It took 15 years to invent the can. It took 100 more to invent a standard way to open it. In the 19th century, decades after the invention of canning, there were virtually no can openers. Canned food, such as sardines, came with its own "key" to peel back the tin lid. Birth of the can One of the oddest things about the can opener is that the can predates it by almost 150 years. Though common today, cans were once military-grade technology. In 1795, Napoleon, to whom the phrase "an army marches on its stomach" is attributed, offered 12,000 francs to anyone who could find a way to preserve food. Without any knowledge of bacteria or their role in food spoilage, scientists didn't even know where to begin. It took 15 years before a chef named Nicholas Appert claimed the prize after successfully jarring food. Soon after that, his countryman Philippe de Girard came up with a variant on Appert's method—metal tins—and sold the idea to the British. Spoiled food, and the sickness it caused, was a widespread problem. The public would have benefited from canned food, but for decades cans were almost exclusively for the army and the navy. The canning process, with its hours of boiling and steaming, its scrupulous cleanliness, its heated metal, and its need for a great deal of disposable material, made canned food far too expensive for anyone but the military. No can openers were needed or even possible. The metal of early cans was too thick to make openers practical. Soldiers and sailors had plenty of sharp objects on hand and made ample use of them when they wanted to eat. During the 19th century, the process of canning was refined and mechanised, and the metal wall of the average can slimmed down enough that a civilian could get it open—if that civilian had the right tool. No one had that tool yet, so early cans had to open themselves. In other words, they came with built-in openers. The result was a confusing but pleasing free-for-all, in terms of product engineering. Each type of food came with its own kind of can, and each kind of can came with its own kind of opener. Tinned fish and meat were often sold in rectangular cans. These cans were fitted with a "key" that would roll down the top of the can. Coffee, beans, and other types of meat were packaged in cylinders with metal strips that could be peeled back with their own kinds of built-in keys. Cans of milk, which didn't need to be completely opened, came with puncture devices. As tinned food became more common, its containers became more regular. A nice cylindrical can became the norm, and, as these cans filled kitchens, more engineers put their minds to finding a convenient way to open all of them. The first standalone can opener worked on a simple principle: point, stab, and pull. From the mid-19th century to the end of World War I, the typical can opener looked roughly like a wrench, if the lower 'jaw' of the wrench were replaced with a blade. People used the blade to puncture the top of the can near its edge, push the upper jaw against the side of the can, and drag the blade through the metal along the rim. Because meat was the first and most popular canned substance, these can openers were often shaped to look like cows and given the nickname 'bully beef can openers'. The bully beef can opener, popular in the mid-19th century, resulted in many lost fingers. Later, a corkscrew was added that was seated in the handle, and could be pulled out for use. Bully beef can openers were so common, effective, and sturdy that they are still frequently available on collectors' sites. Some are advertised as “still working,” and every last one of them is, without a doubt, soaked in the blood of our ancestors. Dragging a sharp blade along the edge of a can is certain to cause injury sooner or later. So once people got a reliable can shape and a reliable way to get the can open, the search was on for a reliable way to get a can open without the possibility of losing a finger. The answer came in 1925, from the Star Can Opener Company of San Francisco. This is probably the first can opener that resembles the one people have in their kitchens today. Instead of using a blade to pry open a metal can, buyers could clamp the edge of the can between two wheels and twist the handle of one of the wheels to move the blade around the lip. The Star can openers weren't perfect. Compared to the bully beef model, they were flimsy and breakable, but they probably prevented a few injuries. Six short years after the Star model came to market, the first electric can opener was invented. It was patented in 1931 by the Bunker Clancey Company of Kansas City, who had already been sued by the Star Can Opener Company for trying sell a double-wheeled can opener like the Star model (the case was dismissed). The electric can opener must have seemed like the wave of the future and a sure-fire seller, but it proved to be too far ahead of its time. In 1931 not that many households had electricity, and those that did weren't interested in buying can openers. The Bunker Clancey Company was subsequently bought by the Rival Company, which still makes small appliances like can openers today. It took another 25 years for electrically powered can openers to become practical. In the 1950s, Walter Hess Bodle and his daughter, Elizabeth Bodle, developed an electric can opener in the family garage. Walter came up with the opener's blades and motor, and Elizabeth sculpted the outside. Their can opener was a free-standing unit that could sit on the kitchen counter. The Udico brand of the Union Die Casting Company put it on the market in time for