Index, ill, p.362.A study of geostrategic issue in the near east and the Balkansbalkan peninsula - history, world war one - causes

Taken some time between 1914-18 in France, the photograph depicts extensive wreckage of a railway train. There are collapsed buildings, debris, and helmets scattered all across the landscape. There is one unidentified soldier standing in the middle of the photograph. With research that is currently available, it can be inferred that the wreckage depicted in this photograph is from the tragic Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne derailment which occurred on December 12, 1917. The railway accident involved a troop train carrying almost 1,000 French soldiers on their way home for leave from the Italian Front in World War I. As the train descended into the Maurienne Valley, a sudden, uncontrollable acceleration caused a catastrophic crash and subsequent fire. 675 people died in the accident.The record is historically significant due to its connection to World War I. This conflict is integral to Australian culture as it was the single greatest loss of life and the greatest repatriation of casualties in the country's history. Australia’s involvement in the First World War began when the Australian government established the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in August 1914. Immediately, men were recruited to serve the British Empire in the Middle East and on the Western Front. The record has strong research potential. This is due to the ongoing public and scholarly interest in war, history, and especially the ANZAC legend, which is commemorated annually on 25 April, known as ANZAC Day. Additionally, there is only limited information available about the Sant-Michel-de-Maurienne derailment. The record may be a useful springboard for further investigation into this accident and its history.Black and white rectangular photograph printed on matte photographic paper.Reverse: 6530 / Destruction of train carrying / German helmets (?) to (?) prior to / his retreat at Charleroi /military album, army, war, wwi, world war i, france, charleroi, train, military, wreckage, europe, belgium, saint-michel-de-maurienne, maurienne valley

Taken during World War I on the Western Front, this photograph depicts four soldiers dressed in full uniform and kit walking through muddy trenches on wooden duckboards.On the Western Front, the war was fought by soldiers in trenches. Trenches were long, narrow ditches dug into the ground where soldiers lived. They were very muddy, uncomfortable and the toilets overflowed. These conditions caused some soldiers to develop medical problems such as trench foot. There were many lines of German trenches on one side and many lines of Allied trenches on the other. In the middle was no man's land, which soldiers crossed to attack the other side. 'Duckboards' (or 'trench gratings') were first used at Ploegsteert Wood, Ypres in December 1914. They were used throughout the First World War being usually placed at the bottom of the trenches to cover the sump-pits, the drainage holes which were made at intervals along one side of the trench. This made it easier to pump out the pits when necessary. The raised edges of the boards in theory helped protect men's feet from accumulated water; walking along them (especially at night and in the wet) was something of an art as it was easy to lose one's footing and slip or trip on the fequently misaligned sections.Sepia rectangular reproduced photograph on matte photographic paperReverse: 6528/ (A copyright and reproduction notice from the Australian War Museum, printed in blue ink)/burke museum, military album, trench warfare, duckboards, soldiers, ww1, wwi, world war 1, world war i, western front

This is a photograph of the four daughters of Mrs George Thomas. L -R : Elleen Parsons, Julia Eaton, Eva Murray and Violet Gay. George Thomas and Gtranny Thomas lived at Newmerella on Grand View Road until the 1950's. In the Newmerella Koorie Community, there were about 15 families. The family was a very well-respected local Aboriginal family. . George was a stockman for Jas Stirling. From Colin Thomas "I learned that George Thomas was Kitty Johnson’s oldest son. As a young boy George had been found by the Reverend John Bulmer, in addition to other young Aboriginal children in the bush around the Lake Tyers area. He had gathered them all together and took them onto the reserve at the Mission. After quite a number of years had passed George had met and fallen in love with a young half-caste girl, known as Agnes Patterson. Agnes was of Monaro descent and came from New South Wales. George and Agnes got married at Lake Tyers. Because of the half-caste act George and Agnes had to leave the reserve along with their nine girls. They moved to Newmerella, situated outside the township of Orbost. This was the place that George and his wife and children came to call home. Soon after, George and Agnes would add to their family bringing the total of children to fourteen, the last five of whom were boys. At the time of the First World War George’s boy’s volunteered their services and joined the army. When in Europe one of the boys sustained an injury which caused the loss of an arm. Following the end of the war the boys came home, as men." The Thomas family was a well-respected family in Newmerell in the late 19th and first half of the 20th century. The daughter were well known for their needlework and craft skills.A black / white photograph of four women wearing log skirts / dresses and elaborate hats, two sitting on a log and two standing on either side.thomas-family newmerella koori-family

