Showing 811 items
matching british and american
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Mission to Seafarers Victoria
Book - Pocket book, Special Service Devision, Service of Supply, United States Army, Instructions for American Servicemen in Australia 1942, 2007
... Instructions for American Servicemen in Australia 1942 ...In 1942, the United States issued Instructions for American Servicemen in Australia as a quick guide to Australia's people, politics, history and culture for Americans stationed there during the Second World War. It was one of several similar sets of instructions put together by the US government to help its soldiers, sailors and airmen adjust to life abroad.Pocket size book of blue colour ix, [54] p. : ill., mapsnon-fictionIn 1942, the United States issued Instructions for American Servicemen in Australia as a quick guide to Australia's people, politics, history and culture for Americans stationed there during the Second World War. It was one of several similar sets of instructions put together by the US government to help its soldiers, sailors and airmen adjust to life abroad. 1942, american soldiers, australia -
Bendigo Military Museum
Newspaper - NEWSPAPERS, 1944, Guinea Gold, 1944
.1) General information of WW2, various campaigns, political and sports. pg.3 3 photos of well known young film actresses. Pg.4 Ginger Meggs cartoon comic strip. .2) Newspaper with general information of WW2 campaigns and political items.1) Yellowing newspaper of 8 pages, small photo on front page. .2) Yellowing newspaper of 4 pages, 2 small photos on front page..1) Guinea Gold Northern Edition (America) Vol.2 No136 In the Field, Sunday April 2, 1944. .2) Guinea Gold Special New Britain Edition Vol.2 No.127. In the Field, Friday March 24, 1944.guinea gold, newspaper, 1944, sports news, politics, ww2 -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Tool - Brace, 1859-1866
No contextual information available at this time give the items usual design and no makers markings writer believes item is from the 1860s either American, British or could be of continental origin.An early tool significant because of it's unique design writer cannot find one like it during researching the item.Metal Brace possibly for gas fitter has leather in centre, (owner installed)Noneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Container - Cigarette Tin, Ardath Tobacco Company, 1950s
State Express 555, known as 555 and Bentoel 555, is a British luxurious cigarette originally manufactured in the United Kingdom by the Tobacco Company. The overseas rights to the brand, excluding the U.K., were acquired by British American Tobacco in 1925. 555 cigarettes were sold widely throughout the world. (Wikipedia)Flat yellow enamelled cigarette tin with gold writing."State Express Cigarettes / State Express / Purveyors of pure tobaccos / 210 Piccadilly London WE ... / Ardath Tobacco Company Limited / London, Leeds and Dublin"cigarette tins, containers -
Mission to Seafarers Victoria
Book, Adlard Coles Limited, Passenger Liners, 1965
Description of passengers liners with photographs, funnel colours.Large red cover book (dust jacket missing)non-fictionDescription of passengers liners with photographs, funnel colours.passengers liners, passengers ships, mission to seafarers, seamen, seafarers -
Melton City Libraries
Photograph, Former Rockbank Beam Wireless Station, Unknown
Built in 1926 and opened in 1927, it was the receiving station of the Australian Imperial Wireless Service. In 1927, provided the nation’s first radio communication with Britain and North America. The station closed in 1969.Former residential quarters of the Australian Beam Wireless Receiving Station at 653-701 Greigs Road East, Mt Cottrell.misc. -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Book - British Military Uniforms, T.H. Holding, London, Uniforms- Holding, 1894
A Guide to the Making of British Military and Naval UniformsThis is a book of 82 pages. It has a red cover with gold printing, scroll work, heraldic flags and the official British crest. The pages contain printed text and sketches of military and naval uniforms, hats, badges and other accoutrements. A colour photograph of the Duke of York has a tissue covering. The spine is partly damaged.non-fictionA Guide to the Making of British Military and Naval Uniformsbritish military and naval uniforms, t h holding, 1894 british uniforms -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)
