The City of Moorabbin Historical Society was formed c 1960 by a group of Moorabbin residents who were concerned that the history of the area should be preserved. A good response to a call for items related to the historical area of Moorabbin Shire brought donations of a wide variety of artefacts which are now preserved by the current members of CMHS at Box Cottage Museum . Helen Stanley, Secretary of CMHS, began producing a Newsletter for members in April 2007 to provide current information and well researched items of historical interest. Helen Stanley has produced a bi-monthly Newsletter, 2007 - 2013, for the members of the City of Moorabbin Historical Society that contains well researched interesting historical items, notification of upcoming events, current advice from Royal Australian Historical Society , Museums Australia Victoria and activities of Local Historical Societies. The Newsletter is an important record of the activities of the CMHS. The Blackman family were early settlers in Moorabbin Shire A4 paper printed both sides x1. Issue 8 of the bi-monthly, City of Moorabbin Historical Society Newsletter produced by Society member and Secretary, Mrs Helen Stanley in August 2008. Notices of a talk by Dorothy Booth, “ The Historic Mentone Railway Gardens’ on August 31st and a request for volunteers to begin an Inventory of the Box Cottage artefacts and to assist at upcoming Open Days. An excerpt from the CMHS Newsletter March 1965 ‘ Three Pieces of Paper’, by Mrs Nance Blackman, a member, describing items from “The Moorabbin News” ‘ 1907 that included The Cheltenham Butter Factory, and advertisements aimed at the local people and their occupations. Note is made of 3 businesses run by Women – butcher, milk delivery and a ‘delicatessen’ - and an ‘Oriental Laundry’ in Cheltenham, as well as the trading hours for shops and weekly wages. Gas light and candles were in common use because Electricity did not come to Bentleigh until 1916 and several Fire Brigades were formed in the Shire. A photocopied photograph of an Electric Power pole c1930.CITY of MOORABBIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY / AUGUST 2008 NEWSLETTER city of moorabbin historical society, stanley helen, melbourne, moorabbin, mentone, mordialloc, cheltenham, ormond, bentleigh, market gardeners, farmers, dairymen, confectioner, pioneers, early settlers, moorabbin shire, blackman nance, box cottage museum, highett, booth dorothy, mentone railway station gardens, cheltenham butter factory, beazley hannah, redstron mrs., bickerton mrs., oriental laundry cheltenham, biehl mr., matthews mr., gas-light, electric light, smith j.l., journeaux james, king george, grommann’s hotel mordialloc, telephones, fire brigades

Green hard cover minute book, buff binding on spine with 'Minute Book' on spine on red background. Three hundred and sixty three pages of entries. . Dates of minutes from 8th February 1911 to 25th October 1920. Three documents inserted in back page of Minute Book: 'Gold Producers Association,, 48 Queen Street, Melbourne 10th January 1921 (circular to shareholders) 'North Bendigo Gold Mining Company No Liability' stamped in purple ink on top of page; The Chamber of Mines of Victoria, Australia, Inc. to the Manager, North Bendigo Co., N.L., levy made on 25/11/20 of 1 pound per 1000 pounds paid in wages; affixed to inside back cover 'Bendigo Mine Owners' and Managers' Association, City Chambers, Bendigo, December 8th 1912., detailing 'resolutions which were carried unanimously', signed G.A. Petrie. Minute book forms part of the Margaret Roberts Collection of mining records. bendigo, mccoll and rankin, margaret roberts, north bendigo gold mine n.l.

Albert Richardson's father was G. Richardson, the Engine Driver at the Fortuna Hustler's Mine. Maroon hard cover booklet. On front cover on affixed paper: 'Wages earned at Fortuna Hustler's Mine, Aug 1906 - Jan 1907'. Inside front cover: George A.G. Richardson, off Revere St.' and 'started to work at Fortuna Hustlers Feb 25th 1899 sh 1907'. Child's pencil drawing of a man on front page. Long Gully Bendigo written in pencil across front page. Royal Historical Society of Victoria, Bendigo Branch, stamp. Example: first entries in Time Book for 9/06 (August 1906) is L. Phillips, Manager, no hourly rate given; G. Richardson, Engine Driver, 8/4d per day; T. Coates Engine Driver, 8/4d; H. (?) Kelly, Engine Driver 8/4d; T. Berryman, blacksmith 10/-. Names of miners, occupation, days worked, total number of days worked, rate per day and total amount paid are listed in the Time Book. George A. Richardson, off Revere St.fortuna hustler's mine, gold mining, bendigo goldfield, a. richardson, engine driver, wages book, wage rates, 1906, 1907

Four separate agreements, one for each organisation. All details wages and conditions of work and disputes, grievances, and discipline, leave etc. Pages 1 - 10 - agreement with the PMTT - dated 14/1/1913, applied from 1/10/1912 to 1/6/1916. Signed for PMTT by Alex Cameron Chairman; Thomas King Member; and Thomas King Secretary and for Union by Lionel L. Hill President and A. C. Warton General Secretary. Pages 12 - 20 - ditto with NMELTL - dated 14/1/1913, applied from 1/1/1913 to 30/6/1916. Signed for NMETL by L. Voight, A.D. Murdoch and for Union by A. C. Warton General Secretary. Pages 21 - 32 - ditto with ESCo - dated 14/1/1913, applied from 1/12/1912 to 30/6/1916, includes rosters for Ballarat and Bendigo. Signed by William J Home for P. J. Pringle for ESCo and for Union by Lionel L. Hill President and A. C. Warton General Secretary. Pages 33 - 42 - ditto with Messrs Meakin and Thomas, Lessees of the Northcote Cable Tramways. Dated 14/1/1913, applied from 1/12/1912 to 30/6/1916. Signed by F.W. Meakin and Lena Thomas in front of Louis Waxman Solicitor and A. C. Warton, General Secretary. Yields information about the industrial agreements with Tramway operators in Victoria, except for MTOCo.Forty-Four page booklet, off-white paper, saddle-stapled, with additional dark grey colour paper cover titled "The Australian Tramway Employees' Association with the The Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust / The North Melbourne Electric Tramways and Lighting Company Limited/ The Electric Supply Company of Victoria Limited and Messrs. Meakin and Thomas". Two copies held. "Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society Catalogue No. 213" in ink on top of first page, inside cover on both copies. Copy 1 - has name of "H.W.H.Collett" and "1913" on front cover, and pencil or red pencil notes against various rules in the ESCo section. Copy 2 - some minor pencil marks.trams, tramways, bendigo, ballarat, atea, unions, agreements, esco, nmetl, pmtt, northcote cable trams, meakin & thomas

