The Micro-Professor I Plus (MPF-IP) was a low cost, versatile microcomputer system featuring sophisticated software and hardware capabilities. (MPF-IP) boasted a display panel with the ability to display 20 characters using 16-segment fonts. All 64 standard ASCII characters could be displayed. The operation of the MPF-IP was controlled by an 8k monitor program which resides in the Read Only Memory (ROM). The monitor, aided by 4k Random Access Memory (RAM), enabled the user to enter a comprehensive set of single keystroke commands, making it easier for the user to use the CPU, memory and I/0 devices. This allowed the user to concentrate of microprocessor software development and application design. The system allowed printing at 48 lines per minute, and the ability to permanently record the commands, data, programs, status and other messaged. Each character printed by the printer is in a 5 by 7 dot matrix. Although the prime purpose of the programming was for machine language object code formed as hexadecimal numbers, the Micro-Professor has an embedded Tiny Basic interpreter for which formation of some of the alpha characters using a standard 7 segment display was ingenious. The program memory consisted of non volatile 2 kilobytes electrically programmable ROM whilst the Random Access Memory came with 2 kilobytes of static RAM but could be upgraded to 4 kilobytes by insertion of another chip. The entire memory space of 64 kilobytes was accessible by way of the terminals on the left hand side of the board. Engineering and Science students from the Ballarat School of Mines and the Ballarat College of Advanced Education used a class set (as they were relatively inexpensive at approx. $100 each) during the mid to late 1980s. Student were encouraged to borrow the Micro-Professors in order to assist in learning how to use them. Only one was ever not returned on time. When pressed to return the device the student confessed that his dog had chewed the plastic case. This is still in our collection complete with bite marks! The Micro-Professor used a Zilog Z80 microprocessor. This was the most powerful of the 8 bit microprocessors at the time. Zilog was derived from the Intel 8080 microprocessor. The Z80 had 158 instructions of which the Intel 78 instructions were a subset. The Intel processor continued on through development in the IBM computers as 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486 and later the pentiums. Zilog lost most of its market share when it developed the 16 bit Z8000 microprocessor. Although the microprocessor was excellent, the lack of peripherals caused users to abandon Zilog products. A brown and gold plastic box containing a microcomputer for use in classrooms. Four manuals are titled 'Micro-Professor MPF-IP user's Manual', 'MPF-I Experiment Manual (Software/Hardware)', Micro-professor MPF-IP experiment Manual (Software/Hardware)' and Micro-Professor MPF-I Monitor Program Source Listing.microcomputer, micro computer, micro professor, electronics

8/13 VMR eas issued with these vehicles during annual exercises for recovery and transportation of vehicles. Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Maroon coloured card covered Technical Manual User Handbook Semi Trailer, low Bed, 32 tonne, 6 dual Wheeled Steco. 56 pages bound with metal screws. Published by Australian Army circa 1980.Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection. "

M113 family of Armoured vehiclesentered service with Australian Army circa 1955.Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or AFV Workshops and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Research and historical display value, Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Green vinyl covered manual 54 pages, bound with metal screws being technical Manual User Handbook Carrier Fire Support, Full Tracked M113A1 ( FS }. Published by Australian Army 17 December 1970Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection "

This vehicle was issued to 8/13 VMR in 1980s and 1990s for recovery purposes. Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Maroon coloured stiff vinyl covered Technical manual being User Handbook Truck Wrecker 5 Ton GS with winch. Bound with metal screws. 102 pages. Published by Australian Army 19 February 1974.Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection ."

This vehicle was issued to 8/13 VMR for transport services in 1970s and 1980s. Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or AFV Workshops and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Maroon stiff vinyl covered Technical Manual being User Handbook Truck Cargo 2.5 Ton GS 4 x 4 with winch. Published by Australian army 1967. Covers and pages secured with metal fastner.Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection "

Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century. Unbound Technical manual 62 pages, without covers, single metal staple in top left corner being User Handbook Truck Wrecker 5 ton GS Medium Recovery F5 with Twin Boom Hoist. Published by Australian Army 16 June 71" 118 " on bottom right corner title page.

