A hat pin is a decorative pin for holding a hat to the head, usually by the hair that was styled in a Chignon or French Roll style and usually worn in a pair. They are typically around 20 cm in length, with the pinhead being the most decorated part. The hatpin was invented to hold veils in place, and was handmade. Birmingham, England was the centre of production when demand eventually outgrew the number that could be supplied by hand-making and they also began to be imported from France. In 1832, an American machine was invented to manufacture the pins, and they became much more affordable. During the 1880s, bonnets gave way to hats, some of which were very large and the popularity of hatpins soared. In the Victorian era, when appearance was everything, it just wouldn't do for a fashionable lady's hat to blow off in the wind. They remained a standard women's' accessory through the 1910s and were produced in a vast range of materials and types. Hat pin holder boxes were also produced. One of the most well-known makers of hatpins is silversmith Charles Horner, of Halifax, whose turn of the century jewellery company became a leader in the market by creating a series of mass-produced pins that were still of exceptional quality. As a result, thousands of Horner's pins are still on the market and on display in museums worldwide. Women of the 1920’s used hat pins as decoration on their Cloche hats that fitted snugly to their heads. The women of the pioneer families liked to dress up in their best hand made dresses and fashionable hats for Church gatherings and special occasions as a relief from the daily chores of hand washing, ironing with flat irons and cooking over open fires.2 lady's long steel hat pins with sequents in a flower design on mauve material bonnets, hats, veils, scarves, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, clasps, hairdressing, combs, steel pins, jewellery

A hat pin is a decorative pin for holding a hat to the head, usually by the hair that was styled in a Chignon or French Roll style and usually worn in a pair. They are typically around 20 cm in length, with the pinhead being the most decorated part. The women of the pioneer families liked to dress up in their best hand made dresses and fashionable hats for Church gatherings and special occasions as a relief from the daily chores of hand washing, ironing with flat irons and cooking over open fires. 1 long, lady's, steel, hat pin , padded and covered in black linen decorated with spherical shaped black sequins bonnets, hats, veils, scarves, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, clasps, hairdressing, combs, steel pins, jewellery

See 00630 A A hat pin is a decorative pin for holding a hat to the head, usually by the hair that was styled in a Chignon or French Roll style and usually worn in a pair. They are typically around 20 cm in length, with the pinhead being the most decorated part. The women of the pioneer families liked to dress up in their best hand made dresses and fashionable hats for Church gatherings and special occasions as a relief from the daily chores of hand washing, ironing with flat irons and cooking over open fires. A short, lady's steel hat pin, padded and covered in red and gold felt in a spiral patternbonnets, hats, veils, scarves, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, clasps, hairdressing, combs, steel pins, jewellery

See 00630 A A hat pin is a decorative pin for holding a hat to the head, usually by the hair that was styled in a Chignon or French Roll style and usually worn in a pair. They are typically around 20 cm in length, with the pinhead being the most decorated part The women of the pioneer families liked to dress up in their best hand made dresses and fashionable hats for Church gatherings and special occasions as a relief from the daily chores of hand washing, ironing with flat irons and cooking over open fires.A short steel lady's hat pin with a gold coloured metal ball at top with filigree decorationbonnets, hats, veils, scarves, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, clasps, hairdressing, combs, steel pins, jewellery

A lady's hand mirror usually lay on her dressing table and she used it when applying make up and styling her hair.A lady's small ,dressing table, silver plated, hand mirrormoorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, jewellery, mirrors

Early settlers were very skilled craft workers and made and decorated ornaments, photo frames, cards etc to brighten their homesA small, hand made glass picture frame, hand decorated with chips of mother of pearl shell, a paper mache backing and a metal stand with clips. Enclosing a circular photo of an unnamed lady moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, jewellery, craftwork, photographs

The hat box was very necessary for Ladies to protect, store and transport their beautifully decorated hats.The family of Miss Carol Pedersen-Green were early settlers in Moorabbin Shire of Scandinavian descentA lady's, large, hat box made of brown leather with metal hinges and securing clips and inside 2 large leather restraining straps.green carol, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, leatherwork, hats, milliners

A button hook is a tool used for the closing of shoes, gloves or other apparel that uses buttons as fasteners. It consists of a steel hook fixed to a handle which may be simple or decorative. The hook end is inserted through the buttonhole to capture the button by the shank and draw it through the opening. Many were distributed as advertising for a Company, as this is for 'Ezywalkin' footwearWalter David Cookes established the Ezywalkin Shoe Company Pty Ltd in 1901 in Fremantle Western Australia. The Melbourne factory was established in 1910A steel, button hook for shoes and gaiterson handle 'WEAR EZYWALKIN'S SHOES 'clothing, footwear, gaiters, boots, ezywalkin footwear, cookes walter david, company ltd, craftwork, moorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham

A candle snuffer is an instrument used to extinguish burning candles. This is accomplished by smothering the flame with a small metal cup that is suspended from a long handle, and thus depriving it of oxygen. The use of a candle snuffer helps to avoid problems associated with blowing hot wax. Candle snuffers are still commonly used Churches. Prior to the introduction of gas and electricity, candles and kerosene lamps were used for lighting in households after sunsetEvery Early settlers depended on candlelight after sunset and candle snuffs were a safe, clean and efficient way to extinguish the candle flameThis candle snuff has a brass handle with a turned polished wood tip. The brass cup, that is placed over the flame to extinguish it, is decorated with an engraved brass moth.early settlers, pioneers, moorabbin, bentleigh, ormond, market gardeners, lights, lamps, candles

The kerosene lamp is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene as a fuel. Kerosene lamps have a wick or mantle as light source, protected by a glass chimney or globe; lamps may be used on a table, or hand-held lanterns may used for portable lighting. There are three types of kerosene lamp: traditional flat wick, central draught (tubular round wick), and mantle lamp. The screws on the side adjust the flame and hence the strength of the flame produced. Prior to the introduction of gas and electricity these lamps provided lighting in all householdsPioneers and early settlers in Moorabbin Shire relied on kerosene lamps for lighting their homes after sunset.This kerosene, flat wick, banquet lamp has a clear glass shade chimney with a frilled rim, a reservoir of plain yellow glass and a metal engraved base . 1 side screw to adjust the flamelights, early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, brighton, bentleigh, cheltenham. lamps, kerosene, paraffin, oil

The kerosene lamp is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene as a fuel. Kerosene lamps have a wick or mantle as light source, protected by a glass chimney or globe; lamps may be used on a table, or hand-held lanterns may used for portable lighting. There are three types of kerosene lamp: traditional flat wick, central draught (tubular round wick), and mantle lamp. The side screws adjust the length of the wick and hence the strength of the flame / light produced. Prior to the introduction of gas and electricity these lamps provided light in households after sunset.Prior to the introduction of gas and electricity these lamps provided light after sunset for the early settlers, as they established their farms and businesses, in Moorabbin Shire.A Victorian kerosene banquet lamp, with a gilded metal quad footed base, cranberry glass oil reservoir with geometric patterns, original etched, yellow, glass globe shade and clear glass chimney. There are 2 side screws for adjusting the flame.early settlers. pioneers, follett w, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, ormond, market gardeners, kerosene, paraffin, lights, lamps, candles

The kerosene lamp is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene as a fuel. Kerosene lamps have a wick or mantle as light source, protected by a glass chimney or globe; lamps may be used on a table, or hand-held lanterns may used for portable lighting. There are three types of kerosene lamp: traditional flat wick, central draught (tubular round wick), and mantle lamp. The side screws adjust the length of the wick and hence the strength of the flame/light produced. Prior to the introduction of gas and electricity these lamps were used for lighting in all households after sunsetPioneers and early settlers relied on kerosene lamps for lighting their homes after sunset.A 19th Century kerosene chamber lamp, with clear, plain glass shade and reservoir, circular metal base and 1 side screw for adjusting the flameearly settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, brighton, bentleigh, ormond, cheltenham, candles, lights, lamps, kerosene, paraffin, oil

Early settlers and market gardeners established their families in Moorabbin Shire and this item shows the skill and craftsmanship of the women of these familiesThe skill and craftsmanship shown in these infant's bibs, bonnet and bootees is an example of the clothing made by the pioneer settlers and market gardeners in Moorabbin Shire Baby's bibs, bootees and bonnet (i) booties crocheted silk (ii) 2 x embroidered bibs (iii) bonnet & bootees wool clothing, craftwork, knitting, crochetwork, moorabbin, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners

This beret style silk hat was made by women of the early settler families in Moorabbin Shire c1900 and shows their needlework skills . Although living conditions were basic families still held onto their traditional English and European customs and took pride in presenting elements of refined society. This silk beret style hat is an example of the dressmaking, crochet and needlework skills of the women of the early settler families in Moorabbin Shire c1900A lady's, black silk beret style hat with plumeclothing, millinery, dressmakers, early settlers, pioneers, moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltenham, hats, feathers