Four separate agreements, one for each organisation. All details wages and conditions of work and disputes, grievances, and discipline, leave etc. Pages 1 - 10 - agreement with the PMTT - dated 14/1/1913, applied from 1/10/1912 to 1/6/1916. Signed for PMTT by Alex Cameron Chairman; Thomas King Member; and Thomas King Secretary and for Union by Lionel L. Hill President and A. C. Warton General Secretary. Pages 12 - 20 - ditto with NMELTL - dated 14/1/1913, applied from 1/1/1913 to 30/6/1916. Signed for NMETL by L. Voight, A.D. Murdoch and for Union by A. C. Warton General Secretary. Pages 21 - 32 - ditto with ESCo - dated 14/1/1913, applied from 1/12/1912 to 30/6/1916, includes rosters for Ballarat and Bendigo. Signed by William J Home for P. J. Pringle for ESCo and for Union by Lionel L. Hill President and A. C. Warton General Secretary. Pages 33 - 42 - ditto with Messrs Meakin and Thomas, Lessees of the Northcote Cable Tramways. Dated 14/1/1913, applied from 1/12/1912 to 30/6/1916. Signed by F.W. Meakin and Lena Thomas in front of Louis Waxman Solicitor and A. C. Warton, General Secretary.Yields information about the industrial agreements with Tramway operators in Victoria, except for MTOCo. Forty-Four page booklet, off-white paper, saddle-stapled, with additional dark grey colour paper cover titled "The Australian Tramway Employees' Association with the The Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust / The North Melbourne Electric Tramways and Lighting Company Limited/ The Electric Supply Company of Victoria Limited and Messrs. Meakin and Thomas".Various doodles on some pages.tramways, ballarat, bendigo, melbourne, atea, unions, agreements, esco, nmetl, pmtt, northcote cable trams, meaking and thomas, rosters

A brochure issued by the National War Memorial Committee of Victoria to inform the public about the plans for the Shrine of Remembrance and how they could contribute towards its cost. The Governor of Victoria points out that the need to remember, as 'To forget is to be false to the men who fell, to the cause for which they fell, and to ourselves. Let the whole people join in creating such a Monument as will keep the Names and Memories of the men fresh in the minds of our children's children.' The brochure mentions that the cost of the Shrine was estimated to be £180,000. Of this £80,000 was guaranteed and the remaining £100,000 needed to be raised. It shows that each contribution will be recorded within the crypt as one of those who gave the Memorial to the Nation. It also states 'Each contribution honours our men, redeems our promise that they shall never be forgotten, and helps in presenting to the nation a durable foundation to traditions of patriotism and self-sacrifice, and in the immediate future assists hundreds of worthy returned soldiers who, as a result of the temporary trade depression, are in need of employment. Actually, seven-tenths of the total cost of the Memorial will be expended in wages...' A sample of the type of receipt given to record donations is on page 3. An actual receipt is at 01207. Item was in an envelope with other photos and programmes from different items relating to the Shrine of Remembrance - including discussions on its location and design. Labelled 'Shrine of Remembrance S1 - S14' it was part of an old archive numbering system, that showed there has been efforts in the past to collect, order and save items of Legacy's history. (01181 - 01190, 01206 - 01210).A record of fundraising for the Shrine of Remembrance, this brochure asks Victorians to contribute approximately £100,000 to the building project. There was an effort to record historical events for the "Archive Committee" which collected this and other documents relating to the Shrine together in a file (see items 01181 - 01190, 01026 - 01210)Booklet x 4 pages, about fundraising for building the Shrine, on buff paper with black type and line drawing.memorial, shrine of remembrance

Sixteen page booklet, off white paper, saddle stapled, with additional cream colour paper cover titled "The Australian Tramway Employees' Association with the Electric Supply Coy. of Victoria Limited / Agreement". Dated on cover 1923. Agreement dated 23/11/1923, to 31/3/1925. Applies to both Ballarat and Bendigo. Details hours of work, rates, Sunday runs, casual rates, holidays, free passes, uniforms, training students, meal relief, one-man cars, eyesight tests, dismissals, meals, Board of Reference. Gives schedules for various grades, and a schedule for quarterly adjustment of wages depending on a cost of living index. On rear page - page 16, has the name of "Fremantle Municipal Tramways and Electric Lighting Board" as the name of the respondent - printing error, or heard at the same time. Signed by William J Home for P. J. Pringle for ESCo and John L Abfalter Vice President and T. Jewell General Secretary for the Union. Three copies held. Copy 1 - complete Copy 2 - missing rear cover Copy 3 - missing covers"Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society Catalogue No. 212" in ink on top of outside cover., Copy 1, Copy 2, Copy 3trams, tramways, bendigo, ballarat, atea, unions, agreements, esco

Notebook - comprising heavy card covers, with preprinted (18) sheets for use as a wages sheets. Use by Wal Jack to record notes of people, events and negatives and photographs. The sheets have been side stapled and then were bound within the heavy brown cardboard sheets with a blue cloth binding on the left hand side. Book was made by 'F. W. Wright Print Ballarat" Has notes from Murray Hood of the Chief Civil Engineers Office WAGR about events and happenings in Perth, WA. Diagrams of stations on the Benalla to Yarrawonga rail line - dated 14/10/1954. Photos received dated 1953 - 1954 - steam. Photos sent to Norm De Pomeroy and received back Photos sent or received from John Radcliffe Wal Larsen - SAR Photos Notes on Wal Larsen's UK, Europe to India trip - 1963 - daily mileage and towns visited - likely to link to albums of photographs. List of Alwyn Marshall photos - Nov. - Dec 1960 - Asia, India Wal Larson photos - 1961 - QR, VR, CR etc - 1957 as well. All hand written notestrams, tramways, europe, uk, notebooks, diary

