Aboriginal children in remote communities have the lowest rates of success in school. The reasons for the lack of success are well known, and mainly lie outside of the schools and their programs. Education authorities have made some poor choices in the past. They have not enforced the necessary discipline on children to attend school, and they have placed cultural sensitivity above the needs of the child to cope in the modern economy. More recently they have begun to concentrate on programs in literacy and numeracy, but success is limited because of the perverse incentives of other government initiatives. These initiatives have been blind to the need to deal with the absence of an economy in remote areas, and the absence of a work ethic among Aborigines who are welfare dependent. The absence of the work ethic and the absence of work have severely constrained the returns on the investment in Aboriginal education. The correct policy response to failure at school will be determined not simply by additional programs at school, but by how various issues of transition to the real economy - work, individual obligation, mobility - are managed. The transition will be better managed if educators and governments understand that education is essentially an instrument in economic integration, and that many remote communities are not viable, and where they are not schools should not be used as pawns to keep them afloat. Moreover, educators and governments should understand that western education cannot and should not preserve Aboriginal culture. Most importantly, parents' behaviour needs to change and where incentives to send children to school fail, compulsion must be used.school programs, education policy, literacy and numeracy, employment outcomes

Has a strong association with the Ballarat tram crews and yields information about the working conditions, and what could be taken as sick leave., Has a strong association with the Ballarat tram crews and yields information about the working conditions, and what could be taken as sick leave.Duplicated demi foolscap sheet titled "Employees - Sick Leave", advising what type of absences were not entitled to sick leave in accordance with SEC personnel regulations - sunburn, dental treatment and injuries resulting from a brawl. Dated 4/2/1971 and signed by I.F. Pellas as SEC District Manager.trams, tramways, motormen, personnel, conductors, sickness

A black and white photograph of Vietnamese refugees from the war in North Vietnam, mainly women construct a refugee village at Tuy Hoa, in 2 Corps, of South Vietnam. The absence of males amongst the regugees was very notable and to some, even more suspicious. The women are wearing tradional black pyjamas the unofficial uniform of the Viet Cong.photograph, refugee village, tuy hoa, viet cong, gibbons collection catalogue, vietnamese refugees

Early photograph of the courtyard showing the absence of bricks on the pavement and the plants used in the gardens.The photograph taken by Reverend Weller was published in the Annual report for 1927.Small balck and white photograph depicting the plants, the arches and the side entrance of the St Peter chapel in the courtyard of the MissionHandwritten in. white ink below: The courtyard showing side entrance to the chapel Althought the photograph is glued on a photographic album page we can see on verso a purple stamp: Herschell's Print / Pathe Agents / Another stamp in blue ink: THE MISSIONS TO SEAMEN / handwritten in red ink and in pencil some instructions for printingweller album, courtyard, plants, pavement, porch

Churchill Island has a large photograph collection dating from the nineteenth century. This series consists of candid photographs of everyday life taken by previous residents of the island.Black and White photograph of a suspension bridge linking San Remo and Phillip Island. Taken from a moving boat, with a small part of the boat visible in the bottom left corner.Catalogue number written on reverse in pencil. Handwritten in pen on reverse: '1940. FIRST PHILLIP ISLAND BRIDGE. NOTE ABSENCE OFF ANY ELECTRICITY WIRES ACCROSS THE ENTRANCE. NO ELECTRICITY ON PHILLIP ISLAND UNTIL MUCH LATER.'churchill island, punt