Christmas in 1956 and had great success with it. Over the next few years it came out in different styles and colours, and, like the bully beef can opener, has become a collector's item. Also like the bully beef model, Udico can openers often still work. They don't make 'em like they used to. Although there have been some design changes and refinements over the last sixty years, there have yet to be any more leaps forward in can opener technology. If you're resentfully opening a can, you are almost certainly doing it using the Star design, manually forcing the can between two wheels, or the Bodle design, clamping the can into a free-standing electrical opener. Whether or not you enjoy your holiday meals, at least you can be happy that you are not getting poisoned by your own food or cutting open your hand with the blade you use to get at it. That's something, right?The can opener, Bottle opener and the corkscrew are still very important and essential items in most kitchens.Metal can opener, chromed, with bottle opener, and a corkscrew seated in the handle.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, canning, can opener, corkscrew, bottle opener, kitchen equipment

It took 15 years to invent the can. It took 100 more to invent a standard way to open it. In the 19th century, decades after the invention of canning, there were virtually no can openers. Canned food, such as sardines, came with its own "key" to peel back the tin lid. Birth of the can One of the oddest things about the can opener is that the can predates it by almost 150 years. Though common today, cans were once military-grade technology. In 1795, Napoleon, to whom the phrase "an army marches on its stomach" is attributed, offered 12,000 francs to anyone who could find a way to preserve food. Without any knowledge of bacteria or their role in food spoilage, scientists didn't even know where to begin. It took 15 years before a chef named Nicholas Appert claimed the prize after successfully jarring food. Soon after that, his countryman Philippe de Girard came up with a variant on Appert's method—metal tins—and sold the idea to the British. Spoiled food, and the sickness it caused, was a widespread problem. The public would have benefited from canned food, but for decades cans were almost exclusively for the army and the navy. The canning process, with its hours of boiling and steaming, its scrupulous cleanliness, its heated metal, and its need for a great deal of disposable material, made canned food far too expensive for anyone but the military. No can openers were needed or even possible. The metal of early cans was too thick to make openers practical. Soldiers and sailors had plenty of sharp objects on hand and made ample use of them when they wanted to eat. During the 19th century, the process of canning was refined and mechanised, and the metal wall of the average can slimmed down enough that a civilian could get it open—if that civilian had the right tool. No one had that tool yet, so early cans had to open themselves. In other words, they came with built-in openers. The result was a confusing but pleasing free-for-all, in terms of product engineering. Each type of food came with its own kind of can, and each kind of can came with its own kind of opener. Tinned fish and meat were often sold in rectangular cans. These cans were fitted with a "key" that would roll down the top of the can. Coffee, beans, and other types of meat were packaged in cylinders with metal strips that could be peeled back with their own kinds of built-in keys. Cans of milk, which didn't need to be completely opened, came with puncture devices. As tinned food became more common, its containers became more regular. A nice cylindrical can became the norm, and, as these cans filled kitchens, more engineers put their minds to finding a convenient way to open all of them. The first standalone can opener worked on a simple principle: point, stab, and pull. From the mid-19th century to the end of World War I, the typical can opener looked roughly like a wrench, if the lower 'jaw' of the wrench were replaced with a blade. People used the blade to puncture the top of the can near its edge, push the upper jaw against the side of the can, and drag the blade through the metal along the rim. Because meat was the first and most popular canned substance, these can openers were often shaped to look like cows and given the nickname 'bully beef can openers'. The bully beef can opener, popular in the mid-19th century, resulted in many lost fingers. Bully beef can openers were so common, effective, and sturdy that they are still frequently available on collectors' sites. Some are advertised as “still working,” and every last one of them is, without a doubt, soaked in the blood of our ancestors. Dragging a sharp blade along the edge of a can is certain to cause injury sooner or later. So once people got a reliable can shape and a reliable way to get the can open, the search was on for a reliable way to get a can open without the possibility of losing a finger. The answer came in 1925, from the Star Can Opener Company of San Francisco. This is probably the first can opener that resembles the one people have in their kitchens today. Instead of using a blade to pry open a metal can, buyers could clamp the edge of the can between two wheels and twist the handle of one of the wheels to move the blade around the lip. The Star can openers weren't perfect. Compared to the bully beef model, they were flimsy and breakable, but they probably prevented a few injuries. Six short years after the Star model came to market, the