This is a novel written by Ethel Patricia Stonehouse under the name of Lindsay Russell. She was born in Nhill in 1883 and was educated at Charlton State School. From 1894 on she wrote verse and short stories and worked as a journalist in Melbourne. She published her first novel in Melbourne in 1912 and lived for a time in London where she met Dr John Scott whom she married in 1914. After the First World War she came to live at Mortlake and her novel writing ceased. Most of her novels are about women rebelling –against Catholicism, Calvinism, the English class system and the restraints of marriage. Her railings against the Catholic Church and the oppression of women caused her to be a controversial figure, especially in Mortlake, but she was a popular novelist with one of her books, ‘Smouldering Fires’, selling over 100,000 copies in Australia alone. She died in 1964. No details on the inscription or the recipient of the book, ‘Isie’ have been found. The name, ‘Glasgow’ suggests that the book at some stage was connected with the Glasgow family of Wangoom. They were important local dairy farmers and cheese makers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.This book is of great interest because it was written by an Australian woman and one who lived for many years in Mortlake, a town close to Warrnambool. The connection with the Glasgow family is also of interest. This is a hard cover book of 320 pages. The book has a dark blue cover with gold lettering on the front cover and spine and some gold scroll work on the front cover. The book has a Prologue and 22 chapters and contains advertisements at the front and the back of the book for other books published by Ward, Lock & Co. There is a black and white illustration at the front of the book with a piece of tissue paper covering it. The page at the front of the book that contains an inscription is detached. The inscription and another annotation are written in black ink. The cover is partly detached from the pages and the cover is marked and worn. ‘To Isie Wishing her many happy returns of the day From Father, 15-9-14’ ‘Glasgow’ lindsay russell, ethel stonehouse, history of mortlake, australian literature, warrnambool history

This exercise book contains the Minutes of the Warrnambool Woollen Mill Employees Patriotic Fund. This fund was established in 1915 in a scheme whereby employees of the Warrnambool Woollen Mill donated 2½% of their weekly wages to the fund to assist with the war effort during World War One. The money received was given to such charitable causes as the Red Cross, the Belgian Fund, the Babies of France and the Local Distress Fund. The Patriotic Fund was discontinued in 1919This Minute Book is of interest as an example of the local campaigns organized in Warrnambool to assist the war effort in World War One. It includes the names of office-bearers of the group and lists the type of activities in which they were engaged. Therefore it is of benefit to researchers. This is an exercise book with a green and black mottled patterned cover with red binding on the spine. A printed label on the cover has been torn away. The pages are cream-coloured with printed blue lines. The entries are handwritten in black ink. The book has been bound with metal staples but the binding has come apart at the top section. There are four loose sheets of material connected to the Minuteswarrnambool woollen mill, warrnambool woolen mill, world war one and warrnambool

These badges were produced about 1918 or 1919 to gain finds to assist Australian soldiers discharged from the armed forces after serving in World War One. One source suggests that the badges were sold only in South Australia and raised £500,000 but, as these badges are part of the collection of the Warrnambool and District Historical Society in Victoria it is likely that they were sold throughout Australia. The sale of badges such as these was a common way of raising funds for charitable causes, especially during World War One and also during the first half of the 20th century. These badges are retained as examples of the type of badges sold during World War One. They will be useful for display purposes. .1 A circular-shaped metal badge with a gold outer edging and a brown background with a laurel wreath, a star and brown printing within a cream-coloured heart. The badge has a clip at the back. .2 as above Discharged Soldiers’ Fund For Our Returned Soldiers Copyright world war one, warrnambool, history of warrnambool, australian soldiers, south australia