Four species of quoll occur in Australia: the northern, spotted-tailed, eastern and western quolls. Once, most parts of Australia were inhabited by at least one of the species.Captain Cook collected quolls along the east coast in 1770, and recorded "quoll" as their local Aboriginal name. Quolls were often seen by early settlers, who called them "native cat", "native polecat" and "spotted marten", names based on familiar European animals. Since 1770, all four species have declined dramatically in numbers. This is mainly because of habitat loss or change across Australia, and introduced predators such as foxes and cats. Quolls are carnivorous marsupials with a pointed snout, a long tail and brown to black fur distinctively spotted with white. They are lively, attractive animals, with bright eyes, a moist pink nose and many sharp teeth. Like most Australian mammals, quolls are mainly active at night. Typically, they spend the day in one of their many dens, although spotted-tailed quolls and northern quolls sometimes forage and bask in the sunshine. Their large home ranges can extend for several kilometres in each direction from a smaller core range, and the range of a male quoll often overlaps those of several females. An interesting feature of their behaviour is the use of shared latrine (toilet) sites in open spaces such as rock ledges, for marking their territory and other social functions. Male quolls travel widely during the breeding season, with mating occurring during winter. All four species have a gestation period of 21 days. Because they are marsupial mammals, their young are born tiny and undeveloped and must work their way to the pouch, where they attach themselves to a teat to feed. Only the spotted-tailed quoll has a true pouch. In the other species, the young are protected by shallow folds of skin around the teats. As the pups grow, they dangle from the mother's belly; later, she carries them on her back. Quolls reach sexual maturity at one year. They have a naturally short life span, with smaller quolls living an average of only two years, and the larger spotted-tailed quoll about four to five years. The northern quoll is particularly short-lived. This specimen is part of a collection of almost 200 animal specimens that were originally acquired as skins from various institutions across Australia, including the Australian Museum and the National Museum of Victoria, as well as individuals such amateur anthropologist Reynell Eveleigh Johns between 1860-1880. These skins were then mounted by members of the Burke Museum Committee and put-on display in the formal space of the Museum’s original exhibition hall where they continue to be on display. This display of taxidermy mounts initially served to instruct visitors to the Burke Museum of the natural world around them, today it serves as an insight into the collecting habits of the 19th century. This specimen is part of a significant and rare taxidermy mount collection in the Burke Museum. This collection is scientifically and culturally important for reminding us of how science continues to shape our understanding of the modern world. They demonstrate a capacity to hold evidence of how Australia’s fauna history existed in the past and are potentially important for future environmental research. This collection continues to be on display in the Museum and has become a key part to interpreting the collecting habits of the 19th century.Average sized quoll with brown fur with white spots on body but absence on the long tail which is furry unlike the smooth body fur. The quoll has a small had with a pointed snout lined with sharp teeth, and thin membraned ears that are slightly covered in fur. The forelegs of the quoll are slightly smaller than the hindlegs, with all four legs featuring sharp clawed paws.On mounting board: BMM5984/ On Catalogue Tag (attached to left hindleg): Native Cat./ Catalogue. Page 50./ burke museum, taxidermy, taxidermy mount, fauna, animal, animalia, reynell eveleigh johns, quoll, native cat, dasyurus

Leather bound, gold embossing on borders of cover and inside folder. Front text in gold print: 'presented to George Lansell Esq by the residents of Bendigo June 1887' Inside: illuminated address to George Lansell, London, imploring him to return to Bendigo ' Your long absence form Bendigo is keenly felt ..' Address written in black calligraphy surrounded by water colour flowers.person, individual, george lansell esq., lansell, george, fortuna, illuminated address

PHOTOGRAPH OF FRASER STREET, FROM CAMP PARADE ABOUT 1866-67. NOTE STATE OF CREEK AND ABSENCE OF BRIDGES.PHOTOGRAPH OF FRASER STREET, CLUNES. TAKEN FROM CAMP PARADE .1 SEPIA PHOTOGRAPH MOUNTED ON CARDBOARD, .2 BLACK AND WHITE PHOTO PRINT .3 BLACK AND WHITE PHOTO PRINT MOUNTED ON CARDBOARD, TITLED CLUNES FROM CAMP PARADE - ABOUT 1865 .4 SEPIA PHOTOGRAPH MOUNTED ON BOARD WITH NOTES OF PLACES OF INTEREST AROUND PHOTO. TITLED FRASER STREET CLUNES. .5 BLACK ANBD WHITE PHOTO PRINT .6 SMALL PHOTO PRINT .7 SMALL PHOTO PRINT WITH DESCRIPTION ON BACK .8 SMALL PHOTO PRINT .9 SEPIA PHOTO PRINT .10 SEPIA PHOTO PRINTFRASER ST. CLUNESlocal history, photography, photographs, clunes township, early fraser street