Pince-nez spectacles are in a style popular in the 19th century, which are supported, without earpieces, by pinching the bridge of the nose.A pair of Pince-nez eye glasses in a hinged silver case. optometrists, spectacles. eyeglasses, moorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham

William Tonge and family were early settlers in Moorabbin Shire. The photo frame is an example of the craftwork of early settler women. A black and white photograph of William Tonge, Hannah Tonge and children Thomas and Ann in a leather and metal frame moorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, tonge william, tonge hannah, tong thomas, tong ann

William Tonge and family were early settlers in Moorabbin Shire. The photo frame is an example of the craftwork of the early settlers.A black and white photograph of William Tonge and a dog in a leather and metal framephotogaphs, moorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, tonge william, tonge hannah, tonge thomas, tonge ann, craftwork

In the 17th century young girls were taught embroidery as a necessary skill for marriage, this also helped them make very beautiful handbags. By the late 18th century, fashions in Europe were moving towards a slender shape and women wanted purses that would not be bulky or untidy in appearance, so reticules were designed. Reticules were made of fine fabrics like silk and velvet, with wrist strapA lady's beige, beaded, silk lined, evening bag with press stud fastenerevening wear, purses, personal effects, handbags, fashion, needlework, craftwork, dressmaking, moorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham

In the 17th century young girls were taught embroidery as a necessary skill for marriage, this also helped them make very beautiful handbags. By the late 18th century, fashions in Europe were moving towards a slender shape and women wanted purses that would not be bulky or untidy in appearance, so reticules were designed. Reticules were made of fine fabrics like silk and velvet, with wrist strap often decorated with pearls, sequins, beads and embroidery. A lady's black velvet, silk lined, evening bag with draw-string and hand made tassels. The bag is decorated with beads in a floral designmoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, craft work, dressmaking

Celluloids are a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, with added dyes and other agents. Generally considered the first thermoplastic, it was first created as Parkesine in 1856 and as Xylonite in 1869, before being registered as Celluloid in 1870. Celluloid is easily moulded and shaped, and it was first widely used as an ivory replacement. The main use was in movie and photography film industries, which used only celluloid films prior to acetate films that were introduced in the 1950s. Celluloid is highly flammable, difficult and expensive to produce and no longer widely used, although its most common uses today are in table tennis balls, musical instruments and guitar picks. Celluloid was useful for creating cheaper jewellery, jewellery boxes, hair accessories and many items that would earlier have been manufactured from ivory, horn or other expensive animal products. It was often referred to as "Ivorine" or "French Ivory". It was also used for dressing table sets, dolls, picture frames, charms, hat pins, buttons, buckles, stringed instrument parts, accordions, fountain pens, cutlery handles and kitchen items. The main disadvantage the material had was that it was flammable.. It was soon overtaken by Bakelite.A miniature, oval, Ivorine hand mirror with floral engraving on back. An accoutrement for use in a lady's Evening bag c19thCFloral design engraving on back of mirrormoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, craft work, mirors, ivorine, evening bags, celluloids, bakelite, plastics,

These hat pins represents women's fashion in the late 19thC and early 20thC. As the material used in the construction is not of a high monetary value it can be assumed it was everyday woman's apparel to keep the hat firmly fastened into the hair. It does indicate that fashion of the time was important and many women used their craftwork skills to create their own hat pins. This item is a reflection of the fashion mode of the late 19thC and early 20thC when long hair needed to be controlled by hair pins It is also an example of society's mores of tidiness 14 lady's steel hat pins in various styles numbered A -i A) 6x pearl tear-drop ; B) 1x pink metal beads;C) gold ball in 'oyster shell'; D) gold ball; E) pink plastic weave; F) silver metal ball; g) black bead; h) white ball; i) pale blue glass set in brassmoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, craftwork, clothing

Foam rubber (also known as cellular, sponge, or expanded rubber) refers to rubber that has been manufactured with a foaming agent to create an air-filled matrix structure. Foam rubber was first produced in 1929 by Dunlop researcher chemist Eric Owen using whipped latex. In 1937 isocyanate based materials were first used for the formation of foam rubbers, after World War II styrene-butadiene rubber replaced many natural types of foam. Foam rubbers have been used commercially for a wide range of applications since around the 1940s. A foam rubber ,cylindrical, pin-cushion decorated with lace ribbon c1950 With steel dressmaking pinsmoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, dressmaking, craftwork