Artillery shells were designed to be recycled and spent shells were returned to the munitions factory for re-filling, a mark engraved upon the head-stamp at each re-filling. Millions upon millions of shells were recycled and re-fired. Relationships with ‘objects’ were forged as recycled objects of conflict were welcomed into people’s homes. Such objects were embodied with personal experiences of war, later to become objects textured with memory, remembrance, and longing – attributes that clearly go beyond an object’s form and function. 18-Pounder Artillery Shells: The Great War Recycled and Re-Circulated Categories :Material Culture Machine Subscribe Share on facebook Share on twitter The intention of war is to kill, to maim and to destroy using, for example, the agency of 18-pounder artillery shells (so-called because they weighed 18 pounds). The shells were loaded in to the 18-pounder field guns used by the Royal Artillery and targeted to destroy German batteries and trenches as well as to shoot down aeroplanes. Horse-drawn field gun, Canal du Nord, France. Taken by First World War photographer David McLellan. Available via the National Library of Scotland as CC BY-NC-SA Horse-drawn field gun, Canal du Nord, France. Taken by First World War photographer David McLellan. Available via the National Library of Scotland as CC BY-NC-SA In Under Fire, Henri Barbusse recounts how the incessant and diabolical din of war constantly bombarded the soldier body with the unendurable noise of bursting shells that caused pain to the ears (Barbusse 2010 [1933]: 207). The noise was so ‘monstrously resounding’ that one felt ‘annihilated by the mere sound of the downpour of thunder’ (Barbusse 2010 [1933]: 206). Artillery shells were designed to be recycled and spent shells were returned to the munitions factory for re-filling, a mark engraved upon the head-stamp at each re-filling. Millions upon millions of shells were recycled and re-fired. A mound of spent shell cases, Nord, Nord-pas-de-Calais, France. Taken by war photographer, Tom Aitken, 1918. Available via the National Library of Scotland as CC BY-NC-SA. A mound of spent shell cases, Nord, Nord-pas-de-Calais, France. Taken by war photographer, Tom Aitken, 1918. Available via the National Library of Scotland as CC BY-NC-SA. People’s experience of the First World War did not end with the armistice. Whilst the noise of the artillery had ceased, the noise of war was remembered. Harry Patch on arriving home injured recalled being ‘jumpy for a while’ with the least noise prompting him to dive for cover (2009: 114). Something else materialised. Relationships with ‘objects’ were forged as recycled objects of conflict were welcomed into people’s homes. Such objects were embodied with personal experiences of war, later to become objects textured with memory, remembrance, and longing – attributes that clearly go beyond an object’s form and function. The head-stamp of these particular shells displays the British broad arrow and the initials ‘EOC’ indicates that they were made at the Elswick Ordnance Company, England; the initials ‘CF’ signal that the charge was loaded with cordite, a standard propellant. Spent shells were illicitly scavenged from massive mounds by both soldiers and civilians alike to become personal souvenirs or to swap or sell. Spent artillery shells were crafted, often using a hammer and a bent nail. The crafting of trench art reflects the construction of an identity that offers momentary relief from the hell experienced in the trenches. The lid of an 18Pounder shell which has been adapted for use as an ash tray.Lot 27 1927, 18Pr, III, EOC, C/F, Defence broad arrow,

A puttee is a cloth band that was wound round a soldier’s leg from their ankle to their knee. They were designed to provide support when walking and protect against harsh weather conditions. Many Australian soldiers developed a painful medical condition during their service on the Western Front called trench foot. The primary causes were wet feet and unsanitary conditions but puttees were also partly to blame as they limited circulation to the lower leg and foot. These puttees are a collectors item, they are the real thing, used in WW1 and made a short return in WW2 and were used as ceremonial dress in Malaysia in the 1960s, these ones are WW2 issue. Used as military dress in world war one, briefly in world war II and ceremonial dress in Malaysia in the 1960'sOlive green wrapping wool mix wrapping 106cm long and q2cm wide with tape 103 cm long 1.5 cm wideNilputtee, leggings world ww1 1 ww2 malaysia cloth bans

index, ill (col), maps, p.319.Combines period photographs, illustrations, maps, and timelines into a narrative that offers an overview of World War I, describing the causes of the conflict, the campaigns and battles, and its repercussions in the decades that followed.world war 1914-1918 - history, world war 1914-1918 - pictorial works

Ill, maps, p.526.non-fictionA fresh and acclaimed account of the Spanish Civil War by the bestselling author of Stalingrad and The Fall Of Berlin 1945 To mark the 70th anniversary of the Spanish Civil War's outbreak, Antony Beevor has written a completely updated and revised account of one of the most bitter and hard-fought wars of the twentieth century. With new material gleaned from the Russian archives and numerous other sources, this brisk and accessible book (Spain's #1 bestseller for twelve weeks), provides a balanced and penetrating perspective, explaining the tensions that led to this terrible overture to World War II and affording new insights into the war-its causes, course, and consequences. civil war - spain - 1936-1939, spain - history