Containers, tin, Tobacco ‘Champion’, c1940
... The British Australian Tobacco Co/ Pty. Ltd ...W.D & H.O.Wills (Australia) Ltd began manufacturing tobacco products in 1913 at its Raleigh Park factory in Kensington, Sydney. In 1945 an estate of 16 acres was purchased at East Bentleigh, Melbourne, with a further 22 acres purchased later and the Virginia Park manufacturing branch was established. The 1950s were to be one of the most successful decades in the company’s history and it enjoyed a peak of 83 per cent market share in 1954. But this was also a period of increased competition as Phillip Morris and Rothmans entered the Australian tobacco market. By 1972, increased competition meant that the company’s market share had slipped to 39%. By the time tobacco advertising was banned on Australian radio and television in 1976, Wills' market share had fallen a further 6%. In 1985 Wills combined the separate factory operations in Sydney and in Melbourne into one site at Pagewood, Sydney which took on the name Virginia Park. In 1989 W.D & H.O.Wills (Australia) became a subsidiary of the British American Tobacco Industries group of companies. 1999 British American Tobacco merged with global competitor Rothmans International. Rothmans in Australia and Wills merged to form the wholly-owned subsidiary British American Tobacco Australia. The merger left British American Tobacco Australia, Phillip Morris and Imperial Tobacco Australia A tin with a hinged lid for 'Champion' Tobacco flakesCHAMPION / HIGHEST GRADE / CUT TOBACCO / MANUFACTURED BY / THE BRITISH AUSTRALIAN TOBACCO CO.PTY.LTDtobacco, cigarettes, brittish australian tobacco co. pty. ltd., moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltenham, early settlers, , wd &h.o.wills pty. ltd., east bentleigh, kensington , virginia park east bentleigh, champion flake tobacco -
Unions Ballarat
Independence: The struggle to set America free, Ferling, John, 2012
The history of the revolution that led to America's declaration of Independence from Britain in 1776. Significant characters in this part of US history were John Adams, Abigail Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and Edmund Burke. Relevant to the history of the United States. The declaration of Independence document has become symbolic of human rights in the country - thus, the events leading to it were a catalyst to how American democracy is interpreted and practised.Paper; hardcover book; dust jacket; battle picture on the cover.Front cover: Title and author name. Back cover: Statements of praise by Dan Rather, Andrew Burstein, R.B. Bernstein and Edith B. Gelles.btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, ballarat trades hall, declaration of independence, american civil war, american revolution, independence - america, adams, john, adams, abigail, jefferson, thomas, franklin, benjamin, burke, edmund, war, democracy, rights, politics, government, history, united states of america, britain -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - PHOTOGRAPHS BCOF, TOKYO, JAPAN, 1946 - 47
Items in the collection re Clarence Shearing, refer Cat No 7089.16P for his service details.Photographs B & W various sizes, some have inscriptions on some none at all. Eight re British, American general Hospital buildings. Eight re bombing of Tokyo. Two of Tokyo. One, BCOF House. One, Ebasui Camp Tokyo. Three, Places in Meijo, Two, Ginza Crossing & Tokyo PX Three, Hibiya area. Three, Imperial Buildings. Seven, Theatres and Buildings. Sixteen, General Buildings and views, no text.photographs, bcof, tokyo -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Functional object - Kidney dishes
Four enameled kidney dishes. A kidney dish (British English) or emesis basin (American English) is a shallow basin with a kidney-shaped base and sloping walls used in medical and surgical wards to receive soiled dressings and other medical waste. The shape of the dish allows it to be held against the patient's body to catch any falling fluids or debris. Various sizes of emesis basins are common in healthcare settings. Aileen and John Ellison Collectionmedical, kidney dish -
Waverley RSL Sub Branch
Letters from Italian POW
3 letters from Luio Zenere to his father Attillo Zenere after his capture by partisans, handed to American forces and subesquently to British and his incarceration in a P.O.W. camp in Naples 16/3/1944One letter in english partially readable 2 in Italian faded and difficult to read but letter in English gives insight into the life of one P.O.W.3 letter cards from Italian POW Luio ZenterePrisoner of War Post Service des prisoners de Guerre Kriegsfrngennenpostletter postcard pow -