These flow diagrams and in particular the Introduction to Automap 2 booklet is designed to provide a general description of the second phase of the AUTOMAP system (Automap 2) installed at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo. It contains information that managers and supervisors need to know and serves as a preliminary introduction for anyone interested in learning about AUTOMAP 2. In addition, a number of annexes are included to provide more detailed descriptions of significant features and components of the system. System Objectives. In order that RASVY can carry out its mapping programme effectively, an efficient production system is required that can acquire and edit digital data from a topographic data base and thence automatically produce high quality maps using that digital data. The existing system, AUTOMAP 1, provides a small part of such a system. AUTOMAP 2 expands the capabilities of AUTOMAP 1 in data capture, computing power and data handling for cartographic purposes. AUTOMAP 2 includes state-of-the-art technology, introduces interactive graphics as a production tool and shifts procedures from a current mix of analogue and digital technologies to an almost totally digital system. AUTOMAP 2 increases map production by at least 20 percent at the Army Survey Regiment. Project References. A wide range of user manuals and associated documentation is available for both the hardware and software components of the AUTOMAP system. Other related departmental references are listed at the rear of the booklet..1 A folded Automap produced Map, Derby 1:100 000, Series 1611, Sheet 3663, Printed on one side and Automap flow diagram second Edition DEF/MISC/5157 on the other side. .2 and .3 Two copies of a folded Automap produced Map, Yampi 1:250 000, Series 1501 (Joint Operations Graphic), Sheet SE51-3, Edition 1, Printed on one side and Automap flow diagram third Edition DEF/MISC/5157C on the other side. .4 An Introduction to the Automap 2 System, A4 Booklet 16 x pages and a folded Automap2 flow diagram fifth Edition DEF/MISC/5157E Annex in the rear of the booklet..1 DEF/MISC/5157 .2 AND .3 DEF/MISC/5157C .4 DEF/MISC/5157Eroyal australian survey corps, rasvy, fortuna, army survey regiment, army svy regt, asr

Vehicles of these types were issued to CMF units following WW11 for transport purposes.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Buff coloured soft covered manual 108 pages square bound being Driver's Handbook for a variety of Chevrolet wheeled vehicles ranging from 15cwt 4x2 to Fd Arty Tractor. Published by Australian Army 1945.Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection."

Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or AFV Workshops and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Buff and brown coloured soft covered manual, adhesive fabric spine bound manual being Assembly Operation GMC 6x6 Model CCKW - 353, produced by General Motors Truck and Coach 24th October 1941On title page " M.F. Oates " also ink stamp ' 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection "

Relates to Chevrolet Armoured made in USA during WW11.Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or Tech Support Troop (TST) and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Research vehicleBuff coloured soft cover manual being Technical Manual Ordnance Maintenance Transmission, Transfer Case, and Steering Systems for Medium Armoured Car T17E1. Published by War Department ( USA ) 7 October 1943.Heavy ink stamp on cover " Archive Copy Location " then follows in pen " 3/A/1". In red ink top right corner " T10 { or} T16"

The American designed 'Jeep' was issued to Australian Army in WW11 and the Post-War CMF. Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or AFV Workshops and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Buff coloured covered booklet, saddle- stitched and stapled: 40 pages being Instruction Book Driving & Maintenance for trucks .25 Ton ( USA ). Published by Australian Military Forces 1944.Ink stamp on front cover " C Sqn 8/13 Victorian Mounted Rifles "

8/13 VMR was issued with M113 Armoured Personnel Carriers in 1973. These vehicles had an Amphibious capability Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or AFV Workshops and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Green covered booklet, thermal bound, 32 pages, being Standing Orders for the Operation of Amphibious Vehicles. Published by Royal Australian Armoured Corps, Australian Army. 1973Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection ". Inside back page list of names and numbers.8/13 victorian mounted rifles, light aid detachment, manual

