fenestram pietatis indirio posueruntrutledge, william rutledge, farnham survey, port fairy, christ church warrnambool

Bleak House. Author: Charles Dickens. Publisher: Chapman & Hall Ltd, London. Date: 1873-1900. (See note section this document for more information on Edition). Blue leather hardcover with title on spine in gold lettering, Charles Dickens signature on front cover written in gold lettering. The spine has a Library label.fictionCharles Dickens (1812–1870) was one of the great English novelists of the Victorian era, famous for vivid characters, social criticism, and stories that were first published in serial form. He began as a journalist, rose to enormous popularity during his lifetime, and wrote major works such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, and Great Expectations. Bleak House is one of Charles Dickens’s major novels, a sprawling, multi plot story built around the endless Court of Chancery lawsuit known as “Jarndyce and Jarndyce” and its ruinous effect on several families. It is widely regarded as among his finest and most complex works, central to any serious study of his fiction.book, the old curiosity shop, charles dickens, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, warrnambool, maritime-museum, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, pattison collection, warrnambool library, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, ralph eric pattison, corangamite regional library service, warrnambool city librarian, mechanics’ institute library, victorian library board, warrnambool books and records, warrnambool children’s library, great ocean road

Bleak House. Author: Charles Dickens. Publisher: Chapman & Hall Ltd, London. Date: 1925. (See note section this document for more information on Edition). Cloth hardcover with title on spine in gold lettering, Front cover has a paper stick on title. The spine has a Library label.fictionCharles Dickens (1812–1870) was one of the great English novelists of the Victorian era, famous for vivid characters, social criticism, and stories that were first published in serial form. He began as a journalist, rose to enormous popularity during his lifetime, and wrote major works such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, and Great Expectations. Bleak House is one of Charles Dickens’s major novels, a sprawling, multi plot story built around the endless Court of Chancery lawsuit known as “Jarndyce and Jarndyce” and its ruinous effect on several families. It is widely regarded as among his finest and most complex works, central to any serious study of his fiction.book, the old curiosity shop, charles dickens, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, warrnambool, maritime-museum, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, pattison collection, warrnambool library, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, ralph eric pattison, corangamite regional library service, warrnambool city librarian, mechanics’ institute library, victorian library board, warrnambool books and records, warrnambool children’s library, great ocean road

A honing steel, sometimes referred to as a sharpening steel, whet steel, sharpening stick, sharpening rod, butcher's steel, and chef's steel, is a rod of steel, ceramic or diamond-coated steel used to restore keenness to dulled blade edges. They are flat, oval, or round in cross-section and up to 30 centimetres (1 ft) long. The steel and ceramic honing steels may have longitudinal ridges, whereas the diamond-coated steels are smooth but embedded with abrasive diamond particles. Non-abrasive honing rods such as smooth ceramic or ribbed steel are able to remove small amounts of metal via adhesive wear. In normal use, the rod is applied to the blade at a slightly higher angle than that of the bevel, resulting in the formation of a micro-bevel. The term "hone" is associated with light maintenance performed on a blade without the effort and precision normally associated with sharpening, so the name "hone" was borrowed. In the 1980s, ceramic abrasives became increasingly popular and proved an equal, if not superior, method for accomplishing the same daily maintenance tasks; manufacturers replaced steels with ceramic (and later, manufactured diamond abrasive) sharpening "steels" that were actually hones. Use Honing steels are used by lightly placing the near edge of the blade against the base of the steel, then sliding the blade away from yourself along the steel while moving it down – the blade moves diagonally, while the steel remains stationary. This should be done with the blade held at an angle to the steel, usually about 20°, and repeating on the opposite side at the same angle. This is repeated five to ten times per side. Steeling It is often recommended that steeling be performed immediately before or after using a knife and can be done daily. By contrast, knives are generally sharpened much less frequently. A traditional smooth honing steel is of no use if the edge is blunt, because it removes no material; instead it fixes deformations along the edge of a sharp blade, technically known as burnishing. There has long been speculation