As make-up became more mainstream and women were increasingly active outside the home, compacts became more popular. A 'bakelite' cylindrical, lady's compact with face powder c 1930 CASHMERE/ BOUQUET / FACE POWDER/ BY/ COLGATE/ company logomoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, colgate, cashmere bouquet powder, cosmetics

W & J Knox Ltd were cotton millers in Kilbernie, Scotland during the time after the Industrial Revolution when Great Brittain exported manufactured cotton products globally. The early settlers in Moorabbin Shire had to be self reliant and made their own clothing, napery, tools and household goods. The women were skilful dressmakers and craft workers.A wooden reel of 'Knox's Three Cord' sewing cotton . 100 yardsW..J.KNOX / KILBIRNIE SCOTLAND/ 50/ 100ydsmoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, knox pty. ltd. kilbirnie scotland, cotton mills, dressmaking

Nylon is a thermoplastic, silky material, first used commercially in a nylon-bristled toothbrush (1938), followed more famously by women's stockings ("nylons"; 1940) after being introduced as a fabric at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Nylon was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce during World War II. It replaced silk in military applications such as parachutes and flak vests, and was used in many types of vehicle tyres. Nylon is clear and colourless, or milky, but is easily dyed. Multi-stranded nylon cord and rope is slippery and tends to unravel. The ends can be melted and fused with a heat source such as a flame or electrode to prevent this.A wooden reel of ' BLONDAL' Nylon sewing thread 100ydsBLONDAL 100ydsmoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, dressmaking, craftwork, nylon thread, blondal pty ltd

A lady's black silk belt with ornate silver buckle c 1880.belt buckle is filigree silvermoorabbin, brighton, early settlers, pioneers, cheltenham, dressmaking, silversmiths, craftwork

A tie pin is a neckwear-controlling device, originally worn by wealthy English gentlemen to secure the folds of their cravats. They were first popularized at the beginning of the 19th century. Cravats were made of silk, satin, lace and lightly starched cambric, lawn and muslin, and stickpins were necessary accoutrements to keep these expensive fabrics in place and safe. Stickpins commonly used pearls and other precious gemstones set in gold or other precious metals and were designed specifically for their owners. By the 1860s, wearing cravats had been embraced by the English upper middle classes with a consequently lower quality of materials and designs used in both the neckwear and in the stickpins used to keep it in place. By the 1870s Americans had embraced stickpins and designs were mass-producedThe family of Lorna Risstrom were early settlers in Moorabbin ShireA tie-stud and chain in a small, blue velvet covered, silk lined, hinged jewellery box with . The tie-stud has a red stone set in gold metalmoorabbin, bentleigh, cheltenham, early settlers, pioneers, market gardneners, jewellery, risstrom lorna, tie-pins, tie- studs, cravats, silk, lace,

The pioneer farmers and market gardeners in Moorabbin Shire had to be self sufficient and made their own tools and clothing and grew their own food. Some had been farmers in England and brought with them tools that would help them establish homes in the new countryAn example of the typical tools used by pioneers in Moorabbin Shire as they built homes and established farms. c1880 This spokeshave, is a wooden hand - plane that has a very short flat metal sole, used for smoothing curved surfaces.moorabbin, brighton, cheltenham, market gardeners, pioneers, farmers, tools, planes wood

A scythe is an agricultural hand tool for mowing grass or reaping crops. It was largely replaced by horse-drawn and then tractor machinery. A scythe consists of a wooden shaft and a long, curved blade is mounted at the lower end, perpendicular. Scythes always have the blade projecting from the left side when in use. Mowing is done by holding the handle , with the arms straight, the blade parallel to the ground and very close to it, and the body twisted to the right. The body is then twisted steadily to the left, moving the scythe blade along its length in a long arc from right to left, ending in front of the mower, thus depositing the cut grass to the left. Mowing proceeds with a steady rhythm, stopping at frequent intervals to sharpen the blade. The correct technique has a slicing action on the grass, cutting a narrow strip with each stroke Mowing grass is easier when it is damp, and so hay-making traditionally began at dawn and often stopped early, the heat of the day being spent raking and carting the hay cut on previous daysEarly settlers and market gardeners used these scythes as they established their farms in Moorabbin Shire c1880A large metal scythe with a wooden handle x 2early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, tools, blacksmiths

This Water tap is typical of those used by early settlers in Moorabbin Shire c1900 Water tap, small brassearly settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, brighton, cheltenham, tools, metal workers, plumbers