McColl Rankin & Stanistreet solicitors electronic ledger entries for various Bendigo Gold Mining Companies 6994.1 Wages sheet - Nell Gwynne Reef Mine; manila folder containing one sheet of paper with wages entry for week ending 9th December 1979 6994.2 Ledger of names in alphabetical order, undated !!! 6994.3 Bound ledger, noted as Central Comet G. M. Co (Gold Mining Company), No Liability. handwritten entries by many hands. dated 11 March 1898 to 4 December 1899. reporting on payments not authorised by the Directors. Entries over five double pages majority of the ledger is unused. 6994.4 Deborah Gold Mines, No Liability, electronic ledger sheets dated from 1945 to 1950, for supplies, etc. 6994.5 Forfeited Share Sales. Exercise book with unreadable cover notation, listing sales of forfeited shares in various companies managed by McM R & S. 6994.6 South Deborah Gold Mines, No Liability. Paper pages containing ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.7 East Clarence Gold Mining Company, No Liability. Paper pages of electronic ledger cards. Dated 1940s for wide range of company expenditures. 6994.8 Forbes Carshalton G. M. Co. No Liability paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.9 South Nell Gwynne G. M. Co. No Liability paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.10 Napoleon Reef G. M. Co. No Liability paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.11 Deborah United G. M. Co. No Liability paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.12 Central Napoleon G. M. Co. No Liability; paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.13 Golden Carshalton G. M. Co. No Liability; paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.14 North Virginia G. M. Co. No Liability; paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.15 New Monument G. M. Co. No Liability; paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.16 South Nell Gwynne G. M. Co. No Liability; paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.17 New Don G. M. Co. No Liability; paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. 6994.18 Red White & Blue Extended G. M. Co. No Liability paper pages with ledger entries. Dated 1940s. Company stamp at the top of the electronic ledger pagessocial history, mining company records, mining companies

Digital image of a photocopy of the Agreement dated 23-8-1912 between the Australian Tramway Employees Association with the Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company Limited and a supplemental agreement dated 12-8-1913. The agreement was the first between the Union and the Company which had long resisted unionism. The Victorian Branch of the ATEA was formed in November 1910. The agreement was the result of an Arbitration hearing before the Commonwealth Conciliation Commission. Frank Brennan & Rundle represented the Union and Louis Waxman the Company. The agreement covers wages for all the Companies employees, working days, rostered days off, travelling time, meal breaks, rosters, Sunday work, exchange of shifts, public holiday rates, training of students, accident reports, ability to wear their union badge on their watch chains, disputes re revenue, trackmen, ropemen, the establishment of a Board of Reference, dispute resolution, breach of the agreement and expiry - 30 June 1916, the day the Company Franchise ended. See item 7361 for a copy of the MTOCo employee rules that reflect this agreement. Signed by L L Hill Union President, A C Warton Union Secretary, H A Wilcox Company Secretary, and W G Sprigg, one of the Company Directors. The supplemental agreement - has a long introduction to the dispute regarding workers being represented on the grounds of alleged misconduct. Notes the name of the Court President, Mr. Justice Higgins. Provides the process for representation of any man who is accused of misconduct, discipline, and proof of the charge. Notes the use of the company's private (detective) staff - known as spotters. The wearing of union badges was the cause of a large General Strike by tramway men and others during 1912 in Brisbane.Yields information about the first agreement between the Melbourne cable tram operator and the Union that represented the workers. Digital Image of the 1912 Agreement between MTOCo and the ATEA and a supplemental agreement of 1913tramways, trams, unions, atea, mtoco, cable tramways, employment conditions, agreements, cable trams, disputes, discipline, spotters

A4 page with handwritten letter to Mr J Hattam of Bendigo from a son of John Ayre of Morwell. He has enclosed a wages book with the daily rate of pay. He says this is the last entry in the book of his father, John Ayre, as he was killed in the mine the next day. He wants to know if this is of interest to the society. Also typed copy: Inq. 636 Ayre, John 43 years - 28 November, 1914. 'M' + 'B' Echuca, 1871 Johnson's Reef No 2; explosion. Ayre was shift boss working in the intermediate level above the 1730 ft level, 300 ft from the crosscut, in the 'Paddy's Gully Mine', Dr Caulfield attended him. Inquest held at the Rose of Denmark Hotel, it appears that he had bored into a charged hole. Workers Compensation Act' was just coming into force. Also mentioned is Lily Ann Harrison, the mother of 7 children, who lived in Buckley Street. Her Father was John and her Mother Helen Plenty Caldwell. Coats Burial: Bendigo, '11' Headstone, C of E. '22624, no further burials. Ref: Bendigo Advertiser - Monday 30/11/1914. Written at the bottom Fm Bendigo's Lost Miners 1852 - 2001.person, individual, john ayre, mr j hattam, john ayre, wages book, johnson's reef no 2, paddy's gully mine, dr caulfield, rose of denmark hotel, lily ann harrison, helen plenty caldwell, coats burial, bendigo advertiser

Photocopies of letters made by Alan Bradley in relation to the use of Fare Tokens by the Electric Supply Co. of Victoria - See Reg. Item 1794. Photocopies made 18.07.2001. Photocopies of letters copied by Alan from the City of Ballarat's files. 1801.1 - Photocopy of letter dated 23/9/1921, signed by Mr. Pringle of ESCo to Col. G.F. Morton, City Clerk of the City of Ballaarat concerning the increase of tramway fares and the withdrawal of tokens due to the increase in costs. Gives details of fare structures, costs, tramway wages, section changes, American and English tramway fares and increase in the cost of coal. Three sheets stapled together in top left hand corner. 1801.2 - Photocopy of letter dated 23/7/1913 concerning the introduction of one man tramcars, signed by Mr. Pringle of ESCo, to Col. Williams, City Clerk of the City of Ballarat, and the introduction of celluloid tokens which would replace slip tickets and work better in the Fare Boxes. Also notes the introduction of "screens", windscreens, to all cars. Two sheets stapled together in top left hand corner. See Reg. Item 2514 for H.P. James notes on the token system.Parts of letter have been highlighted by Alan re tokens and other interesting points.trams, tramways, tokens, fares, tickets, esco, windscreens, costs

One page document 'Extract from Dickers Mining Record, Strength of ropes Vol.1, No. 5, March 1862, page 3, 'Square the circumference in inches, and multiply by 200. The product is the weight in pounds the rope will bear in safety' Also, 'A question of some importance to miners'. A co-operative company had agreed that every shareholder working in the mine of the Great Redan Extended Coy shall bring two suits of clothes before he be allowed to work in the mine and shall proceed to the shifting room allotted to him and then shall put on his working clothes and on leaving work shall proceed to the shanty, and there change his clothes, and permit the officer appointed by the company to search the clothes in which he shall have worked. Any person not complying with this rule shall have a man work in his place and such person shall not be allowed to go down below. The wages of the man shall be deducted from the dividends of the shareholder. When taken to court, his Honor ruled in Favour of the company. Each party to pay his own costs. He said that all classes when going through the Custon's Houses had to submit for the general good. It was not the individual in the present issue, but the clothes that were submitted to the indignity of being searched.bendigo, mining, strength of mining ropes