about the efficacy of steeling (re-aligning the edge) vs honing (removing minor deformation with abrasives); studies tend to favour abrasives for daily maintenance, especially in high-carbide-volume "stainless" steels (such as the popular CPM S30V steel, which tends to "tear out" when steeled rather than re-forming an edge.) Small honing steel for outdoor activities Usage trends Steels have traditionally been used in the West, especially in heavy-use scenarios (e.g. butchering, where the edge deforms due to forceful contact with bone). These scenarios also lead Western trends toward blades tempered to a lower level of hardness (and thus lower brittleness). In East Asia, notably Japan, harder knives are preferred, so there is little need for steeling intra-day, as the edge does not deform as much. Instead, the blade is honed as needed on a waterstone. While tradition has kept the practice of steeling alive in Western kitchens, the majority of honing steels sold are abrasive rather than smooth, and knives are harder and more frequently made of stainless steel, which does not respond to traditional steeling techniques as well as high-carbon/low alloy tool steels.The sharpening steel is essential to maintain the sharpness of carving and other knives.Steel knife sharpener with bone handle. Part of a carving set.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, sharpening steel, carving set, kitchen equipment

This Royal Red Cross was awarded to Minnie Maud McNab who served as a nurse then Sister in Queen Alexandria's Imperial Military Nursing Staff Reserve, Dr Bird's Unit during WWI. "Appointed to QAIMNSR 22 January 1915 Arrived in Egypt 22 January 1915 Embarked Bombay 18 April 1917 Disembarked Basrah 26 April 1917 Posted No 3 British General Hospital 26 April 1917 Admitted to hospital 03 May 1917 Discharged 07 May 1917 Joined for duty at Bagdad 23 May 1917 Appointed Assistant Matron to 31 BSH at Basrah 01 December 1917 Mentioned in Lieut General Sir F S Mande's despatch dated 02 November 1917 London Gazette No 30570 Joined for temporary duty Baghdad 24 May 1918 Admitted OCD 29 July 1918 Discharged 17 August 1918 and returned to Duty Left unit to proceed on leave to India 24 August 1918 Proceeded to India on leave per 'Kina' 01 September 1918 Returned from Leave 31 October 1918 Rejoined unit from leave Baghdad 10 November 1918 Awarded Royal Red Cross 1st Class in recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in Mesopotamia 26 August 1918 (Gazette No 30865) Mentioned in despatches by Lt. General W R Marshall in his despatch dated 15 April 1918 (Gazette No 30867) Admitted to Hospital 11 January 1919 Discharged from Hospital 10 February 1919 31 B S Hospital 'Sister Minnie Maud McNab QAIMNS Reserve has served under me for eighteen months as Sister and Assistant Matron, the duties of the latter she performed to my entire satisfaction. I consider her a thoroughly well trained Nurse, most kind and attentive to the patients, she is energetic, reliable, punctual, tactful and good tempered. Her powers of administration and initiative are excellent and she has great ability in instructing the orderlies. I recommend her for further service if required, promotion and for full gratuity.' Transferred to UK for duty 21 February 1919 Embarked 'Vasna' 21 February 1919 or UK Appointment terminated 21 July 1919 Departed from her unit 21 July 1919 After taking a holiday in Scotland asked for temporary duty if her passage home was not available. Posted to Royal Herbert Hospital, Woolwich 08 September 1919 Postal address whilst awaiting repatriation Berrington War Hospital, Shrewbury Returning to Australia per 'Northumberland' trans-shipped at Bombay ex 'Macedonia' embarked England 01 November 1919" (https://ausww1nurses.weebly.com/mca-mcn.html) "The Royal Red Cross is a military decoration awarded in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth for exceptional services in military nursing. It was established on 27 April 1883 by Queen Victoria... The Royal Red Cross was originally a single class of Member and it was first awarded to the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale. A second class, Associate, was added during World War I in 1917. The award is awarded to a fully trained nurse of an officially recognized nursing service, military or civilian, who has shown exceptional devotion and competence in the performance of nursing duties, over a continuous and long period, or who has performed an exceptional act of bravery and devotion at her or his post of duty. The decoration was conferred exclusively to women until 1976. Recipients of the Royal Red Cross are entitled to use the post-nominal letters “RRC” or “ARRC” for Members and Associates respectively." [https://collectionswa.net.au/items/25f38e85-6c15-429f-95b6-0a24c241e199] A thin, black, textured leather coated box with gold lettering 'R R C' in the centre and '1st' in the bottom left corner. Has a white sticker attached to the top right hand corner with red handwritten 'M47'. The box has a small metal button on bottom section that when pushed opens the box. The leather is damaged and fraying around the edges and corners of the box