Tracked cargo carrier is part of M113 family of armoured vehicles used by 8/13 VMR in 1970s and 1990s. Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or Tech Support Troop (TST) and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Buff coloured soft covered manual bound with heavy metal staples, 353 pages being Organisational Maintenance Manual Part Seven for Carrier Cargo Tracked 6 Ton M 548.Published by Headquarters Department of the Army ( USA ) February 1966.Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental collection " and ink notation on cover " Obsolete " and ink on spine " 21 "

Corporal L. Frohling served with the Tech Support Troop and later Workshop Troop of 8/13 VMR in 1970s and 1980s.Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or AFV Workshops and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Green coloured vinyl covered manual, 322 pages, bound with metal screws being Maintenance Manual Truck Cargo 2.5 Ton CL Ford D400. Publisher not stated./On front cover " L. Frohling " Ink stamps on title page " 13 April 1970." RAEME Att. 1 COD Bandiana and ' 8/13 VMR regimental Collection "

Every 'B' Vehicle that is non armoured had an AB 416 Logbook. It was kept on the vehicle and was a record of servicing and repairs. Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or AFV Workshops and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth centuryHeavy brown coloured card covers with fabric spine, holding paper sheet ruled for entries of servicing, also instructions for drivers.

Contains information about .30 and .50 Browning Machine Guns which were common to aircraft and armoured fighting vehicles used by 8/13 VMR. Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or Tech Support Troop (TST) and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Heavy card covered manual with fabric spine, screw bound being Standard Notes for Armourers and Fitters Armourer. Published by Airforce Headquarters Melbourne August 1943.Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection "

Australian Army was equipped with M3 General Grant tanks during WW11. CMF Armoured Regiments had M3 General Grant tanks 1948 - 1955. Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or AFV Workshops and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Buff colour covered booklet, 160 pages, thermal bound being Technical Manual Ordnance Maintenance Medium Tanks M3, M3A1 and M3A2. Published by US War Department 9th May 1942Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection "

Comet was a WW11 British tank. Publication possibly issued to CMF Units in anticipation of receiving Comet tanks in early post war period. Instead Centurion tanks were received, Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or Tech Support Troop (TST) and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Cream coloured soft covered manual being Inspection Instructions ( Provisional ) Overhaul Comet Tanks. 88 pages and 6 fold out sheets. Stapled on short edge. Published by British Army September 1948Dyna tape on front cover " 629.28.Bri

This family of wheeled armoured vehicles came into use in Australian Army including 8/13 VMR circa 1960. They were phased out and replaced with M113 track vehicles, Technical manuals and User Handbooks were essential equipment for Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME) tradesmen permanently attached to Armoured Corps regiments as Light Aid Detachments (LAD) or Tech Support Troop (TST) and were responsible for repairs and maintenance of a nature beyond the expertise of AFV crewmen and just short of major rebuilds undertaken by Base Workshop detachments.Part of a collection of workshop manuals and user handbooks relating to equipment on issue to 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles during the latter half of the twentieth century.Two copies of pale green colour soft cover manual, 170 pages with annexures, being Saracen Mk1 APC Provisional User Handbook. String tie binding. Published by UK Royal Armoured Corps, The War Office, November 1954.Ink stamp on title page " 8/13 VMR Regimental Collection " Dyna tape label " 629.28 AMF"manual, military, vehicle, apc, saracen, workshop

These draft Specifications set out the Standards for the production of topographic maps within the Commonwealth of Australia at scales of 1:50000 and 1:25000 and are designed to satisfy the basic requirements of both civil and military map users.Hard cover, cloth, Red, 11 Annexes, Supplementary documents.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, fortuna, army survey regiment, asr