Grade 2 of Pakenham Consolidated School in 1953 with their teacher Mrs Joyce Hosking. Back row L to R: Paul Manestar or Bill Vallender, Bernie Carter, (?), Norman Whitelaw, Richard Shelton, Rodney Shallard, Ian Reid (Reidy?) or Duncan Beard (Reidy), Ken Jarred, Glen Jolly. 2nd back row L to R: Keith Crofts, Peter Johnstone, Kevin Lewis, Robert Tulloch (Bones), Nipper Reid, Duncan Beard(?), Bruce Weatherhead, Peter Hobson (Hobbo). 2nd row from front L to R: David Langley, Kath Mauger, Jill Peck, Rosamund Hunt, Beth Schilling, Roslyn Smith, Lynne Tuena, Pat Stone, Joy Higgins, Lynette Wheeler, Grif Fearon or Kevin McInnis. Front row L to R: Ken McCaffrey, Marion Butcher, Helen Stephens, Mary Lou Walsh, Glenis Tuena, Dawn Hillderbrick/ Hillbrick(?), Marion Hansford, Kaye Wollard, Beverley Payne (Payney), Edna Sinclair(?), Paul Braemar. In the 1940s and 1950s there was a movement to consolidate small rural schools into one larger school. This was partly a response to a shortage of teachers, due to many male teachers enlisting during the Second World War. The War also caused a shortage of materials and labour and many Schools fell into disrepair. The Education Department decided that Pakenham would be one of the first six Consolidated Schools to be established and that all schools within 8 kms or 5 miles would be closed. The Pakenham Consolidated School was officially opened on May 29, 1951, on the site of the Pakenham State School, No.1359, in Main Street. The original Pakenham School had opened on a site near the Toomuc Creek in January 1875 and it moved to the Main Street site in 1891. The first Head Master was Charles Hicks. The School offered classes up to Year 10 (Form 4). The schools that formed the Consolidated School were Pakenham Upper No. 2155 (closed January 1952), Pakenham South No. 3755 (closed September 1951), Toomuc Valley No. 3034 (closed September 1951), Army Road No. 3847 (closed April 1947), Mount Burnett No. 4506 (closed October 1949), Tynong No. 2854 (closed April 1951), Tynong North No.4464 (closed December 1951), Nar Nar Goon North No. 2914 (closed October 1951), Nar Nar Goon South No. 4554 (closed May 1951), Rythdale No. 4231 (closed September 1951), Officedale No. 4242 (closed May 1951), Cora Lynn No. 3502 (closed May 1951) and Koo-Wee-Rup North (Five Mile) No. 3198 (closed November 1959). The School consisted of new buildings, which at the time cost one hundred thousand pounds, and many of the old School buildings. Some towns did not realise that their School buildings would be removed from the sites and transferred to Pakenham. The Pakenham Consolidated School moved from its original location in Main Street to its current location in Rundell, Way in 1997.This photograph is of historic and social significance. Pakenham Consolidated School was one of the first six Consolidated Schools established by the Education Department, and was born out of shortages of teachers, labour, and materials during World War II. The school can be used more broadly to reflect on the evolution of education in the state of Victoria, as the school can trace its origins all the way back to 1875, when the original Pakenham School was opened near Toomuc Creek. The photograph is also of social significance to many community groups, including Cardinia Shire, past and current students and teachers, allowing various groups to reflect on and share intangible memories of times spent at Pakenham Consolidated School.Copy of a rectangular black and white photograph on matte photographic paperpakenham consolidated school, primary school, class photo, grade two, grade 2, pakenham, school, photo

One man lost his life during the building of this bridge. The bridge was constructed by the Victorian Railways between 1927 to 1929 to carry a new double track goods line. This enabled trains from all parts of the state except Gippsland to have direct access to the Tottenham marshalling and sorting yards. These yards were constructed in the 1920's to relieve congestion in the Melbourne Yard near Spencer Street station. The congestion was being caused by the construction of suburban passenger platforms associated with the electrification of the suburban railway network. Initially the bridge was for goods trains but during the Second World War it was also used by troop trains. When the standard gauge line was built in 1962 all trains to Albury and Sydney have used this route, thus avoiding travelling through Essendon and Pascoe Vale on the suburban tracks. The standard gauge track across the bridge took the place of one of the broad gauge tracks so broad gauge trains crossing the bridge in either direction have to now use the same track. The bridge is 1,257 feet (383.13 metres) long and 180 feet (54.86 metres) above the water level. It is just 63 feet (19.2 metres) short of a quarter mile in length between abutments. There is a similar bridge on the same railway line crossing the Moonee Ponds Creek between Gowenbrae and Glenroy, however it is smaller at 1060 feet (323.08 metres) length and 115 feet (35.05) height.The bridge is now Victorian Heritage Registered under Number: H1197, and Heritage Overlay Numbers HO5, and HO107. On the Heritage Register it is named RAIL BRIDGE (ALBION VIADUCT). According to the Heritage Report the bridge is scientifically and architecturally important because of its large size, and because of the cost effective design features such as two girders per span (one for each track), the K bracing in the towers, and the broad flange beams as columns. When it was being built it was the largest trestle bridge in Australia, and until the Sydney Harbour bridge was constructed it was the highest railway bridge.Five B&W yellowing photos showing stages of construction of the Maribyrnong River Viaduct known as the Trestle Bridge but mainly known locally as the QUARTER MILE BRIDGE. It is a railway only bridge which runs over the Maribyrnong River between Sunshine North and Keilor East. A sixth image, which is not part of this set of photos, is included to show what the completed bridge looks like.