Moorabbin Air Museum
Book (item) - Aircraft Engines of the World 1944, 1944
aircraft engines of the Second World War. Particularly focusing on the state of aircraft engines in 1944. Considers engines from the United States of America, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan and the USSR (Soviet Russia). engines, aircraft engines, second world war, 1944 -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
News Sheet, The Sun News-Pictorial 1945, 1945
This Melbourne Sun newspaper of May 8, 1945 contains details of the surrender of Germany in World War Two. The first surrender document was signed at Rheims, France by representatives of Germany, Britain, Russia, France and the United States of America. This paper has no local significance but the event it describes (the end of the war in Europe in May 1945) is of signal importance in world history and affected all in Australia at the time and still does today. The newspaper will be of interest to researchers and useful for display. This is a Melbourne newspaper (The Sun News-Pictorial 1945). It has 16 pages and is printed in black print on a white (now creamy-coloured) background. It has the news of the end of the war in Europe with the surrender of Germany. The newspaper includes black and white photographs, advertisements, cartoons, comic strips and a crossword puzzle. world war two, v.e. day, warrnambool, history -
Frankston RSL Sub Branch
Patriotic Rosette
Patriotic rosette made of cotton ribbon in various colours. This was presumably worn in recognition of the Allied Countries involved in World War 1. There are coloured ribbons representing Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium. The centrepiece of the rosette represents the United States of America and there is a piece of ribbon featuring the flags of the United Kingdom, France, The Netherlands and Belgium. The rosette has a small safety pin sewn to the rear for attachment to the wearers clothing. Some of the ribbon colours have faded noticeably. -
Federation University Historical Collection
Poster - Theatre Poster, The Prince of Tempters, 1926
Prince of Tempters is a 1926 American silent romance film directed by Lothar Mendes and starring Lois Moran, Ben Lyon, and Lya De Putti. It is based on the 1924 novel The Ex-Duke by the British writer E. Phillips Oppenheim.Large coloured movie poster with image of man and women with devil in between A First National Picture. Robert Kane presents "The Prince of Tempters" with Lois Moran, Ben Lyon, Lya De Putti, Mary Brian, Ian Keith, Sam Hardy, Olive Tell Adapted from "the Ex-Duke" by E. Phillips Oppenheim A Lothar Mendez Production First National Pictures1I-SH-A "Country of origin" USA R-919lya de putti, mary bria, ian keith, sam hardy, olive tell, "the ex-duke", e. phillips oppenheim, lothar mendez production, first national pictures, usa, a first national picture, robert kane, the prince of tempters, lois moran, ben lyon, theatre, movies, kiss -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book, Henry Louis et al, Handbook of Gold Milling, 1902, 1902
Henry Louis, M.A. was an Associate of the Royal School of miens, Fellow of the Geological Society; Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain; Member of the Institution of Mining Engineers; Member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and Professor of Mining in the Durham College of Science. Green hardcovered book of 599 pages including index and illustrations. Contents include: Mode of occurance of gold; physical and chemical properties of gold; physical and chemical properties of mercury; Primitive Methods or ore-breaking; The stamp; Hoisting gear; Water Supply; Ore-Feeders; Crushing Machinery; amalgamation; concentration; Spitzkasten; Amalgam; Milling; Cam Curve; sampling and assaying; horse-power developed by fall of water; value of gold according to its fineness; conversionInside front cover in pencil "Rhys Brook" -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - COHN BROTHERS COLLECTION: LIST OF PROPERTY VALUATIONS DATED 1891