first electric can opener was invented. It was patented in 1931 by the Bunker Clancey Company of Kansas City, who had already been sued by the Star Can Opener Company for trying sell a double-wheeled can opener like the Star model (the case was dismissed). The electric can opener must have seemed like the wave of the future and a sure-fire seller, but it proved to be too far ahead of its time. In 1931 not that many households had electricity, and those that did weren't interested in buying can openers. The Bunker Clancey Company was subsequently bought by the Rival Company, which still makes small appliances like can openers today. It took another 25 years for electrically powered can openers to become practical. In the 1950s, Walter Hess Bodle and his daughter, Elizabeth Bodle, developed an electric can opener in the family garage. Walter came up with the opener's blades and motor, and Elizabeth sculpted the outside. Their can opener was a free-standing unit that could sit on the kitchen counter. The Udico brand of the Union Die Casting Company put it on the market in time for Christmas in 1956 and had great success with it. Over the next few years it came out in different styles and colours, and, like the bully beef can opener, has become a collector's item. Also like the bully beef model, Udico can openers often still work. They don't make 'em like they used to. Although there have been some design changes and refinements over the last sixty years, there have yet to be any more leaps forward in can opener technology. If you're resentfully opening a can, you are almost certainly doing it using the Star design, manually forcing the can between two wheels, or the Bodle design, clamping the can into a free-standing electrical opener. Whether or not you enjoy your holiday meals, at least you can be happy that you are not getting poisoned by your own food or cutting open your hand with the blade you use to get at it. That's something, right?The can opener is still a very important and essential item in most kitchens.Can opener, right handed, metal, upper blade section serrated, inscription 'Peerless Pat.Feb 11-90'.Peerless Pat.Feb 11-90flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, cannning, can opener, kitchen equipment

Yields information about Ballarat, it businesses, identifies and its locations or environs through photos and advertisements and articles.The body of the "Christmas Number of the Ballarat Courier, Special Edition - December 1922" = coves missing. See attached listing with worksheet for summary of contents. Contains many advertisement for local business houses, photos and fiction and articles , pages 3 - 94 still existing, stapled. Notes on contents of Christmas Number of The Ballarat Courier Special edition, December 19, 1922. Photos Ballarat Association Cricket Team, winners Country championship - 1922 and photo of dinner at Sth Melb. Town Hall by VCA. - p83 Ballarat Golf club, Arch of Victoria and Club House - p63, 65 Ballarat Imperial Football club - league premier- 1922 - p19 Ballarat Miners Turf Club - showing stands and office bearers - p43 Ballarat North Golf Club - p67 Ballarat Town hall - p87 Ballarat Turf Club Office bearers and race finish - p45 Ballarat Yacht club - opening day and yacht race - p89 Black Hill Progress Association, - members and scenes - p33 Eureka Monument - p79 Finish of a race at Miners RC - p45 Head of the Lake and St. Patrick's the winning crew - p47 1.ake Wendouree - boating on (Gardens side - p] 1 Lake Wendouree, rowing and club houses - p28 Lal Lal waterfalls - p61 Lydiard St. View - Railway Station, Cemetery gates, Mining Exchange, Post Office and Banks - p71 National Federation Conference - 1922 - p39 South city Football club, Ballarat Assoc. Premiers 1922 - p25 Sturt and Lydiard St - top photo Town Hall and T&G building, with ESCo tram (pencil note "Tram No- 3 - Peckham Truck" written in - p75. Bottom photo, looking south from Town Hall. The Western Oval during a football match - p23 Victorian Farmers Union Conference, Ballarat 1922 - p37 Victorian Railway photos of various scenes around Victoria: Pages 3, 5, 7, 55, 59 Views of Victoria Park - p91 VR Ballarat Railway Workshops - p9 Advertisements on even numbered pages, featuring in particular: Ballarat Motor Garage - with photos - p88 C.A.V. Willard - storage battery service Stn - p76 with photo. CA Mitaxa - Builder - includes photos of new homes - p38 Coles & Pullham - stock sales - with photos - p86 ESCo - p70 Geo E. Dibble, machinery merchant - includes photos - p26 Geo. Waller - asphalt and carrier - photos of work and buildings Hanrahan's of Ballarat - Garage and stables - p30 J.L.Ridings - dentists, - photos of surgery p14 Longhurst's Bakeries - Mair and Yuille St. Includes Photos. - P84 Preston Motors, Melbourne - The Maxwell Sep Morse - Motor and Carriage builders - photo - p78 St. Patrick's College - photos of students and buildings - p46 State Savings Bank of Vic. - p20 T-J. Brown house remover and general carrier, photo of traction engines - p90 T.J.Haymes - Wallpaper etc. - p33 The Ballarat Co-Op Distribution Society - includes photos - p44 The Hupmobile - McLean Richards Motors - p22 Wallace Butter Factor - p82 Articles Black Hill Progress Association - p35 Damaged pages - cut outs clippings etc. Page 17/18 - top half bottom 1/3 of page 21/22 Pages: 9, 70, 71, 75, 87 and 90 imaged. Record reviewed and images of some of the pages added 10-9-2013p74. Note re tram 33.trams, tramways, ballarat, commerce, ballarat business, sports, science, esco