This memorial was erected by the residents of Apollo Bay and District in 1922.Colour photograph of the War Memorial at Apollo Bay, that features a scuplture of an Australian soldier with slouch hat and holding a rifle. It includes a list of those who served during World War One and World War Two. A characteristic figurative monument, the memorial comprises a single standing soldier, looking down the main street, a top a polished granite pedestal with honour roll set on a huge rock faced granite block.The memorial is fenced by heavy set square concrete bollards supporting heavy gauge chain between each. tBuilt by J. Wilson & Co. of Bendigo, the Apollo Bay Memorial depicts the lone soldier, a typical symbol of the sentiments of communities who had lost faith in heroism and had learnt to recognise the level of loss caused by war amongst ordinary volunteers. This recognition,which occurred throughout Australia, marked a turning point as the 'unknown soldier' was increasingly commemorated instead of military leaders as had previously been the traditional practice. apollo bay war memorial, australian soldier memorial, cawood, mitchell, finlayson, marriner, maguire, mclennan, stephens, vipont, lang, turner, thomson, h.f. smith, a.e. hunt, ormsby, elston, gooday, p. bird, costin, de vere, de forest, j. bowie, c. hughes, r. irving, mcminn, newman, riley, sculley, townsend, thornton, thurst, wright, j. wilson, stonemason

This memorial was erected by the residents of Apollo Bay and District in 1922.Colour photograph of the War Memorial at Apollo Bay, that features a scuplture of an Australian soldier with slouch hat and holding a rifle. It includes a list of those who served during World War One and World War Two. A characteristic figurative monument, the memorial comprises a single standing soldier, looking down the main street, a top a polished granite pedestal with honour roll set on a huge rock faced granite block.The memorial is fenced by heavy set square concrete bollards supporting heavy gauge chain between each. tBuilt by J. Wilson & Co. of Bendigo, the Apollo Bay Memorial depicts the lone soldier, a typical symbol of the sentiments of communities who had lost faith in heroism and had learnt to recognise the level of loss caused by war amongst ordinary volunteers. This recognition,which occurred throughout Australia, marked a turning point as the 'unknown soldier' was increasingly commemorated instead of military leaders as had previously been the traditional practice. apollo bay war memorial, australian soldier memorial, cawood, mitchell, finlayson, marriner, maguire, mclennan, stephens, vipont, lang, turner, thomson, h.f. smith, a.e. hunt, ormsby, elston, gooday, p. bird, costin, de vere, de forest, j. bowie, c. hughes, r. irving, mcminn, newman, riley, sculley, townsend, thornton, thurst, wright, j. wilson, stonemason

This memorial was erected by the residents of Apollo Bay and District in 1922.Colour photograph of the War Memorial at Apollo Bay, that features a scuplture of an Australian soldier with slouch hat and holding a rifle. It includes a list of those who served during World War One and World War Two. A characteristic figurative monument, the memorial comprises a single standing soldier, looking down the main street, a top a polished granite pedestal with honour roll set on a huge rock faced granite block.The memorial is fenced by heavy set square concrete bollards supporting heavy gauge chain between each. tBuilt by J. Wilson & Co. of Bendigo, the Apollo Bay Memorial depicts the lone soldier, a typical symbol of the sentiments of communities who had lost faith in heroism and had learnt to recognise the level of loss caused by war amongst ordinary volunteers. This recognition,which occurred throughout Australia, marked a turning point as the 'unknown soldier' was increasingly commemorated instead of military leaders as had previously been the traditional practice. apollo bay war memorial, australian soldier memorial, cawood, mitchell, finlayson, marriner, maguire, mclennan, stephens, vipont, lang, turner, thomson, h.f. smith, a.e. hunt, ormsby, elston, gooday, p. bird, costin, de vere, de forest, j. bowie, c. hughes, r. irving, mcminn, newman, riley, sculley, townsend, thornton, thurst, wright, j. wilson, stonemason

This memorial was erected by the residents of Apollo Bay and District in 1922.Colour photograph of the War Memorial at Apollo Bay, that features a scuplture of an Australian soldier with slouch hat and holding a rifle. It includes a list of those who served during World War One and World War Two. A characteristic figurative monument, the memorial comprises a single standing soldier, looking down the main street, a top a polished granite pedestal with honour roll set on a huge rock faced granite block.The memorial is fenced by heavy set square concrete bollards supporting heavy gauge chain between each. Built by J. Wilson & Co. of Bendigo, the Apollo Bay Memorial depicts the lone soldier, a typical symbol of the sentiments of communities who had lost faith in heroism and had learnt to recognise the level of loss caused by war amongst ordinary volunteers. This recognition,which occurred throughout Australia, marked a turning point as the 'unknown soldier' was increasingly commemorated instead of military leaders as had previously been the traditional practice. apollo bay war memorial, australian soldier memorial, cawood, mitchell, finlayson, marriner, maguire, mclennan, stephens, vipont, lang, turner, thomson, h.f. smith, a.e. hunt, ormsby, elston, gooday, p. bird, costin, de vere, de forest, j. bowie, c. hughes, r. irving, mcminn, newman, riley, sculley, townsend, thornton, thurst, wright, j. wilson, stonemason