This Gestetner Cyclostyle duplicating machine was invented and manufactured by David Gestetner. He claimed in 1922, once he had released several models, that if a Gestetner Durotype stencil was used together with his Cyclostyle machine, then 10,000 copies could be made from the one Durotype stencil, an amazing claim for office technology of that era. David Gestetner (1854-1939), was born in Csoma, Hungary. He has been called the “founder of the worldwide office copying and duplicator industry.). He moved to London and in 1879 filed his first copying patent. In 1881 he patented the Cyclostyle stylus (or pen), which was used in conjunction with his Cyclograph device for copying text and images, He established the Gestetner Cyclograph Company in England at this time (1881) to protect his inventions and to produce his products; stencils, stylos (stylus or pen) and ink rollers. HIs inventions included nail-clipper and the ball-point pen (although the latter is more commonly associated with Laszlo Biro). Gestetner’s patented Cyclograph duplicator was used with his Cyclostyle Stylus or pen to write or draw on special thin wax-coated stencil paper (originally used for kite making paper) in the following way; 1. The Cyclostyle stencil was placed on a lower, framed metal plate of the Cyclograph 2. An upper frame was clipped over the top 3. The Cyclostyle pen, with its tip being a small metal-spiked or toothed wheel, was used to write or draw on the stencil, punched small holes into the paper and removed the wax coating in those places 4. The upper frame and stencil was then removed and a piece of blank paper was placed onto the metal plate in the lower frame and the upper frame with stencil was replaced 5. A roller was given an even distribution of Cyclostyle ink and rolled by hand over the stencil in the frame. This forced the ink through the holes in the stencil to and made a copy of the stencil on the paper 6. The upper frame was raised, the printed paper removed and another blank sheet was put into place. The whole process was repeated until enough copies were made. Gestetner’s invention developed further in 1894, with a stencil that could be placed on a screen on a revolving drum. The drum was manually rotated, the stencil then wrapped around another drum and was fed between cloth-covered rollers on which ink was evenly spread. Each revolution of the drum forced ink through the holes in the stencil and transferred the ink onto paper that had been fed between rollers and pressed against the drum. The process was repeated for each page. The paper was still fed and removed manually in this earlier invention but became more automatic in later models. In 1902 Gestetner duplicator model 6 was put onto the market. This model included the improvement of an automatic paper feed that synchronised with the rotation of the stencil. The Gestetner machine was the first office printing machine. It was easily installed and it made exact copies of the sane document quickly, effectively and inexpensively. This changed the way offices operated, making information easily available to many more users. The machines were commonly used in small businesses, schools, churches, clubs and other organisations for the wide distribution of a wide variety of information in the form of worksheets, newsletters and more. In 1906 the Gestetner Works were opened in Tottenham Hale, North London, and thousands of people were employed there up until the 1970’s. Due to the fast growing success of the Gestetner Duplicator machines many international branches for sales and service centres were established. David Gestetner was succeeded by his son Sigmund, followed by his grandson’s David and Jonathan. Further advancement was made by using a manual typewriter with specifically designed stencils. The end product was a printed, typewritten copy similar to the print from newspapers and booklets. In the next few years there were further developments of this revolutionary invention. The Gestetner Cyclostyle duplicator in our Collection is dated c.1922 - 1929 and it uses Gestetner Durotype stencils The 1922 British Industries Fair’s catalogue contained advertising for the Gestetner Rotary Cyclostyle “The World’s Premier Duplicator”, demonstrated at Stand K 86.” A Notice at the foot of the advertisement’s page boasts "Important - D Gestetner's latest invention, the "Durotype" Stencil, enables you to obtain 10,000 copies from one original if desired. It contains no wax of any description, is indestructible, can be stored indefinitely and printed from as required” In 1929 the look of the Gestetner machines changed; American designer Raymond Loewy was invited by Gestetner to improve the look of his duplicators, resulting in a very streamlined appearance. Eventually, around 1960’s, offices replaced their Gestetner with small photocopying machines and printers. Gestetner took over ownership of other office machine companies over time, including Nashua, Rex Rotary, Hanimex and Savin and eventually all came under the holding company name of NRG (Nashuatech, Rex Rotary and Gestetner). In 1996 Ricoh acquired the Gestetner Company, and it was renamed the NRG Group. REFERENCES Cyclostyle, Stencil Duplicating Machines, antique Copying Machines, Early Office Museum, http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm Duplicating machines, Wikipedia Duplicator, Collection online, Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation http://techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/collection-item.php?id=1989.0229.001 Gestetner duplicators, Totterham-Summerhillroad.com http://tottenham-summerhillroad.com/gestetner_duplicators_tottenham.htm Gestetner Duplicator, V&A Museum http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O322014/gestetner-duplicator-duplicator-loewy-raymond-fernand/ Gestetner, Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History, http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Gestetner Duplicating machines such as this one revolutionalised access to copies of printed material, changing the way that educational bodies, offices, small businesses and community clubs and charities operated.Duplicating machine, Gestetner Cyclostyle Durotype, a stencil-method duplicating machine with two rotating drums plus rollers. Hand operated, tabletop office machine. Front has folding Bakelite handle, oil filling hole, calibrating gauge with scale, and copy counting meter. Right side has printed manufacturer’s plate that slides out as a paper output tray. Left side has metal plate with protrusions and perforations, plus another similar plate that is detached. It also has a metal frame attached [that would have been used to hold a paper input board, adjusted for various sizes of paper]. Cover, metal, with folding wooden handle on top, attaches to base with metal clips. Inscriptions printed on machine, mostly in gold-coloured paint. Round metal manufacturing plate is stamped with Serial Number 95759. Made by D. Gestetner, London, c.1922-1929Maker’s plate “MANUFACTURED / BY / D. GESTETNER LTD, / No. 95759 / CYCLOSTYLE WORKS / TOTTENHAM HALE / LONDON, N” Copy counting meter shows “1 4 6 4 8 [space]“ copies. Calibrating gauge has divisions with numbers “0 1 2“, labelled “← [left arrow] “TO PRINT LOWER” and “→ [right arrow], TO PRINT HIGHER”. “The Gestetner”, “Cyclostyle”, “Gestetner” (Trade Mark), Right side print of manufacturing details includes “The / Gestetner / TRADE MARK” And “THE FOLLOWING TRAFE MARKS / - - - OF INK, STENCILS / - - - AND GUARANTEE OF PERFECT / - - - BOTH - - - AND MACHINE” and “CYCLOSTYLE / DUROTYPE / GESTETNER” and “D. Gestetner” flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, office machine, copying machine, gestetner machine, duplicating machine, duplicator, stencil machine, gestetner cyclograph company, cyclograph, cyclostyle, d. gestetner ltd, gestetner durotype stencils, gestetner cyclostyle, printing machine, office technology, durotype stencils, david gestetner, raymond loewy, roneo, rotary duplicatorten, mimeo, mimeograph machine, roneograph copier