Photograph of senior and middle ranking administrative staff of the cable tram company (MT&OC), taken in an upper room of the company's head office at 669-675 Bourke Street, Melbourne. When MT&OC closed in June 1916, many of these staff transitioned into the new state government Tramway Board (1916-19) located in the same building. Some of the senior staff names appear on MT&OC and TB documents.Yields information about administration of MT&OC and TB Sepia toned black and white photograph glued to cardboard with staff names on rearMale Staff, Head Office about 1914, MT&O Co. Circa 1910-1918. Melbourne Tramway and Omnibus Co. Tramway Board, Melbourne. Administrative Officers - Head Office. Back Row L to R: BLANK; M Bradshaw Paying Cashier; F W Harrison Clerk; H J Lee Clerk; J Henry Caretaker; F Whyte Buyer; T Barnes Asst Claims Supt; BLANK; D McNeil; BLANK; Middle Row L to R: BLANK; S Smith Employment Officer; E C Pitman; M J Murray Receiving Cashier; J D Barton Accounts Officer; E C Courtney Clerk; BLANK; BLANK; BLANK; Front Row L to R: G P Smith Ledger Keeper; C W Young Asst Traffic Supt; J Denham Claims Supt; C H Holmes Branch Supt; H A Wilcox General Manager; J G Roberts Accountant; BLANK; D Anderson Chief Clerk; H W Gough Senior Wages Clerk.melbourne tramway and omnibus company, mt&oc, mtoc, cable tram, tramway board, tb

TROVE : Earliest entry for Duerdin, Sainsbury, and Co. The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957) Tuesday 28 June 1870 p 4 Article Shipping Intelligence IMP0RTS.-June 25. Childwall Abbey, from London.-360 cases starch, , 4 tanks, 50 cases brushware, 15 casks blacking, Virgoe, Son, and Co. ; 62 tanks malt, Gough and Smith ; 71 bales, Wilson and Mackinnon ; 1 case jewellery. 4 cases hardware, Thos. Williams ; 36 packages drugs, Duerdin, Sainsbury, and Co. ; 9 cases confectionary,...........' C.1924 Dueridin & Sainsbury became a 'limited' company. TROVE: The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957) Saturday 29 November 1924 p 32 Article Duerdin and Sainsbury Ltd. The first annual meeting of Duerdin and Sainsbury Ltd, was held at the company's offices, Flinders lane, Melbourne, yesterday. . Mr. Henry G. McRoberts presided............' TROVE : Gippsland Times (Vic. : 1861 - 1954) Thursday 17 May 1923 p 1 Article GiPPSLAND HOSPITAL -----: O: --------, PAYMENTS Wages £3, £32/2, £83/1SIS, 1.!'/1/8, £26/9/, Kodak Co. £3/14/, Hicks Atkinson & Sons £13/0/8, Duerdin & Sainsbury £2/0/3, Denyer's Pty. £3'/.......' TROVE : Last entry for Duerdin, Sainsbury, and Co. Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic. : 1869 - 1954) Saturday 31 March 1934 p 57 Article "OLD READER" (Hamilton). — Moulds and wicks for candles:— D. & W Chandler Ltd.. 234 Flinders Lane, Melbourne, CI Mention this paper (2) If you have large quantity of gum you could offer It to wholesale chemists such as Rocke Tompsitt & Co., Flinders Street, or Felton Grimwade and Duerdin Sainsbury. 342 Flinders Lane. ✏Fix this text 18/6, Francis & Co. £2/9/1, Melbourne ✏Pink paper packaging (damaged) around a two page leaflet containing a squat cylindrical wooden box with lid, Box with a paper label on the lid, contains round ball shaped cream coloured pills.Paper label of pills box 'Dr. Hains Antibilious Pills', Proprietors....uer....& Sainsbury 340-351 Flinders La. MELBOURNE. 6d Per Box of 24 PILLS'pills, medicine, pharmacy, drug houses of australia

Newspaper clipping. Clipping possibly from 1958. Policemen On Eaglehawk Trams. In the Good Old Days. A man who retired yesterday after almost half a century connected with the Bendigo's trams, recalled the time when a policeman had to travel on the last tram to Eaglehawk to maintain order. He was Mr Evans, began in 1910 as a conductor, became a motorman, then traffic inspector, appointed tramways superintendent in May, 1928. When he retires he will be in his 48th year of service.. Received callers wishing him well in his retirement, was besieged with telephone calls and telegrams in his office the S.E.C. buildings, received a presentation of a framed photograph of himself at work from the tramway inspectors and a presentation from the staff and employees. Complimentary dinner at the Hotel Shamrock. Wages for conductors in 1910, 1 pound 2/6 for 60 hours, Motormen received 1 pound 10. No windscreen in trams. No sick pay.Tram drivers had to attend broken trolley wires, repairs or replacements in controllers and general equipment, to rerail trams when derailed, adjust brakes. Welsh, Cornish and Irish miners often sang on the trams. Policemen had to travel on the last tram at night to maintain order. Tram ticket obtained from conductors. 'Passengers could travel between Eaglehawk and Quarry Hill, a distance of almost 11 miles, at a charge of sixpence return,' said Mr Evans. Combination tickets included return tram fares and admission to the theatre. The prices varied according to the theatre seats.bendigo trams, ram, policeman, conductor, superintendent 1928, motorman, began 1910, telegrams, sec buildings, repairs, ticket prices, singing miners, tram prices, sick pay

a. Hard cover ledger, 242 pages, dark buff colour, paler buff spine and corners. Bellevue Tribute Company ledger 1871 - 1873. Written on spine, on red label 'Ledger". Affixed inside front cover account from Charles C. White, auctioneer, dated September 21, 1872, listing sale of 900 shares, signed by Chas White, agent for the legal manager. Receipt affixed on next page, blue paper, outlining receipts from sale of shares forfeited from the Bellevue Tribute Co. Alphabetical index with details of individual ledger entries. Ledger entries include dividends, wages, crushing, carting, stores and materials, firewood, mining materials, foundry work, management, contractors, treating pyrites, auditors' fees, bullion, drainage, and share calls accounts. Individual share holders' accounts listed: W. Brooks W.J. Scott, W.V. Gilbert, H. Boyd, J.B.Loudan, A.B. Shaw, J. Taylor W. Bentley, J. Cole, Antonio Damiana, Thomas Francis, Peter Strickland, W.J. Dalzell, Arthur O'Neill L. Robertson, J. Wallen, A. Raynor, I.H. Simpson, William Brookes, William Barclay, H Crow, C. Keen, J.B. Loridan, M. Leeds, Arthur O'Neill, M. Sullivan, William Scott, I Britten, J. Cohn, J. Cox, C. Franklyn, E. Fry, I.L. Morley, A. Lennox, J. Penistan W. Smith. b. Brief typed account of some entries in ledger. business, mining, bellevue tribute, mccoll rankin & stanistreet