This memorial was erected by the residents of Apollo Bay and District in 1922.Colour photograph of the War Memorial at Apollo Bay, that features a scuplture of an Australian soldier with slouch hat and holding a rifle. It includes a list of those who served during World War One and World War Two. A characteristic figurative monument, the memorial comprises a single standing soldier, looking down the main street, a top a polished granite pedestal with honour roll set on a huge rock faced granite block.The memorial is fenced by heavy set square concrete bollards supporting heavy gauge chain between each. tBuilt by J. Wilson & Co. of Bendigo, the Apollo Bay Memorial depicts the lone soldier, a typical symbol of the sentiments of communities who had lost faith in heroism and had learnt to recognise the level of loss caused by war amongst ordinary volunteers. This recognition,which occurred throughout Australia, marked a turning point as the 'unknown soldier' was increasingly commemorated instead of military leaders as had previously been the traditional practice. apollo bay war memorial, australian soldier memorial, cawood, mitchell, finlayson, marriner, maguire, mclennan, stephens, vipont, lang, turner, thomson, h.f. smith, a.e. hunt, ormsby, elston, gooday, p. bird, costin, de vere, de forest, j. bowie, c. hughes, r. irving, mcminn, newman, riley, sculley, townsend, thornton, thurst, wright, j. wilson, stonemason

The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952 (Kray twins),[3] although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site. The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history. It was besieged several times, and controlling it has been important to controlling the country. The Tower has served variously as an armoury, a treasury, a menagerie, the home of the Royal Mint, a public record office, and the home of the Crown Jewels of England. From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II, a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch. In the absence of the monarch, the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle. This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period. In the late 15th century the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower. Under the Tudors, the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery. The peak period of the castle's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as Elizabeth I before she became queen, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Elizabeth Throckmorton were held within its walls. This use has led to the phrase "sent to the Tower". Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death, popularised by 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century writers, only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century. Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle, with 112 occurring there over a 400-year period. In the latter half of the 19th century, institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations, leaving many buildings empty. Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance, clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures. In the First and Second World Wars, the Tower was again used as a prison, and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage. After the Second World War, damage caused during the Blitz was repaired, and the castle reopened to the public. Today the Tower of London is one of the country's most popular tourist attractions. Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower, it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site.(Wikipedia) A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by UNESCO. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some other form of significance, and they are legally protected by international treaties. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the collective interests of humanity. More specifically, a World Heritage Site is an already classified landmark on the earth, which by way of being unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable piece is of special cultural or physical significance (such as either due to hosting an ancient ruins or some historical structure, building, city, complex, desert, forest, island, lake, monument, or mountain) and symbolizes a remarkable footprint of extreme human endeavour often coupled with some act of indisputable accomplishment of humanity which then serves as a surviving evidence of its intellectual existence on the planet. And with an ignoble intent of its practical conservation for posterity, but which otherwise could be subject to inherent risk of endangerment from human or animal trespassing, owing to unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted nature of access or threat by natural or accelerated extinction owing to local administrative negligence, hence it would have been listed and demarcated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to have been identified or recognised and officially christened and internationally elevated through multilateral declaration by UNESCO as a universally protected zone. [1] The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 UNESCO member states which are elected by the General Assembly. (Wikipedia)The Tower of London is a UNESCO world heritage site.tower of london

Official AMF publication dated 1934, probably prepared for the training of officers in tactics.Soft covered book, 250 pages and numerous maps causing it to bulge. Stapled along left edge. Is a study of the actions and movements of the British Expeditionary Forces during the first two months of the First World War.world war one, wwi, bef, france, belgium

During World War One poisonous gas was used as a weapon. When gas was detected or suspected an alarm was given in the trenches so soldiers could put on masks and protective gear. The gas rattle was a simple and effective method of raising the alarm. Gas precautions were taken in World War Two but gas was not used. This rattle might be WWI vintage or it might be from WWII era.A wooden box incorporating a toothed cog attached to a 'swing' handle. When swung the toothed cog engaged with a wooden flap enclosed in the box causing a loud noise. world war one, wwi, gas

From the beginning of World War 1 in August, 1914, until it ended in November, 1918, teachers from across Victoria enlisted for the Australian Imperial Force and embarked for overseas. Anzac, the Sinai Desert, the vast fields of France, and in Palestine the Education Department soldier-teachers toiled manfully thoughout. Of the 752 enlistments 724 were teachers, two were School Medical Officers, one was a School Nurse, one an Inspector of Schools, while the remaining 24 belonged to the clerical division employed by the Education Department. 146 died. But it was not only teachers who contributed to the war effort. Children and parents gave 400,000 articles of comfort sent abroad, contributed as a rough estimate 460 tons of supplies to hospitals at home, made contributions of £50,000 to The Young Workers' Patriotic Guild, and £217,419 for the war savings effort in the schools, and £422, 470 in general school subscriptions.Hardcover book, bound with brown cloth cover and gold embossed title containing 306 pages, black and white photographs and illustrations and text. This book, published to keep before teachers and children expamples of service and sacrifice in a great cause, is presented to the Hordern Vale School. It should be kept in an honoured place as a souirce of guidance and inspiration for successive generations.great war, wwi, victoria, education department victoria, teachers, enlistments, honors, decorations, war service records, first world war, world war one