Printed Cohn Bros Memorandum letterhead notepaper dated 23rd Dec 1891 with handwritten 'Property Valuations'. Nineteen Cohns Hotels with 1891 valuations are listed. These include: Albert Hotel, Fire Brigade, City, British American, Hustlers Reef, Garden Gully, Universal, Brougham Arms, Victoria, United Kingdom, West End, View Bend, Sparrowhawk, Greyhound, Normanby, Noahs Ark, Saw Mills, and the Royal at Wedderburn, as well as the South Elmore at the township of Elmore. These totalled £14,305bendigo, industry, cohn bros brewery -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - ABBOTT COLLECTION: COLLECTION ABBOTT LEGAL DOCUMENTS, 1937
Eighteen Blue covered legal documents relating to Harold Abbott, seventeen of these are Assignments, transferring the patent rights for the barbed wire from Harold Athelstane Abbott to Richard Hartley Smith Abbott in various countries around the world. The other document is the complete specification for A method and means for manufacturing barbed wire and the like. France, Great Britain, United States of America, Belgium, South Africa, Germany, Czech-Slovakia, Japan, Holland, Canada, Mexico, Argentine, Italy, Sweden, Russia, Poland, Brazil.A.T.Madden Patent Attorneyorganization, business, abbotts, harold athelstane abbott, richard hartley smith abbott, barbed wire -
Mission to Seafarers Victoria
Letter - Telegram, Telegram to Lillie from Ted, 1928
The telegram was sent to Lillie Duncan shortly before Christmas, by one of the seafarers she met through her work with the Ladies Harbour Lights Guild. The brochure advertises seasonal rates on telegrams to ''all parts of the British empire and the United States of America''.The telegram is evidence that Lillie Duncan had personal contact with the seafarers she met through the Ladies Harbour Lights Gild. The brochure shows the importance put on the Christmas period, as well as the strong relationship between Australia and Great Britain.A telegram in three parts consisting of: Envelope, Brochure and Telegram.Post mark on envelope in top right hand corner: MELBOURNE/9/indecipherable/VICTORIA. Port mark on telegram on right hand side: EASTERN EXTENSION AUSTRALASIA indecipherable/MELBOURNE/23 DEC 1928/STATION.melbourne, christmas, advertisement, lillie-duncan, east-malvern, the-eastern-extension-australasia-china-telegraph-company, port said, ted, lhlg, lillie duncan -
Moorabbin Air Museum
Machine - Rolls Royce Nene 5,000 Lbs Of Thrust Turbo Jet
Historical Details: . Description: Developed in 1944 the Nene was essentially an enlarged version of the Derwent. It powered versions of the Vampire but saw little other use in British aircraft. It was built under licence in America and powered the Grumman Panther and inexplicably seve. Level of Importance: State -
Clayton RSL Sub Branch
soft cover non-fiction book, Ice Water Press, Victory In Europe, 2010
The final crossing of the Rhine and the advance into Germany changed the course of European history forever. Introduces men and women from bith sides - British, American and German soldiers and civilians - whose bravery and endurance made the final push through Europe the defining drama of WW2.Soft cover book with 144 pagessticker on inside page P Cooper (personal contact details included on sticker) -
Geoffrey Kaye Museum of Anaesthetic History
Boyle's Machine, British Oxygen Company, circa 1950
... British Oxygen Company ...This Boyle’s machine was made by the British Oxygen Company (BOC) in the 1950’s. The original Boyle's machine was invented by the British anaesthetist, Henry Boyle in 1917. His machine was a modification of the American Gwathmey apparatus of 1912, and became the best known early continuous flow anaesthetic machine. The Boyle’s machine was first made by Coxeter and Sons, under the direction of Lord George Wellesly, which was later acquired by the British Oxygen Company (BOC). Though a lot of changes have been made to the original design of the Boyle’s machine, the basic structure remains the same today.Green trolley on casters with flowmeter and vaporiser bottles attached to a stainless cross bar. There is a glass shelf at top of the trolley and a second glass shelf at base of trolley, above a pull out drawer. The pull out drawer contains 4 x black rubber masks, 3 x black rubber tubing connectors, 4 x seals, 1 a black corrugated rubber hose with red rebreather bag, red tube and masonite support board.Tin plate attached to upper portion of trolley: THE / BOYLE / apparatus / BY THE BRITISH OXYGEN CO. LTD.henry boyle, anaesthetic machine, gas, oxygen, flowmeter, nitrous oxide, british oxygen company, boc, coxeter and sons -