and there are various scratch marks that have removed the black paint/dye from the leather in places. Inside, the box lid is lined with padded fabric (likely silk or satin), has the manufacturer details printed at the centre of lid. There is a small blue ink mark on the fabric in the top left of the inside of the lid and minor holes and wear in the upper portion of the lid. The bottom part of the box is a mount covered in blue velvet. The mount and velvet have a depression in the shape of the main Royal Red Cross (RRC) medal and ribbon. The velvet is dusty and has some fibres in the creases and across the whole area. "The badge for the RRC is in the shape of a golden cross, 1.375 inches (3.49 cm) wide, the obverse enamelled red, with a circular medallion, bearing an effigy of the reigning monarch at its centre. The words "Faith", "Hope" and "Charity" are inscribed on the upper limbs of the cross, with the year "1883" in the lower limb. The reverse is plain except a circular medallion bearing the royal cypher of the reigning monarch" [Wikipedia - see References], on this medal the initials are GRJ. The ribbon is a dark blue stripe between crimson edge stripes and forms a landscape oriented bow that the medal hangs from the middle. This box also contains a miniature medal, bearing the same description as above being of [approximately quarter size]. There is a white sticker on the underside of the box that has handwritten in black ink 'RNC / J McCarthy' 'M47' [red ink on white sticker attached to top of box] 'RNC / J McCarthy' [black ink on white sticker attached to underneath of box] 'M.M.McNAB / 1914-1919' [Engraved on bottom of the lower part of the full sized medal's cross]minnie maud mcnab, wwi, ww1, world war one, royal red cross 1st class, royal red cross, queen alexandra's imperial military nursing service reserve

ADB entry: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/langham-frederick-3987 Frederick Langham (1833-1903), Wesleyan missionary, was born on 24 April 1833 at Launceston, Van Diemen's Land, son of Samuel Langham, builder, and his wife Eliza, née Robinson. Nurtured in a Methodist home he attended the Paterson Street Sunday school and was 'converted' under the ministry of Rev. William Butters. In 1847 the family moved to Victoria where Langham joined the Fitzroy Church. After two years training as a teacher in Britain he returned to Melbourne and on 16 November 1854 at Richmond married Ann Elizabeth Knight. In January 1855 Langham became headmaster of the Wesleyan Denominational School at Barker Street, Castlemaine, where he was a contemporary of Shirley Baker at the other Wesleyan school. Influenced by Rev. Thomas Raston to consider missionary work, Langham was prepared for the ministry by Rev. John Harcourt and in 1858 was received into the Victorian Conference. He was appointed to Fiji where he arrived in June. Langham served at Lakemba in 1858-63, Bau in 1864-66 and Viwa in 1868-70. As one of the assertive 'colonial young men', he was resented at first by Rev. James Calvert and his colleagues, but Langham soon dominated the mission and was chairman of the Fiji district in 1869-94. From 1871 he lived at Bau where he won repute among Methodists as King Cakobau's adviser. Although his policies did not please all the missionaries, they accepted him as their spokesman. Believing himself the champion of the Fijians he encouraged annexation by Britain, but often nettled the colonial administrators by his paternalism and lack of imagination. To his colleagues he was 'Father' Langham and Sir Arthur Gordon referred to him as 'The Cardinal'. In 1874-75 and 1890 Langham and his wife visited Melbourne mainly for their health. They finally left Fiji in April 1895 and lived in Sydney where Langham worked on the revision of the Fijian Bible. Though always reluctant in Australia to travel on deputationary work, he identified himself with the Orange cause and was easily persuaded to give anti-Catholic missionary lectures, which involved him in public controversy with Cardinal Patrick Moran. In 1898 Langham went to England to see his New Testament through the press. The subsequent burning of some testaments at the Roman Catholic mission at Namosi received much publicity in Australia. Langham's wife had helped his revision and was author of many Fijian hymns. Their adopted (European) daughter Annie Langham Lindsay died on 21 December 1901, just before the revised Old Testament was completed. His wife did not recover from this shock and died on 5 January 1902. Langham became a supernumerary in 1901 and travelled on deputationary work in Britain, mainly for the British and Foreign Bible Society, of which he was a life governor. He also shared in the 'simultaneous mission' of the Evangelical churches. In addition to the Fijian Bible he had published other works in Fijian, some in conjunction with other authors. Recommended by Sir William MacGregor, Langham was awarded a doctorate of divinity by the University of Glasgow. He died at Wilton Villa, Albion Grove, Hackney, on 21 June 1903 and was buried in Abney Park cemetery. Although he bequeathed a 'cannibal fork with human bone attached' to a sister