She was among many Allied merchant ships who escaped to Britain rather than be interned in occupied countries in World War II. Together with Holland America Line's Nieuw Amsterdam she served in the Allied cause. She was then chartered to the British Ministry of War Transport and put into service. Under the terms of the charter the flag and crew would remain Dutch. Volendam was assigned to the Children's Overseas Reception Board, a British Government scheme introduced in 1940 to evacuate UK school children overseas. She sailed from Liverpool on Thursday 29 August 1940 as one of 33 ships in Convoy OB 205. On 30 August 1940 whilst several hundred miles off Malin Head, Northern Ireland and heading into the Atlantic, she was attacked about 2300 hrs by the German submarine U-60, firing two torpedoes that hit No. 1 hold and damaged and caused flooding in No. 2 hold. Captain Wepster then gave the order to abandon ship, and despite rough seas all 18 lifeboats got away safely.In 1947 she was used in the Australia emigrant service and in June 1948 made her first Rotterdam – Quebec sailing for the Netherlands government with capacity for 1,500 single class passengers. On Tuesday October 17, 1950 she departed Rotterdam for Sydney, arriving 6-weeks and 1 day later at her destination on Wednesday November 29, 1950. She brought with her a ship-load of (mainly Dutch) immigrants, all eager to forge new lives in Australia. In September 1948 she started her first Rotterdam – New York sailing and commenced her last voyage on this route in February 1951.A framed oil painting of the MV Volenda,Volendammv volendam, migrant ships, troop ships, u boat attack

Frances Rigg was a local business identity in Kew, ultimately managing the local branch of the English, Scottish and Australian (ES&A) Bank at 175 High Street, Kew from c. 1920 until the 1940s. After Francis Rigg’s death, the collection of buttons and medallions was inherited by his son, Ken Rigg (14/11/1922-19/01/2014). The collection was subsequently donated to the Kew Historical Society in 2015 by his grandson Adrian Rigg at the time of the Gallipoli & Beyond Commemoration.The collection covers a period of almost 40 years. The majority of the buttons are patriotic buttons, issued and sold during and immediately after the First World World War (1914-1918) to raise funds for national and overseas causes. The collection also includes a number of locally significant sporting event buttons and sporting club medallions, issued in the 1920s and 1930s.One of three blue and gilt enamel on metal membership medallions produced by the Kew Cricket Club for the year 1931-32 and which belonged to Francis Horace Rigg (1882-1946). The medallion is enameled in shades of blue and gold with the initials of the Club at centre, the full name of the Club at top and the period for which the member would gain access to games at the base.Kew Cricket Club KCC 1931-1932kew cricket club, francis horace rigg, numismatics, medallions, sport

Frances Rigg was a local business identity in Kew, ultimately managing the local branch of the English, Scottish and Australian (ES&A) Bank at 175 High Street, Kew from c. 1920 until the 1940s. After Francis Rigg’s death, the collection of buttons and medallions was inherited by his son, Ken Rigg (14/11/1922-19/01/2014). The collection was subsequently donated to the Kew Historical Society in 2015 by his grandson Adrian Rigg at the time of the Gallipoli & Beyond Commemoration.The collection covers a period of almost 40 years. The majority of the buttons are patriotic buttons, issued and sold during and immediately after the First World World War (1914-1918) to raise funds for national and overseas causes. The collection also includes a number of locally significant sporting event buttons and sporting club medallions, issued in the 1920s and 1930s.One of three blue and gilt enamel on metal membership medallions produced by the Kew Cricket Club for the year 1931-32 and which belonged to Francis Horace Rigg (1882-1946). The medallion is enameled in shades of blue and gold with the initials of the Club at centre, the full name of the Club at top and the period for which the member would gain access to games at the base.Kew Cricket Club KCC 1931-1932kew cricket club, membership medallions

Frances Rigg was a local business identity in Kew, ultimately managing the local branch of the English, Scottish and Australian (ES&A) Bank at 175 High Street, Kew from c. 1920 until the 1940s. After Francis Rigg’s death, the collection of buttons and medallions was inherited by his son, Ken Rigg (14/11/1922-19/01/2014). The collection was subsequently donated to the Kew Historical Society in 2015 by his grandson Adrian Rigg at the time of the Gallipoli & Beyond Commemoration.The collection covers a period of almost 40 years. The majority of the buttons are patriotic buttons, issued and sold during and immediately after the First World World War (1914-1918) to raise funds for national and overseas causes. The collection also includes a number of locally significant sporting event buttons and sporting club medallions, issued in the 1920s and 1930s.One of three blue and gilt enamel on metal membership medallions produced by the Kew Cricket Club for the year 1931-32 and which belonged to Francis Horace Rigg (1882-1946). The medallion is enameled in shades of blue and gold with the initials of the Club at centre, the full name of the Club at top and the period for which the member would gain access to games at the base.Kew Cricket Club KCC 1931-1932kew cricket club