Newspaper report of two deaths around the date of Ringwood Show, March 1917. Mr Thomas Thomas aged 66 - haemorrhage following coughing fit 22/3/1917, and Master Stan Milne aged 10, son of Mr. and Mrs. E.A. Milne and grandchild of Mr. and Mrs. J. Hann of Ringwood - struck by merry-go-round part 25/3/1917.Mr Thomas leaves a wife and grown family. Corporal E. Thomas was a son of the deceased and was one of the heroes of war invited to a place of honor on Show Day. In his absence, Sergt. S. Chivers made feeling reference to the death of Mr. Thomas.

James Worland Mills No 3441 59th Batt AIF. Refer 169P.Items relating to J.W.Mills. .1) Return ticket from London No 4242. .2) Leave Pass - British Armies in France No 91724. .3) BB form No 10, Record of his service from his War records. .4) Permission - Leave of Absence dated 12th June 1919. .5) Note - Permission to be in Cologne from 21/6/19 to 23/6/19 .6) Certificate of Discharge from the AIF with details of his servicemilitary history, documents-certificates

Melbourne Legacy has relied for funding on grants as well as donations, and continues to do so in the absence of any government funding. The 1988 grant by the William Buckland Foundation was substantial enough to warrant a commemorative plaque.Evidence of one of Melbourne Legacy's sources of funding.Plaque, brown rectangular shape, raised symbol of Legacy top centre, raised printing and edges. Mounted on rectangular timber, 2 holes drilled centre top and bottom of mounting.Brass plaque, raised symbol of Legacy top centre. Raised printing "Melbourne Legacy gratefully acknowledges the substantial financial assistance received from THE WILLIAM BUCKLAND FOUNDATION towards the provision of assistance to the training programme for Legacy handicapped dependants of deceased ex - servicemen. 1988plaques, donations

Yields information about the correspondence between the SEC staff about the opening of tram tracks for underground services.Original of a report, handwritten in pencil from a copy book (pages 26 and 27), dated 23/3/1937, addressed to the Manager, from Mr. Mawby titled "Opening up of tram tracks by Plumber etc" reporting on a Mr. McLean excavating under track in Drummond St on 23/3 for a Ballarat Water Board pipe and the issues that arose. No notification to the SEC, underground services, and the absence of advice from traffic crews. Gas company also mentioned in the letter.Various initials and notes in red pencil or ink.tram, trams, letters, sec, tram track

The Fashion & Design collection of the Kew Historical Society includes examples of women’s, men’s, children’s and infants’ clothing from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Items in the collection were largely produced for, or purchased by women in Melbourne, and includes examples of outerwear, protective wear, nightwear, underwear and costume accessories.This lingerie dress, donated by Jane McIntyre is part of the wider McIntyre Collection. While lingerie dresses were produced for and worn by women between 1900 and 1920, the main period in which they were worn was between 1900 and 1910. This elaborately detailed example is believed to date from 1912-1918.The McIntyre Collection of clothing and clothing accessories forms one of the largest single donations to our Fashion & Design collection. It includes clothing and clothing accessories worn by four women in the Cohen and McIntyre families across three generations. The items worn by Melbourne architect, and Kew resident, Dione McIntyre date from the 1960s and 1970s, and include evening wear, day wear, hats and shoes. As Dione McIntyre often accompanied her husband, fellow architect Peter McIntyre, to formal events, there are a number of pieces of evening wear among the items. The McIntyre Collection also includes items worn by women of an earlier generation: by Lilian Cohen, Dione McIntyre's mother, and by her mother-in-law, the wife of the architect Robert McIntyre. At the other end of the chronological spectrum are a number of outfits belonging to, worn and donated by Annie McIntyre. These include outfits created by notable late 20th century Australian and/or international fashion designers. The McIntyre Collection is significant historically and artistically as it includes examples of design that demonstrate changing tastes in fashion over an 80-year period. The collection is also significant in that it includes the work of a large number of Melbourne designers from the 1960s to the 1990s.Three-quarter-length, white cotton voile lingerie dress. The dress feature extensive embroidery on the bodice and skirt, probably constructed from pre-embroidered fabric, rather than hand embroidered. In addition to the embroiderd panels, there is extensive use of white lace insertions. The dress has short sleeves to teh elbow and lace cuffs. The dress is date after the Edwardian Period due to the absence of tucks and frills. Its high-waisted design is simple and yet elaborately ornamented with embroidery.women's clothing, white muslin dresses, tea dresses, australian fashion 1910-1920, lingerie dresses, annie mcintyre, mcintyre collection, fashion design, fashion -- 1910s