A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, for turning (driving or removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, and a tip that the user inserts into the screw head to turn it. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw—or ridged or treated for additional 'grip'. Handle are typically wood, metal, or plastic and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down. The handle and shaft of screwdrivers have changed considerably over time. The "Perfect Pattern Handle’ screwdriver was first manufactured by HD Smith & Company, which operated from 1850 to 1900. Screwdrivers were probably invented in the late 15th century, either in Germany or France when Screws were used to construct screw-cutting lathes, for securing breastplates, backplates, and helmets on medieval jousting armor—and eventually for multiple parts of the emerging firearms, particularly the matchlock. The jaws that hold the pyrites inside medieval guns were secured with screws, and the need to constantly replace the pyrites resulted in considerable refinement of the screwdriver. The screwdriver depended entirely on the screw, and it took several advances to make the screw easy enough to produce to become popular and widespread Canadian P.L. Robertson, though he was not the first person to patent the idea of socket-head screws, was the first to successfully commercialize them, starting in 1908. In Portland, Oregon, Henry F. Phillips patented his own invention, an improved version of a deep socket with a cruciform slot, today known as the Phillips Screw. Phillips offered his screw to the American Screw Company, and after a successful trial on the 1936 Cadillac, it quickly swept through the American auto industry. A main attraction for the screw was that conventional slotted screwdrivers could also be used on them, which was not possible with the Robertson Screw. A large steel screwdriver with worn wooden handlepioneers, early settlers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltenham, brighton, tools, craftsman, carpenters, , blacksmiths, builders, farmers, metalwork, woodwork, screws, philllips head screwdrivers, h.d.smith & co usa, p.l. robertson, henry f.phillips , oregon, canada, american screw company,