Black and white photograph of the construction of the tram track in St Kilda Road, during 1925 or 1926 by the Foundation Construction Ltd, with a concrete mixer tracked vehicle and two aggregate or crushed rock trucks. Photo from the Collection of the Department of Infrastructure now with the Public Records Office - image number H514. Note: this photo is now out of copyright and was not an original VR photograph, but one copied from another source and collected as their Heritage series. See Image 3674i2 and 3674i3 for a digital image of the card photograph at the PRO on 7/1/2019 that this photograph comes from. Further notes from Rod Atkins 11/7/2019: The cement mixer was state of the art machine at the time. "Buddy" in the USA were making them but this one is slightly different and may have been made by a company call AAC in Sheffield U.K. You can just make out the word " ….field" etc … on the water tank . The sign; now this is very interesting. "The Foundation Company" is the Australian company of the one in London.. from The Argus at the time. run by no less than by Herbert Del Cott Ply Ltd. (you can just make that out in the bottom line of the sign.) A rather interesting person in Melbourne society between the wars. His name pops up a lot in The Argus. was not short of a pound either.... Had his "Buick" stolen from Russell Street in 1920. Had some issues with wages on Wellington Street conversion. Looks to have run a electrical business before seeing opportunity with cable tram replacement coming up. In the 1930' lived in Stevenson Street, Kew. Travelled a lot to Europe. (Austria) …..Has Department of Infrastructure copy right stamp on rear and number "H 514" in ink on rear and "2-1"trams, tramways, st kilda rd, trackwork, construction, conversion

Thank-you card given to Australian Nursing Federation (Victorian Branch) staff member Catherine Hutchings by staff at the Bundaberg Branch of the Queensland Nurses Union. In 1993, Victorian Branch staff travelled throughout Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory for a series of meetings on recent events impacting nurses' conditions in Victoria. The meetings were strategically held ahead of the 1993 Federal election to discourage the election of a Coalition government. The election of the Coalition government in Victoria in 1992 had seen the introduction of the Employee Relations Act, which saw the end of the state award system in Victoria. This gave employers greater powers to establish wages and conditions and less power to the Industrial Relations Commission, foreshadowing what would later occur at a Federal level. An article in the Victorian Branch newsletter 'On the Record' from April 1993 describes the 'tour'. Entitled 'Vic. Nurses Spreading the Word in Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory', it explains: "Catherine Huntchin[g]s and Elizabeth Hulme recently spent a week in Queensland informing nurses about the effect of a Liberal Government on nurses. As well, Tracy Austin visited WA to talk to nurses there about life under Kenneyt [sic]. Catherine and Liz held a total of 23 meetings from Cairns to Brisbane, as well as giving media interviews. It was well worth the effort and certainly there was much support given to nurses in Victoria. Perhaps the most interesting issue was that many nurses did not realise that they may find themselves in the same situation if we have a change in Federal Government. In February, Catherine went to the NT to talk to nurses in Darwin, Alice Springs and Katherine and despite some minor hiccoughs (the Health Department banned all the meetings so alternative venues had to be found) the turnout was gratifying - you have to be dedicated to attend a meeting held in a carpark in 32 C heat! Catherine says that the reception she received in both QLD and the NT was superb. "Everyone went out of their way to make us feel very welcome, and to shower us with sympathy over the situation. More important, is the fact that the information was distributed so no matter how the votes go on March 13 [1993, federal election] - they will be informed votes." she said. Catherine, Liz and Tracy extend sincere thanks to all interstate nurses who made their visits a success."Typed card given with flower bouquet. Printed on one side with personalised, typed message 'DEAR CATHERINE, UNITED WE STAND DEVIDED [sic] WE BEG THANKS FOR SPEAKING UP FOR US. FROM B'BERG [Bundaberg] BRANCH Q.N.U. [Queensland Nurses Union]'.nursing, nurses, unionism, solidarity, victoria, queensland, bundaberg, campaigning, 1993 federal election, 1992 victorian election, australian nursing federation, trade unions, politics, queensland nurses union, qnu, anf

Nola (Nettie) Maher was born in Beechworth on 31st December, 1935. Her father returned from World War One and purchased a miner’s cottage in 1919 where Nettie lived in for the majority of her life. Nettie worked for ten years at the Pittman’s Shoe Factory, once located on Ford Street, which was in operation from 1 July 1947 to 28 August 1961. She fondly recalls the camaraderie amongst the staff and certain managers, and details the factory processes, union activities and the work she continued to do once she was married and had children. This oral history recording was part of a project conducted by Jennifer Williams in the year 2000 to capture the everyday life and struggles in Beechworth during the twentieth century. This project involved recording seventy oral histories on cassette tapes of local Beechworth residents which were then published in a book titled: Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth century Beechworth. These cassette tapes were digitised in July 2021 with funds made available by the Friends of the Burke. Nola Nettie Maher’s account of her personal and working life in Beechworth and the local area during the 20th century is historically and socially significant to the cultural heritage of the region. She details important details about life and working in the region post World War Two, including insights into women’s working roles, as well as the social aspects of town life. This oral history account is socially and historically significant as it is part of a broader collection of interviews conducted by Jennifer Williams which were published in the book ‘Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth-century Beechworth.’ While the township of Beechworth is known for its history as a gold rush town, these accounts provide a unique insight into the day-to-day life of the town’s residents during the 20th century, many of which would have been lost had they not been preserved. This is a digital copy of a recording that was originally captured on a cassette tape. The cassette tape is black with a horizontal white strip and is currently stored in a clear flat plastic rectangular container. It holds up 40 minutes of recordings on each side.Nola Maher /beechworth, nola maher, nettie maher, listen to what they say, jennifer williams, oral history, hospital, private hospital, birth, miner’s cottage, kerosine, eucalyptus, rabbit, laundry, dressmaking, dressing certificate, dry cleaners, hotel, shoe, leather, shoe factory, uppers, pittman, ford street, charlie king, union, wages, new years eve, dance, memorial hall, married women, flexible hours, ice cream, milk bar