Moorabbin Air Museum
Machine - Rolls Royce Merlin Mk 46 - 1,600 HP Liquid Cooled V 12
Historical Details: . Description: Developed from the kestrel, the Rolls Royce Merlin is the most famous of all British aero engines. It powered a variety of types including the Spitfire, Hurricane, Lancaster and Mustang and was built under licence in Australia and America. A modified v. Level of Importance: State -
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists (RANZCOG)
Glass infant feeding bottle, Maws, Maws
Maws were a well known British medical instrument and supply manufacturer. Originating as J and S Maw in 1828, the company changed names a number of times and was renamed Maws Pharmacy Supplies Limited in 1940. It continued trading as such until the company was sold to an American company (ITT) in 1973. Clear glass feeding bottle with four rounded edges, tapering to s short neck. Calibrations for ounces and mls imprinted on opposite sides of the bottle. Bottle in inscribed "MAWS" and "HEAT RESISTING". On base, "MADE IN BELGIUM".infant feeding, infant care -
Moorabbin Air Museum
Machine - Westland Wessex N7-204, 1962
Historical Details: . Description: The Westland Wessex was developed in Britain as a turbine engined version of the American Sikorsky S-58 with over 356 built between 1958 to 1970. The Wessex was used by the R.A.F. and Royal Navy and countries around the world including Australia. Th. Level of Importance: Regionalwessex -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)
Containers, tin, tobacco 'Log Cabin', 20thC
W.D & H.O.Wills (Australia) Ltd began manufacturing tobacco products in 1913 at its Raleigh Park factory in Kensington, Sydney. In 1945 an estate of 16 acres was purchased at East Bentleigh, Melbourne, with a further 22 acres purchased later and the Virginia Park manufacturing branch was established. The 1950s were to be one of the most successful decades in the company’s history and it enjoyed a peak of 83 per cent market share in 1954. But this was also a period of increased competition as Phillip Morris and Rothmans entered the Australian tobacco market. By 1972, increased competition meant that the company’s market share had slipped to 39%. By the time tobacco advertising was banned on Australian radio and television in 1976, Wills' market share had fallen a further 6%. In 1985 Wills combined the separate factory operations in Sydney and in Melbourne into one site at Pagewood, Sydney which took on the name Virginia Park. In 1989 W.D & H.O.Wills (Australia) became a subsidiary of the British American Tobacco Industries group of companies. 1999 British American Tobacco merged with global competitor Rothmans International. Rothmans in Australia and Wills merged to form the wholly-owned subsidiary British American Tobacco Australia. The merger left British American Tobacco Australia, Phillip Morris and Imperial Tobacco Australia Virginia Tobacco, or Flue-cured tobacco, is named after the US state where it was first cultivated. It is also called ‘bright tobacco’ because of the yellow to orange colour it achieves during curing. It grows particularly well in subtropical regions with light rainfall, such as Georgia, Florida and the Carolinas in the USA, Southern Brazil and Zimbabwe. In Australia, blends are predominantly Virginia, for example, Dunhill and Winfield. Virginia blends contain only flue-cured Virginia tobacco W.D & H.O. Wills Pty Ltd - In 1945 an estate of 16 acres was purchased at East Boundary Road, East Bentleigh, Melbourne, with a further 22 acres purchased later and the Virginia Park manufacturing branch was established. The plant was closed 1985 when the firm moved to Pagewood, Sydney New South WalesA circular tin with a lid that is opened by twisting a coin in the rim and closed by screwing the lid down. Instructions written on base of tin. Contained ‘Log Cabin’ tobacco.lid :LOG CABIN / FLAKED GOLD LEAF / TOBACCO / base ; LOG CABIN / SKRU SEAL / To open twist coin / to reseal screw lid / TOBACCOtobacco, cigarettes, smoking pipes, cigarette papers, moorabbin, cheltenham, bentleigh, log cabin tobacco, w d & h o wills pty ltd , british american tobacco ltd, rothmans international ltd, east bentleigh -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)
Containers, tin, Tobacco 'Capstan' ‘Navy Cut’, c1940