Handwritten extract from the Bendigo Advertiser 27/12/1910 Page 2. ''The Victoria Quartz, having deepened its shaft to 4,614 feet, had to abandon sinking on account of an inrush of water from the flooded mines to the south on the line. The influx occurred on the 15th of June, and notwithstanding that baling has been carried on almost constantly the company has failed to get the water out. It appears that the deep ground will have to be abandoned, owing to the absence of some proper scheme to cope with the water.'' Albert Richardson Mining History Collection.document, gold, drainage problems, drainage problems, new chum line drainage problems 1910, bendigo advertiser 27/12/1910 page 2, victoria quartz, albert richardson

In 1963 work was being undertaken to create the central Plantation Strip that divides Bay Street. The layout of the strip can be seen although actual work has not begun. The photo possibly taken from Port Melbourne Town Hall tower. Note absence of traffic lights.Photograph looking toward the Bay before the installation of the central Plantation strip. On reverse 'Bay Street before plantation strip was started 1963'built environment - commercial, bay street, port melbourne town hall

To be used for shaping butter into a cube. Mould is constructed of four pieces of wood joined together to form a rectangular central hollow. Small pieces of timber have been nailed in to reinforce the joins. The hollow would be filled with butter, then either the mould would be tapped sharply on a hard surface to remove the square of butter, or a plunger or other device used to push the butter from the mould. Note: Mould is fairly roughly made, suggesting it is home-made, and the absence of grease etc on inside of mould suggests it may never have been used.butter mould

Though Keiran, as winning rider, brings Susan Bundy forward to receive her trophy at the Picnic Race Ball that night, O'Day, who won the Cup on Oliver's horse, is conspicuous by his absence, though few people other than Oliver give much thought to the matter. Heather Jervies as Susan.The album and images are significant because they document literature written by a prominent member of the Wodonga community. The presentation of this precis was supported by several significant district families and individuals.Ringer's River Album Coloured photo Plate 20des martin, many a mile, ringer's river, northeast victoria stories

The styling of the EJ was a radical departure from the previous model, the EK, with a lower roof line, a flatter boot and the absence of fins. This was the last car manufactured by GMH that utilised the "original" gray motor. Transmissions were a three speed manual, an automatic using the Hydra-matic. Auto was available in all models, including commercial vehicles for the first time.This is the last vehicle that was to be fitted with what was commonly referred to as the 132.5 cubic inch Grey motor4 Door blue with white roof sedanChrome strip along sides of car, Special badge on front Guards, Holden name across top of grill and across boot lid .Number plate Club permit 63455 Hej special sedan, manual, car

A postcard in a series produced by the Rose Stereograph Company in Victoria, Australia as a souvenir of Marysville.An early black and white photograph of the main street in Marysville, Victoria. This is now known as Murchison Street. This postcard was produced by The Rose Stereograph Company as a souvenir of Marysville.POST CARD The "Rose" Series/ De Luxe A Real Photograph/ Produced in Australia Published by The Rose Stereograph Co.,/ Armadale, Victoria. Dear Dad./ Now dont you think this is/ a quaint little place. We are having/ a very nice time, although very/ disappointed at Fathers absence. It/ is raining today so we are all/ sitting round the fire. The Kiddies/ are very good. love Mums.main street, murchison street, marysville, victoria, p. 4927, rose series postcard, postcard, souvenir