Bakery Square was the location of Jongebloed shop, bakehouse and stables Bakehouse owned by Gottfried Jongebloed and Auguste Shebler. Auguste Shebler came to Melton in the early 1950’s and in 1857 built a store on the corner of High and Smith Streets. Mr Shebler was the Postmaster, and Paymaster for thee Government, who sent a batch of 400 to 500 immigrants to clear trees and fallen timber off the Ballarat Road; the wages being 5/- per day, and oversees 10/- per day. In 1865, Mr Shebler built the Golden Fleece Hotel on the present site and, although many alterations have taken place, most of the main walls still belong to the original building. He built a store some 100 yards west along High Street, and added to it a bakers’s business; then he built a butcher’s shop and leased it to the late Mr G McKenzie. Gorrfried Jongebloed was born in 1857 and came to Melton in 1887 as a Captain in the Mercantile Marine. In 1888 he married Marie Antionette, second daughter of Mr Shebler, and took over the bakery and green grocers business. Ten children were born to the family- Gerhard, Annette, Gorrfried (dec 1937), Emil, (dec 1947), Nicholas, Julius, Theckla, Augustus, Marie and Margarethe, - who settled in various parts of Victoria and are, in the bakery businesses. Mr and Mrs Jongebloed, sen., carried on the businesses in Melton until 1926, when one of their sons Emil, took over. Mr Jongebloed, sen., died in 1930 at the age of 73 years; and his wife living until 8th Oct., 1946, when she died at the age of 80 years. After the sudden death of Emil, in Jan., at the age if 49 years, the business had been conducted up to the present time by two sons “Pat” and Bryan. 1962 Express September local identities

Document. Accounts Estate of Esther Isabelle Canning. 1 - 1894 - Ac from Mackay & Co, Bendigo Advertiser Office. 2 - 1893 - Ac from Transton Geo, Wholesale Tobacconist, Bath Buildings Bendigo. 3 - 1894 - City of Bendigo Rate Account to Gourlay, Mary Ann for property in High St. 4 - 1893 - Note from McKenzie Rosa stating she received from Canning two weeks wages from the Golden Age Hotel. Attached accounts from the Kent Brewery Co, Bendigo and Hunter Bros, MCCrae St Bendigo. 5 - 1894 - Receipt from Phoenix Fire Office of London, Victorian Branch. 60 Market Street Melbourne. Received from Storie H. Executors late E I Canning. 6 - 1894 - Account from Hinchcliffe Edwin, M. D. View St, Bendigo dated July 20th 1894. 7 - 1894 - Account from W Beebe & Son, Steam Granite, Marble & Stone Sawing Works. Mitchell St and Lyttleton Terrace for fixing headstone and re gilding old inscription etc. Dated Oct 1894. 8 - 1893 - Receipt from Phoenix Fire Office of London, Victorian Agency - Phoenix Chambers 52 Market St Melbourne dated Feb 2 and Feb 4 1893. 9 - 1894 - Ac from Hinchcliffe Edwin, M. D. View St Bendigo for professional attendance. Estate of the late Mrs Canning Golden Square, Golden Age Hotel, dated Jan 11th 1894 (document torn. 10 - Various receipts pinned together. 1893 - 1894 from City Brewery Company, High St, Bendigo, Ale and Porter Brewers Thros Canning, Golden Square. Also memorandum from Johnston & Illingworth?, City Brewery Co, Golden Square to solicitors requesting payment of accounts in the estate of the late Mrs Canning of Golden Square.cottage, miners, connelly, tatchell & dunlop, mackay & co, bendigo advertiser office, transton geo, city of bendigo, gourlay mary ann, mckenzie rosa, golden age hotel, kent brewery co, hunter bros, phoenix fire office of london, storie h, hinchcliffe edwin, w beebe & son

Large families were the norm, rather than the exception up to the time of the World wars. perhaps the senseless destruction of those young lives sickened humanity- perhaps the increased taxes and cost of living resulting from the wars caused a necessary reduction in family size. Perhaps the independence won by women as they carried on their daily lives without their men, made mothers say, "Enough" The Warren family farmed the fertile Fyans Creek flats in the Grampian Mountains of Western Victoria. Some say Halls Gap was so named because the bushranger Hall holed up there in the early days. The rugged slopes and hidden gullies could have hidden a whole gang of bushrangers, but little remained undiscovered to a wandering family of 12 children growing up with their flocks and herds grazing the ranges. A tired rider could nod off, safe in the knowledge a trusty stockhorse would plod steadily homeward into the night. Responsibility quickly made youngsters capable and reliable. Then Australia went to war. There were three older brothers, then the girls, then young Frank. All the men went, including Frank. So the girls had to run the farm alone. Their mother had her hands full with the youngsters, still attending school, a daily walk over the mountain to Pomonal and return. But the loss of the men's casual wages from timber cutting and labouring jobs, meant great hardship is some method of earning a cash income had to be devised. Paying guests! That was it. So Myrtle Bank Guest House was born. City folk flocked to the mountain resort. High stepping mountain horses met them at the Stawell raid-head, with the tall and beautiful Warren girls driving them in experienced fashion, their auburn hair sometimes falling from its pins to fly free, as the dray bowled along towards the hills. The would hitch up their skirts to saw and chop wood for the stoves and fires. They milked cows and delivered calves. They shore sheep and trimmed their feet. They mustered their cattle as the seasons rolled by, and the paying guests watched and participated, fascinated. With laughter and song, the girls would wash up in a tin dish, throw on their house clothes to wait on table, sing and play piano, violin, accordion, enjoying the talk of the city and that other world so far away from their mountain home. The simple country menu was a hit, and the homemade bread, butter, jams and preserves, fruit and vegetables sent guests staggering to their armchairs. Picnics, hikes, goodbyes and welcomes blurred as the years of the war dragged by. Bookings were made and remade as the new enterprise became established. Peace was declared. the men returned A whole new building rose with two floors, inviting verandahs and bathrooms. Myrtle Bank would remain a family business all its lifetime, until buried below the Bellfield Dam, by which time more than one the girls had joined their beloved Frank, lost on Flanders Field. Article in book or magazine describing life at Myrtlebank during war years Other article written from letter from soldier P Lillis to his sister 3rd article of woman from country enlisting in WAAF Submitted by Carol of Bannockburn, Submitted by D Langley Submitted by Meryl of South Frankstonaccommodation, myrtlebank, people, warren