in Melbourne, the rest of his Fijian collection was sold. He instructed his trustees to destroy his journals and correspondence but many of his original letters are in other collections. Physically impressive with leonine hair and beard, Langham cut his missionary role in the cloth of the schoolmaster. As a disciplinarian his punishments were severe but tempered with justice; he once insisted on being caned by a wrongfully punished boy. His relentless energy and simple piety won him renown as a great missionary by his denomination and those of the religious public familiar with the romanticized version of his career. Sepia toned carte de visite studio portrait of the Rev. Frederick Langham"Langham c.1873-77"rev frederick langam, wesleyan methodist missionary, minister, fiji

This photograph is a copy displayed in the Australian Dictionary of Biography. The original photograph is in the La Trobe Collection in the State Library of Victoria. William Henry Gaunt (1830-1905), judge, was born on 27 July 1830 at Leek, Staffordshire, England, son of John Gaunt, banker, and his wife Mary, née Bakewell. Educated at Leek Grammar School and Whitchurch, Salop, he migrated to Melbourne, and entered the Victorian public service and was rapidly promoted. By March 1854 he was chief clerk at Beechworth, the administrative centre of the Ovens goldfield. In July 1855 the resident warden commended Gaunt as 'a highly valuable public servant' with an intimate knowledge of the district and the 'temper and disposition of the miners'. Appointed sub-warden in the Beechworth district in January 1856 and a Chinese protector in August, he was given control of the extensive Woolshed district. When European miners attacked a party of Chinese at the Buckland River diggings in May 1857 Gaunt was sent to restore order. One of his proclamations, issued in Chinese characters, concluded 'W. H. Gaunt, your protector—tremble and obey!' In June he was appointed a police magistrate and next month was sent to take charge at the Buckland where the Chinese had been expelled from the diggings; the police force assisting him was led by Robert O'Hara Burke. In January 1858 Gaunt was appointed a warden, in November was transferred to Chiltern, north of Beechworth, and in August 1859 was made a commissioner of crown lands. In February 1860 Gaunt was appointed a coroner of Victoria, acting at Indigo, near Chiltern. In April 1865 he was transferred to Beechworth, became visiting justice of the gaol and later moved to Sandhurst. In January 1869 he was appointed returning officer for the mining district of Ballarat and visiting justice of the gaol. He was associated with this area for the rest of his life and won high repute for his integrity. In 1874 he chaired the inaugural meeting of the first Australian competitive swimming club. For years he studied law and was called to the Bar in December 1873. He was one of the many public servants dismissed by Graham Berry on 9 January 1878 (Black Wednesday). After petitioning the Queen in vain over his dismissal he began practice in Ballarat as a barrister. He soon became a leading authority on mining laws; one of the cases in which he was involved was the lengthy inquest on the bodies of the twenty-two miners drowned in the New Australasian mine disaster at Creswick in 1882. He was appointed a temporary judge of the Insolvency Court in 1889 and a County Court judge in 1891. In 1900 he was chairman of the royal commission which considered Metropolitan Board of Works matters, and in 1902 was president of the inquiry into the unification of municipalities in Victoria. In 1860 Gaunt married Elizabeth Mary, the youngest daughter of Frederick Palmer; they had nine children. Of the surviving five sons and two daughters, Ernest Frederick Augustus and Guy Reginald Archer both became admirals and were knighted; Cecil Robert became a lieutenant-colonel, Clive Herbert a government advocate in Rangoon and Mary (Mrs H. L. Miller) one of the first women students to enrol at the University of Melbourne (1881), although she did not complete her degree; she became a successful novelist. Gaunt died on 5 October 1905. An anonymous colleague said: 'I don't think he was ever excelled as a police magistrate, and during the many years he was on the County Court bench he earned the highest regard. His capacities were as unquestioned as his integrity, and more could not be said of any judge'. Select Bibliography Votes and Proceedings (Legislative Assembly, Victoria), 1878, 3, (58) Government Gazette (Victoria), 22 Feb, 15 Aug 1856, 30 June 1857, 5 Jan 1858, 16 Aug 1859, 3 Feb 1860, 7 Mar, 11 Oct 1862, 28 Mar, 4 Apr 1865, 17 May 1867, 9 June 1868, 22, 29 Jan 1869 Ovens and Murray Advertiser, 21 May 1857, 11 Mar 1865 Colonial Secretary's in-letters, goldfields, 25 Mar 1854, 21 July, 18 Nov 1855, 22 Aug 1857 (Public Record Office Victoria) scrapbook and newsclippings (privately held). Related Entries in NCB Sitesview family tree Gaunt, Mary Eliza (daughter)go to ADB entryPhotograph of Judge W. H. Gaunt standing beside chair holding top hat and cane, under glass, in cream frame with cream matte.Printed name underneath: JUDGE W. H. GAUNT