Two page Summary of talk by Dr Charles Fahey at May meeting of the BHS, titled The Diary of Isaac Edward Dyason. Printed on white paper. An extra copy of page 1 printed on green paper. Dyason kept diaries from New Years Day 1858 until his death in 1915. Most survived with the exception of the years 1873-4 . In Lansell's absence he took over his business affairs and moved into Fortuna. He married and had four children, Emily, Amy, Clarence and Cecil. His youngest child didn't survive. The BHS has a digital copy of his diaries on USB, copied in Digital Donations.person, individual, edward dyason, edward dyason, dr charles fahey, bhs, isaac edward dyason, elizabeth dyason, john hare, sarah mary badcock, joses badcock, george lansell, charles thatcher, bedelia jarvis, harriet eastwood, edith bassford, emily dyason, amy dyason, clarence dyason, cecil dyason, harriet dyason, tommy bent, frank cusack

Hely-Hutchinson served as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Natal and Zululand between 1893 and 1901. He was appointed Governor of the Cape Colony in 1901 and was the last British Governor until the post disappeared when the colony joined the Union of South Africa in 1910. During the absence of Lord Selborne in 1909 he acted as High Commissioner to South Africa. He was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George.Individual image taken from photographed poster of tobacco and cigarette cardshely-hutchinson, commander-in-chief, governor, cape colony, natal, zululand, union of south africa, lord selborne, high commissioner, knight grand cross of the order of st michael and st george

MacLough surprises Neilson, erstwile manager of "Gooloora", breakfasting off a bottle of whisky and a cup of black tea, and sacks him on the spot. Ordering the hands to be called together he looks them over and queries the absence of young O'Day. Jackeroo Reg Apperton tells him O'Day is out mending a fence at the back of the stud paddock, and MacLough commands that Apperton drive him out there forthwith. D. Hartsman as Neilson.The album and images are significant because they document literature written by a prominent member of the Wodonga community. The presentation of this precis was supported by several significant district families and individuals.Ringer's River Album Coloured photo Plate 2des martin, many a mile, ringer's river, northeast victoria stories

This is a set of 24 photographs of Army Survey Regiment’s Lithographic Squadron personnel undertaking regimental training in an unknown location in April 1989. The purpose of the training was probably to provide personnel a practical knowledge of navigation and map reading, RATEL and Survival in the Field, vehicle camouflage, teamwork and leadership. The training did not include infantry and minor tactics due to the absence of weapons. Although these photos are not annotated other than the month and year, most personnel are positively identified.This is a set of 24 photographs of personnel from Lithographic Squadron, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, undergoing regimental training in April 1989. The photographs were on 35mm negative film and scanned at 96 dpi. They are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. .1) - Photo, black & white, 1989, background L to R: Frank Lenane, Bill Jones, foreground L to R: Gavin McLean, Colin Yeats, Peter Dillon. .2) - Photo, black & white, 1989, Rhys De Laine. .3) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Peter Breukel, Colin Yeats. .4) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Colin Yeats., Peter Dillon. .5) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Graeme Spong, Gavin McLean, unidentified (x2), Peter Breukel, Steve Burke, Bill Jones, Colin Yeats. .6) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Graeme Spong, Bill Jones, Colin Yeats, Peter Dillon, Peter Breukel, Steve Burke, Colin Yeats. .7) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Graeme Spong, Bill Jones, Colin Yeats, Peter Dillon, .8) - Photo, black & white, 1989, Colin Yeats. .9) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Gavin McLean, Colin Yeats. .10) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Steve Burke, Peter Breukel, Colin Yeats, unidentified. .11) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Steve Burke, Peter Breukel. .12) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Peter Breukel, Steve Burke. .13) - Photo, black & white, 1989, Craig Hersant. .14) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Rob Bogumil, Darren Maher, Paul Baker, Rob Jones, Shona Hastie, unidentified, Chad Hardwick. .15) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Chad Hardwick, unidentified, Rob Bogumil, Rob Jones, Darren Maher, unidentified, Paul Baker. .16) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Rob Bogumil, Darren Maher, Chad Hardwick, Rob Jones, unidentified (x2), Paul Baker. .17) to .22) - Photo, black & white, 1989, unidentified personnel applying camouflage to truck. Shona Hastie in truck, .23) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: LT Dave Weston, LT Craig Hersant, Trevor Osborne, Bill Jones. .24) - Photo, black & white, 1989, L to R: Andrew Arman, unidentified, Peter Dillon, Steve Burke, Colin Yeats, Peter Breukel. No personnel are identified. Annotation dated April 1989.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, litho