O.F.M. was the ORDNANCE FACTORY MARIBYRNONG. Up to the end of June 1943 and at a time when the wages were about £5 ($10) to £6 ($12) per week Australia had spent £1,106,000,000 (£156 per head) on the war effort. A lot of the money was spent at home in making war necessities such as armaments, munitions, boots, clothing, and in providing special training. Significant increases in numbers occurred in the personnel employed in the fighting services, and also in the work force involved in the war effort. During the financial year 1942-1943 the war cost Australia £561,743,000 (over a billion dollars), while the Income Tax raised from individuals totalled only 16.5% of this amount. To finance the war the Australian government had previously borrowed money from the public, and from institutions such as the savings banks, friendly societies, and life assurance societies, by running three successfully subscribed Liberty Loans. The institutions had contributed considerably more money to these Liberty Loans than the public, however it can be argued that the public members of these institutions had also contributed some money indirectly. The 4th Liberty Loan which opened on 5 October 1943 and closed on 9 November 1943 was intended to raise £125,000,000, with the government aiming for 750,000 subscribers. Bonds costing £10 each could be bought on a time payment scheme. A total of £126,408,000 was raised at two different interest rates and maturity dates, however the number of subscribers had only reached 567,533. Some newspaper reports of the time indicate that the low number of subscribers was a partial failure of the loan, because spare money in the community could lead to inflation at a time when goods were in short supply. The government set target quotas on how much money should ideally be raised in a particular district, and how many subscribers should ideally take part. Often these quotas proved to be excessive. The Special Red Pennant Award as given to the No 1 FORGE O.F.M. was normally for achieving the highest per capita contribution within each particular group. What is unknown at this stage is what other entities were in the same group, or how large the group was. There were other variations of the awards such as those given to country districts, where a star was placed on the left hand corner of the pennant if the money quota was reached, while two or three stars indicated that the quota was doubled or tripled. A bar was also included on the pennant if the quota of subscribers was achieved, while two bars indicated double the quota of subscribers. The above information was sourced from Trove newspaper articles at: (1) http://nla.gov.au.nla.news-article70439716, (2) http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article141292541, (3) http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11797265, (4) http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11788072, and from (5) http://static.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070158--1-.PDF (see page 580).This framed award has significance in that it serves as a historic reminder that the No 1 Forge O.F.M. and the Ordnance Factory Maribyrnong once existed within the Shire of Braybrook, and later the City of Sunshine, and that it was involved in the manufacture of ordnance for World War 2. It also serves as a historic reminder that it costs a huge amount of money for a country to be involved in a major war, and that a big contribution is required from the public to raise money and to produce goods for the war effort.Permanently sealed brown stained wood frame with a glass face. Enclosed behind the glossy glass is a triangular shaped pennant made of red felt material. The red colour appears to be somewhat faded. The inscriptions and markings on the pennant are in blue, gold, and white coloured inks.The AUSTRALIAN COAT OF ARMS diagram plus the following writing: SPECIAL AWARD / 4th LIBERTY LOAN / Oct.-Nov. 1943 / No 1 FORGE O.F.M.4th liberty loan, special award, ordnance factory maribyrnong, no 1 forge o.f.m., oct - nov 1943, red pennant

Edison Records was one of the early record labels that pioneered sound recording and reproduction, and was an important player in the early recording industry. The first phonograph cylinders were manufactured in 1888, followed by Edison's foundation of the Edison Phonograph Company in the same year. The recorded wax cylinders, later replaced by Blue Amberol cylinders, and vertical-cut Diamond Discs, were manufactured by Edison's National Phonograph Company from 1896 on, reorganized as Thomas A. Edison, Inc. in 1911. Until 1910 the recordings did not carry the names of the artists. The company began to lag behind its rivals in the 1920s, both technically and in the popularity of its artists, and halted production of recordings in 1929. Thomas A. Edison invented the phonograph, the first device for recording and playing back sound, in 1877. After patenting the invention and benefiting from the publicity and acclaim it received, Edison and his laboratory turned their attention to the commercial development of electric lighting, playing no further role in the development of the phonograph for nearly a decade. Start of the Recording Industry: In 1887, Edison turned his attention back to improving the phonograph and the phonograph cylinder. The following year, the Edison company introduced the ”Perfected Phonograph”. Edison introduced wax cylinders approximately 4+1⁄4 inches (11 cm) long and 2+1⁄4 inches (5.7 cm) in external diameter, which became the industry standard. They had a maximum playing time of about 3 minutes at 120 RPM, but around the turn of the century the standard speed was increased to (first 144) and then 160 RPM to improve clarity and volume, reducing the maximum to about 2 minutes and 15 seconds. Several experimental wax cylinder recordings of music and speech made in 1888 still exist. The wax entertainment cylinder made its commercial debut in 1889 at first, the only customers were entrepreneurs who installed nickel-in-the-slot phonographs in amusement arcades, saloons and other public places. At that time, a phonograph cost the equivalent of several months' wages for the average worker and was driven by an electric motor powered by hazardous, high-maintenance wet cell batteries. After more affordable spring-motor-driven phonographs designed for home use were introduced in 1895, the industry of producing recorded entertainment cylinders for sale to the general public began in earnest. Blank records were an important part of the business early on. Most phonographs had or could be fitted with attachments for the users to make their own recordings. One important early use, in line with the original term for a phonograph as a "talking machine", was in business for recording dictation. Attachments were added to facilitate starting, stopping, and skipping back the recording for dictation and playback by stenographers. The business phonograph eventually evolved into a separate device from the home entertainment phonograph. Edison's brand of business phonograph was called the Ediphone. The collection of three phonograph cylinders are an example of early recorded music use for domestic entertainment. They are significant as they represent the beginnings of the modern recording industry.Cardboard tube-shaped gramophone cylinder box with lid. The printed label on the outside of the box advertises the maker and patent details. The Catalogue Number and Title are either printed or hand written on the cylinder’s lid. This cylinder contained Record no. 49, “B & H Jack” and was made at the Edison Laboratory USA. C. 1905On lid “Edison Record No. 49”, written in pencil “B & H Jack” (it looks like this) On cylinder “EDISON GOLD MOULDED RECORDS ECHO ALL OVER THE WORLD” Patents listed for 1904 & 1905warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, gramophone record, gramophone cylinder, edison cylinder, edison record, home entertainment, music recording, edison laboratory orange nj, usa, national phonograph company of australia ltd sydney, thomas a. edison