The land along the eastern side of the Union Road shops between Montrose Street and the railway line was originally owned by the Zeplin family. It was subdivided in 1914 and offered for sale as individual sites. Building did not occur until after WW1 and after the creek across Union Road had been barrelled. The garage was built at 145 Union Road in 1925. It has had continuous use as a garage since then. Originally there were petrol bowsers on the footpath. The façade of the building is remarkably the same as it was in 1925 when David Denholm was the first proprietor. He remained until c1950 and was followed by Benchley Motors P/L, then Spenden Motors P/L. John and Val Warren-Smith purchased it in c1980. In 2019 their family, including Philip and Glenn Warren-Smith and 2 of Philip's sons, still operate it as J&V Warren-Smith Auto Service.The Union Road shopping strip was assessed for heritage protection by Lovell Chen in June 2011 (Surrey Hills and Canterbury Hill Estate Heritage Study: Union Road Commercial Precinct Citation). Within this report two buildings were mentioned as, unusually, still performing their original role. These were Dartnell’s Pharmacy at 376-378 Canterbury Road (contributory) and the motor garage at 145 Union Road (contributory). This is one of a number of 3 images taken in 1991 which document the interior and function of the building.A colour photo of a man in green overalls inside the workshop of a garage. There are two cars up on hoists and three towards the back of the workshop.philip warren-smith, val warren-smith, john warren-smith, j&v warren-smith auto service, benchley motors p/l, spenden motors p/l, garages, union road, businesses, glenn warren-smith, cars

The land along the eastern side of the Union Road shops between Montrose Street and the railway line was originally owned by the Zeplin family. It was subdivided in 1914 and offered for sale as individual sites. Building did not occur until after WW1 and after the creek across Union Road had been barrelled. The garage was built at 145 Union Road in 1925. It has had continuous use as a garage since then. Originally there were petrol bowsers on the footpath. The façade of the building is remarkably the same as it was in 1925 when David Denholm was the first proprietor. He remained until c1950 and was followed by Benchley Motors P/L, then Spenden Motors P/L. John and Val Warren-Smith purchased it in c1980. In 2019 their family, including Philip and Glenn Warren-Smith and 2 of Philip's sons, still operate it as J&V Warren-Smith Auto Service.The Union Road shopping strip was assessed for heritage protection by Lovell Chen in June 2011 (Surrey Hills and Canterbury Hill Estate Heritage Study: Union Road Commercial Precinct Citation). Within this report two buildings were mentioned as, unusually, still performing their original role. These were Dartnell’s Pharmacy at 376-378 Canterbury Road (contributory) and the motor garage at 145 Union Road (contributory). This is one of a number of 3 images taken in 1991 which document the interior and function of the building.A colour photo of a man in green overalls working on a car with its bonnet up.john warren-smith, val warren-smith, philip warren-smith, glenn warren-smith, j&v warren-smith auto, union road, businesses, garages, cars, mechanics

The land along the eastern side of the Union Road shops between Montrose Street and the railway line was originally owned by the Zeplin family. It was subdivided in 1914 and offered for sale as individual sites. Building did not occur until after WW1 and after the creek across Union Road had been barrelled. The photo was taken in the office of the garage which was built at 145 Union Road in 1925. It has had continuous use as a garage since then. Originally there were petrol bowsers on the footpath. The façade of the building is remarkably the same as it was in 1925 when David Denholm was the first proprietor. He remained until c1950 and was followed by Benchley Motors P/L, then Spenden Motors P/L. John and Val Warren-Smith purchased it in c1980. In 2019 their family, including Philip and Glenn Warren-Smith and 2 of Philip's sons, still operate it as J&V Warren-Smith Auto Service. The man on the phone is Walter Kurt (Wally) Hoersch. Warmly regarded and often mistakenly thought to be Philip's father, he was not a member of the family. Wally had an interesting background, not known to many. He was born in the German Templer colony of Sarona in Palestine. It had been established in Ottoman Palestine in 1871 and is now a suburb of Tel Aviv. In July 1941, 188 people from Sarona were deported to Australia on the Queen Elizabeth. Wally's family were amongst them. They were interned in Tatura in Central Victoria until 1947. Wally lived in Mont Albert North and later Templestowe; he died on 21/7/2002.The Union Road shopping strip was assessed for heritage protection by Lovell Chen in June 2011 (Surrey Hills and Canterbury Hill Estate Heritage Study: Union Road Commercial Precinct Citation). Within this report two buildings were mentioned as, unusually, still performing their original role. These were Dartnell’s Pharmacy at 376-378 Canterbury Road (contributory) and the motor garage at 145 Union Road (contributory). This is one of a number of 3 images taken in 1991 which document the interior and function of the building.A colour photo of a man sitting behind a desk in an office on the phone. There is another man standing behind him to his right.john warren-smith, val warren-smith, philip warren-smith, glenn warren-smith, walter hoersch, wally hoersch, j&v warren-smith auto, union road, businesses, garages, benchley motors p/l, spenden motors p/l,