W.D & H.O.Wills (Australia) Ltd began manufacturing tobacco products in 1913 at its Raleigh Park factory in Kensington, Sydney. In 1945 an estate of 16 acres was purchased at East Bentleigh, Melbourne, with a further 22 acres purchased later and the Virginia Park manufacturing branch was established. The 1950s were to be one of the most successful decades in the company’s history and it enjoyed a peak of 83 per cent market share in 1954. But this was also a period of increased competition as Phillip Morris and Rothmans entered the Australian tobacco market. By 1972, increased competition meant that the company’s market share had slipped to 39%. By the time tobacco advertising was banned on Australian radio and television in 1976, Wills' market share had fallen a further 6%. In 1985 Wills combined the separate factory operations in Sydney and in Melbourne into one site at Pagewood, Sydney which took on the name Virginia Park. In 1989 W.D & H.O.Wills (Australia) became a subsidiary of the British American Tobacco Industries group of companies. 1999 British American Tobacco merged with global competitor Rothmans International. Rothmans in Australia and Wills merged to form the wholly-owned subsidiary British American Tobacco Australia. The merger left British American Tobacco Australia, Phillip Morris and Imperial Tobacco Australia. Virginia Tobacco, or Flue-cured tobacco, is named after the US state where it was first cultivated. It is also called ‘bright tobacco’ because of the yellow to orange colour it achieves during curing. It grows particularly well in subtropical regions with light rainfall, such as Georgia, Florida and the Carolinas in the USA, Southern Brazil and Zimbabwe. In Australia, blends are predominantly Virginia, for example, Dunhill and Winfield. Virginia blends contain only flue-cured Virginia tobacco The W.D.&H.O.Wills Ltd manufacturing plant was situated in Boundary Road East Bentleigh 1945 – 85. Virginia Park is still a Commercial Business Area A tin with a hinged lid for 'Capstan' "Navy Cut tobacco Lid: CAPSTAN / NAVY CUT / W.D. & H.O. WILLS LTD inside lid - This tin of which only a / limited number will be / issued will be found convenient / for smokers as a vest / pocket container and can / easily be refilled with the / contents of the ordinary 1oz / packets of 'Capstan Tobacco'tobacco, cigarettes, cheltenham, moorabbin, early settlers, smoking pipes, cigarette papers, bentleigh, navy cut tobacco, w d & h o wills pty ltd , british american tobacco ltd, rothmans international ltd, east bentleigh, capstan tobacco -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - ARTHUR GEORGE HOLLEY PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUM 10 PHOTOGRAPHS, HMAS Hobart 1940-1941
Items in the collection relating to ARTHUR GEORGE HOLLEY no 13556 RAN Refer cat no 2134 for his service record. The photographs are from his personal album, and are mainly official photographs widely available among the services. The photographs are from Australian , British and American sources. This set illustrates the Hobart's visit to Yemen early in the Second World War, and the British Somaliland actions in 1940. Whilst not taken personally, they do capture the events he and his Hobart crewmates would have experienced and witnessed.Each desription is preceeded by an approximate date e.g.1940 06 is June 1940. 1. 1940 06 Aden after being bombed by Italians - Hobart was in Aden.jpg 2. 1940 08 Evacuation of Berbera British Somaliland August 1940 .jpg 3. 1940 08 Holley Indian soldiers at one of the shore posts at Berbera British Somaliland which personnel from HMAS Hobart helped to establish.jpg 4. 1940 Holley Somaliland photographed from Hobart Walrus.jpg 5. 1940 Shipboard Hobart sailor greeting Yemeni party .jpg 6. 1940 Yemen Captain Harry Howden with the Prince of Yemen 2.jpg 7. 1940 Yemen Captain Harry Howden with the Prince of Yemen 3.jpg 8. 1940 Yemen Captain Harry Howden with the Prince of Yemen.jpg 9. 1940 Yemeni guard.jpg 10. 1940 Yemen gift of cow.jpghmas hobart, british somaliland, aden -
Robin Boyd Foundation
Document - Manuscript, Robin Boyd, ("Your problem a fragment…")
Handwritten draft for a speech, date uncertain. Considers the question of Australian identity: whether it exists, what can be done to foster it in the arts, design and culture as a whole. Boyd argues that the only route to a distinctive Australian identity is to develop and foster new ideas rather than taking cultural cues Britain or America.Handwritten, quarto, 3 pagessydney opera house, australian identity, australian culture, robin boyd, manuscript