Edison Records was one of the early record labels that pioneered sound recording and reproduction, and was an important player in the early recording industry. The first phonograph cylinders were manufactured in 1888, followed by Edison's foundation of the Edison Phonograph Company in the same year. The recorded wax cylinders, later replaced by Blue Amberol cylinders, and vertical-cut Diamond Discs, were manufactured by Edison's National Phonograph Company from 1896 on, reorganized as Thomas A. Edison, Inc. in 1911. Until 1910 the recordings did not carry the names of the artists. The company began to lag behind its rivals in the 1920s, both technically and in the popularity of its artists, and halted production of recordings in 1929. Thomas A. Edison invented the phonograph, the first device for recording and playing back sound, in 1877. After patenting the invention and benefiting from the publicity and acclaim it received, Edison and his laboratory turned their attention to the commercial development of electric lighting, playing no further role in the development of the phonograph for nearly a decade. Start of the Recording Industry: In 1887, Edison turned his attention back to improving the phonograph and the phonograph cylinder. The following year, the Edison company introduced the ”Perfected Phonograph”. Edison introduced wax cylinders approximately 4+1⁄4 inches (11 cm) long and 2+1⁄4 inches (5.7 cm) in external diameter, which became the industry standard. They had a maximum playing time of about 3 minutes at 120 RPM, but around the turn of the century the standard speed was increased to (first 144) and then 160 RPM to improve clarity and volume, reducing the maximum to about 2 minutes and 15 seconds. Several experimental wax cylinder recordings of music and speech made in 1888 still exist. The wax entertainment cylinder made its commercial debut in 1889 at first, the only customers were entrepreneurs who installed nickel-in-the-slot phonographs in amusement arcades, saloons and other public places. At that time, a phonograph cost the equivalent of several months' wages for the average worker and was driven by an electric motor powered by hazardous, high-maintenance wet cell batteries. After more affordable spring-motor-driven phonographs designed for home use were introduced in 1895, the industry of producing recorded entertainment cylinders for sale to the general public began in earnest. Blank records were an important part of the business early on. Most phonographs had or could be fitted with attachments for the users to make their own recordings. One important early use, in line with the original term for a phonograph as a "talking machine", was in business for recording dictation. Attachments were added to facilitate starting, stopping, and skipping back the recording for dictation and playback by stenographers. The business phonograph eventually evolved into a separate device from the home entertainment phonograph. Edison's brand of business phonograph was called the Ediphone. The collection of three phonograph cylinders are an example of early recorded music use for domestic entertainment. They are significant as they represent the beginnings of the modern recording industry.Cardboard tube-shaped gramophone cylinder box with lid. The printed label on the outside of the box advertises the maker and patent details. The Catalogue Number and Title are either printed or hand written on the cylinder’s lid. This cylinder contained Record no. 13619, the recording “Poor old England” published by Castling and Godfrey, sung by Billy Williams. Made by National Phonograph Company USA. C.1907On lid “Edison Record” and “This record should turn at 160 revolutions per minute, no faster” Written on lid in blue pen “Trumpet”, “EDISON AMBEROL RECORD / FOUR MINUTE”warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, gramophone record, gramophone cylinder, edison cylinder, edison record, home entertainment, music recording, edison laboratory orange nj, usa, national phonograph company of australia ltd sydney, thomas a. edison

Edison Records was one of the early record labels that pioneered sound recording and reproduction, and was an important player in the early recording industry. The first phonograph cylinders were manufactured in 1888, followed by Edison's foundation of the Edison Phonograph Company in the same year. The recorded wax cylinders, later replaced by Blue Amberol cylinders, and vertical-cut Diamond Discs, were manufactured by Edison's National Phonograph Company from 1896 on, reorganized as Thomas A. Edison, Inc. in 1911. Until 1910 the recordings did not carry the names of the artists. The company began to lag behind its rivals in the 1920s, both technically and in the popularity of its artists, and halted production of recordings in 1929. Thomas A. Edison invented the phonograph, the first device for recording and playing back sound, in 1877. After patenting the invention and benefiting from the publicity and acclaim it received, Edison and his laboratory turned their attention to the commercial development of electric lighting, playing no further role in the development of the phonograph for nearly a decade. Start of the Recording Industry: In 1887, Edison turned his attention back to improving the phonograph and the phonograph cylinder. The following year, the Edison company introduced the ”Perfected Phonograph”. Edison introduced wax cylinders approximately 4+1⁄4 inches (11 cm) long and 2+1⁄4 inches (5.7 cm) in external diameter, which became the industry standard. They had a maximum playing time of about 3 minutes at 120 RPM, but around the turn of the century the standard speed was increased to (first 144) and then 160 RPM to improve clarity and volume, reducing the maximum to about 2 minutes and 15 seconds. Several experimental wax cylinder recordings of music and speech made in 1888 still exist. The wax entertainment cylinder made its commercial debut in 1889 at first, the only customers were entrepreneurs who installed nickel-in-the-slot phonographs in amusement arcades, saloons and other public places. At that time, a phonograph cost the equivalent of several months' wages for the average worker and was driven by an electric motor powered by hazardous, high-maintenance wet cell batteries. After more affordable spring-motor-driven phonographs designed for home use were introduced in 1895, the industry of producing recorded entertainment cylinders for sale to the general public began in earnest. Blank records were an important part of the business early on. Most phonographs had or could be fitted with attachments for the users to make their own recordings. One important early use, in line with the original term for a phonograph as a "talking machine", was in business for recording dictation. Attachments were added to facilitate starting, stopping, and skipping back the recording for dictation and playback by stenographers. The business phonograph eventually evolved into a separate device from the home entertainment phonograph. Edison's brand of business phonograph was called the Ediphone. The collection of three phonograph cylinders are an example of early recorded music use for domestic entertainment. They are significant as they represent the beginnings of the modern recording industry.Cardboard tube-shaped gramophone cylinder box with lid. The printed label on the outside of the box advertises the maker and patent details. The Catalogue Number and Title are either printed or hand written on the cylinder’s lid. This cylinder was made by Edison 1908 and contains Record number 53 by Sandy McNab. c. 1908On label “Edison Record No. 53, Sandy McNab" and "Form no. 1130, April 1908. Patented December 6 1904, No. 2109, and December 6 1904 No. 2110. “This record is sold by the National Phonograph Company of Australia Ltd, at Sydney Australia.” Trade Mark Thomas A. Edison warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, gramophone record, gramophone cylinder, edison cylinder, edison record, home entertainment, music recording, edison laboratory orange nj, usa, national phonograph company of australia ltd sydney, thomas a. edison