Spices were used in abundance in Georgian cooking. This was mostly due to the British expansionist policy and their increased colonisation through the world. Spices became more readily available, and the most popular were nutmeg, cardamon, cloves, and peppers. These were often combined and used on meats and poultry to conceal the unusual flavours that was a result of the absence of a refrigerator. The grater that accompanies the spice box was a popular utensil in colonial kitchens and was used for nutmeg as it was recommended to be freshly grated. This spice box is a part of the Churchill Island Heritage collection because it was an important element in a typical Georgian kitchen (1714 - 1830) and later. It represents the type of item that was used within Amess House.Georgian-era spice tin. Black, hinged domed lid, with six compartments and a separate nutmeg grater. churchill island, kitchen, utensils, spice box

Seven pages of Bye Laws of 1865 of Court King of the Forest written on blue, watermarked paper. Laws mentioned are: Management, Business, C.R., S.C.R., Treasurer, Secretary, Death of a Brother or his Wife, Woodwards, Surgeon, Terms of office for the Court Surgeon, Trustees, Auditors, Delegates, Committees, Sub-Secretary, General Business, Absence, Neglect of Order, Neglecting to give notice of change of address within 14 days, Members summoned to vote on expenses over £3 except for regular Court Expenses, Members from othe rCourts, Meetings, Money held by the Secretary, Members on Court Funds and no Law to be amended or repealed except by a Committee appointed for the purpose. Printed on paper with printed letterhead and crest.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - correspondence, court king of the forest, commercial hotel, woodwards, joseph king smith, henry hattam, christian slopplebein, jas thos holl, geo ? murray, charles smith, john laselles, bye laws of court king of the forest

Handwritten copy of items for the Newsletter. Included is Machinery Contractor Called to Task. He took a lot longer to do the work than he should have. Boys Will Be Boys tells of a boy who was supposed to driving the whim horse, but in the absence of the braceman, he amused himself by taking a truck out of the cage and putting it back again. Then he started stepping backwards and forwards by holding onto a rope across the shaft, then fell down the shaft. He got a severe shaking. Cheers and Groans are about the long hours the miners worked and the introduction of the 8 hour day. Primitive Shafts is about the Victoria Reef Shafts. It tells of the underground working and raising the ore, crushing and yield.document, for historical society bendigo branch newsletter, federal australian, st mungo crushing battery, a richardson, royal hotel, bendigo advertiser, angus mackay, regulation of mines 1874, victoria reef quartz co, victoria quartz, grant and co, dicker's mining record 23/11/1861 pages 9 and 10

Desk set made of wood from St Paul's Cathedral with an added metal and enamel calendar. A history of the item is stuck on the reverse. "St Paul's Cathedral Melbourne. Foundation stone, 1880; Consecrated, 1891; Spires completed, 1931; Exterior length, 317'; Moorhouse Spire, 317 feet in height. The Bells of St Paul's Cathedral were supported on this timber of English oak from 1891 to 1963 when, during the absence of the bells for tuning in Loughborough, England, the timber was replaced with a steel frame. Refer Cathedral Guide Book, page 10, by Rev Godfrey Kircher"handicrafts, desk sets, pen holders, st paul's cathedral - melbourne (vic)