Gladys REYNELL (04/091881 - 16/11/1956) Born Glenelg, South Australia Gladys Reynell was South Australia's first studio potter and the first Australian artist to apply modernist principles to the crafts. For four years she worked from Ballarat. Osrey Pottery Ballarat operated between 1922 and 1926 by Gladys Reynell and George Osborne. The name of the pottery was an acronym formed from their surnames. Gladys Reynell, her sister Emily and brothers Rupert and Carew supported the war effort during World War One. Rupert Reynell was a neurologist who valued handicrafts in the rehabilitation of shell-shocked soldiers. He influenced Gladys and Margaret Rose (Rose) McPherson (later known as Margaret Preston) to learn pottery at the Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts, London, in 1916. Next year a friend sent Gladys some Kangaroo Island clay which excited her: 'I thought then that it could be the most delightful thing on earth to make pots in Australia from virgin clay'. In 1918 Gladys and Rose began teaching pottery to soldiers at Seale Hayne Neurological Hospital, Devon. In September 1919 Gladys Reynell came home in September due to her father's illness. She established the Reynella Pottery and became responsible for all stages of pottery production. Using a seasoned dump of buff-coloured clay from a well at nearby McLaren Vale Gladys Reynell built and fired her own kiln; threw simple, robust forms based on early European folk pottery; and decorated them with designs inspired by both Aboriginal art—one of the earliest to use this as a source. Gladys Reynell decorated her earthenware pottery with the characteristic rich 'Reynella blue' slip. On 14 August 1922 at St Mary's Church, Edwardstown, Gladys married George Samuel Osborne, an ex-serviceman and gardener at Reynella; they had no children. Between 1922 and 1926 they set up Osrey Pottery In Ballarat. Gladys produced pottery for sale at fairs with George as her assistant. She would throw her pots in the street, causing a sensation. In 1926 George contracted lead poisoning from lead in the glazes. They moved to rural Curdievale where Gladys resumed painting and making woodcuts. From 1939 Gladys and George lived in Melbourne. In World War II she worked in the army pay corps, in the Taxation Office, and as a translator of French. Gladys died of cancer on 16 November 1956; her husband scattered her ashes at Reynella. Her ceramics, the work of one of Australia's earliest studio potters, have been avidly collected since the late 1960s and are in most major art galleries. Small blue glazed ceramic bowl incised around the top with a decorative frieze. Incised on the base "(Dam Clay) Ballarat 1923, Osrey"gladys reynell, osrey pottery, blue bowl, incised bowl, australian studio pottery, ceramics, native clay

non-fictionThis booklet is one of several publications from the State Electricity Commission during the period it was responsible for the running of the Kiewa Hydro Electric Scheme. It promotes tourism and depicts key features of the region in the 1980s.victoria. kiewa valley, kiewa river valley (vic.) -- description and travel., kiewa hydro

A note that Legatee Frank Doolan wrote to capture an encounter with a widow. "Mrs Nora Sennett, a cousin of the late Sir Stanley Savige recently wrote to enquire of the whereabouts of the oil painting which had been presented by her late husband to Legacy on the occasion when Stan Savige had opened an exhibition of his work in the Athenaeum Gallery. Mrs Sennett was visited at her new domicile in the MECWA block of single units in Warner St Malvern, and was assured that the painting was well cared for and was hung in a prominent place in Melbourne Legacy Comradeship Corner. She is one of our senior widows now aged 87, and was one of a family of five girls, all of whom are still living and who were one of the early families of Korumburra. Mrs Sennett explained how her late husband, who served with the 39th Battalion (EGGS ARE COOKED) was with General McNicoll on the site of the painting at Passchendaele. and the General remarked that he should paint the scene some day. It certainly captures the atmosphere of devastation caused by artillery barrage, and emphasises the duck boards which were initiated by the AIF to help communication over the blasted terrain of mud, and shell holes of Flanders Fields. FJD' Was with other memorabilia that has come from Frank Doolan from both his war service and his time with Legacy. He was on the archive committee and made attempts to collate the history of Legacy. This note shows that there was a painting of Passchedale painted by Stan Savige's cousin and donated to Legacy. Plus Legatees were still visiting the widow of the painter in 1974.A note x 2 pages written by Frank Doolan about a visit to a widow.Report is handwritten. In top right corner 'Report from L/tee F. Doolan Feb 1974' is in red type.world war one, legatee

v.9. Ill, indexes.non-fictionAn illustrated history of World War One in nine volumesworld war - 1914-1918 - history, world war 1914-1918 - causes, world war 1914-1918 - diplomacy