Common soap was made from mixing animal fat with potash a form of the potassium based alkali present in plant and wood material. Early settlers, made their own soap from the waste fats and ashes they saved from their daily work. They did not then have to rely on waiting for soap to be shipped from England and waste their goods or money in trade for soap. In making soap the first ingredient required was a liquid solution of potash commonly called lye. Animal fat, when removed from the animals during butchering, must be rendered to remove all meat tissues and cooking residue before soap of any satisfactory quality can be made from it. To render, fats and waste cooking grease were placed in a large kettle with an equal amount of water. Then the kettle was placed over the open fire outdoors, because the smell from rendering the fats was too strong to wish in anyone's house. The mixture of fats and water were boiled until all the fats had melted. After a longer period of boiling to insure completion of melting the fats, the fire was stopped and into the kettle was placed another amount of water about equal to the first amount of water. The solution was allowed to cool down and left over night. By the next day the fats had solidified and floated to the top forming a layer of clean fat. All the impurities being not as light as the fat remained in water underneath the fat. In another large kettle or pot the fat was placed with an amount of lye solution ( known by experience ). This mixture was boiled until the soap was formed - 6-8 hours - a thick frothy mass, and a small amount placed on the tongue caused no noticeable "bite". The next day a brown jelly like slippery substance was in the kettle and this was 'soft soap' . To make hard soap, common salt was thrown in at the end of the boiling and a hard cake of soap formed in a layer at the top of the pot. But as salt was expensive most settlers used 'soft soap',. The soap could be scented with oils such as lavender for personal use. These 3 cakes of home-made soap are examples of the self sufficiency of the early settlers as they had to be self reliant ,growing food and making and mending their own farm equipment, tools and clothes while establishing their market gardens in Moorabbin Shire3 cakes of home-made, white hard household soap. 1 cake of soap eaten by a brush tailed possum when he entered the Cottage via the chimney 27/4/2014soap making, market gardeners, pioneers, early settlers, moorabbin, brighton, dendy's special survey 1841. kitchen equipment, laundry equipment, bentleigh

Kerosene lamp with cast iron base hand painted blue and green trim with red flowers and green petals. Amber glass font with brass collar & burner, complete with wick and glass chimney.Wick winder reads P&A Risdon MFG Co Danbury CT Made in USAlighting, kerosine & oil, kerosene, u4.705

Black and white photo copy: image shows heavily mined landscape, buildings (stone ? ) on RH side, brick chimney behind, line of whims heading to hill top along reef line.Batchelderplace, bendigo, mining landscape, bendigo, sandhurst, goldmining, gold

Black and white photograph of mining site. Small round chimney. Poppet head and support on left. Corrugated iron buildings on right. Inscriptions: 'North Deb', 'RHSV, Bendigo Branch', '1960', '261'.place, mining site, deborah

Slide. Big Blue Gold Mine, Bendigo. Mine situated off from Thistle and Houston Streets. Poppet head and tramway on LH side, engine room and brick chimney in centre of image.No. 26 printed on bottom of slide.mine, gold, big blue ( r.w.b.consolidated), bendigo mines-jack hattam collection

Cocks Pioneer Barge, c. 1900s. Cocks Pioneer Electric Gold & Tin Mine Company was formed in 1899. The company's first power station, located at the eastern end of the valley began operating with its 340 Kilowatt steam-powered generator. By 1909, from 2,500,000 cubic yards worked, reported recovery was 17,284 ounces of gold and 224 tons of tin ore. By 1909, Cocks Pioneer’s power plant had become inadequate and uneconomical. The barge was floated downstream about a mile, but lost time caused the operations to cease. Following testing, a new mine was established by diverting Reid's Creek at a cost of £25,000. Settling dams were built, one of which held 1,935,900 cubic feet. Sold earth banks, built against a wall of stringy bark saplings constructed and laced with vertical props, were built. In 1914, the company was reformed as Cock’s Pioneer Gold and Tin Mines NL, another power station was constructed at the western end of the township, near the junction of Clear and Reid's Creeks. From 6,800,000 cubic yards of material processed, the returns were 64 397 ounces of gold and 855 ton of tin. Cocks Pioneer mine then moved the barge downs stream and continued sluicing. In 1929 Cocks Pioneer Electric Gold and Tin Mining Company ceased operations due to a drop in values. Cock’s Pioneer Gold and Tin Mines NL carried on large-scale hydraulic sluicing operations until 1941. mining, gold, tin, sluicing, gold mining, tin mining, barge, cocks pioneer, el dorado, eldorado

Colour photo Log Cabin Darlington Road built by J Wharrie. This coloured print taken in c 2000.Colour Photograph of the Log cabin taken in 2000. The roof is iron and a green colour. The front entrance porch has been removed and a low fence at the front. The top of the chimney has also changed.stawell dwelling

Diggers & Mining. Diggers and miners. At McIvor, 1854. Slide; Mt McIvor 1854. Shows a lage miners tent with stone chimney. Markings: 44 994:LIF I. Used as a teaching aid.hanimounteducation, tertiary, goldfields

“Vinelea” Homestead with picket fence in front and trees in rear. MonaghanB/W Photgraph of of a house and another buuilding with a wooden picket fence in front. Two chimneys on the right side f th ehouse and one on the left, the both buildings have iron roofs.stawell

Also identical copyPhotograph of the old school at Suggan Buggan. It shows a shingle roofed, timber slab building, large chimney area at one end, surrounded by timber fence set in bushland. Suggan Buggan Victoriaschools, buildings

a. Grassy foreground, poppet head to left, with walkway, 3 buildings and round chimney. Physical description: mounted on masonite. B. card with words New Red White and Blue Consolidate 'Big Blue'organization, business, mining

Also enlargement 13.5 x 21.5 cmBlack and white photograph of Bulumwaal State School, ,showing a timber building, gable roofed, unusual veranda roof sheltering side and entry, brick chimney through apex of gable. Bulumwaal Victoriaschools, buildings

Black & white photo of Hill Hotel, cnr. Station Street and Whitehorse Road, Mitcham. Note graffiti on chimney 'In Memory of the Hill Hotel. Passed away Dec 31st 1917 - Poor B'hill hotel, mitcham, station street, whitehorse road, o'callaghan's hotel

Illustrated booklet with cream cover and abbreviated title and author's name in brown print on front cover along with sepia photo of a single story Victorian style house with verandah and chimney (Airdrie House)non-fictionAirdrie House in Canterbury, Victoria, was established in 1931 by the Society for the Care of Aged or Incapacitated Nurses, and later became known as the Airdrie House Society Incorporated. The book "The Airdrie Story" details the history of the house and the society, from its founding until 1991. Airdrie House was not just a house, but a place dedicated to supporting the needs of nurses, reflecting the community's recognition of their vital role. airdie house, aged care, nurses, canterbury

Post Office on corner of Thompson Avenue and The Esplanade. Brick above concrete building with two brick chimneys. Iron roofing, fenced verandah. Group of 12 people, males suited, with collars and ties, ladies all in long skirts, jackets and hats.Post Office with group of people standing and seated in front of buildingP.O.Cowes (written on back of photograph)local history, photographs, post office, cowes, black & white photograph, ann brown collection, bruce bennett

1 - Colour slide of the former Geelong A Power Station on the corner of Yarra St and Corio Tce (now Brougham St). First portion on the corner built by the Electric Lighting and Traction Co of Australia. The Geelong tram depot, operated by the Melbourne Electric Supply Co was incorporated within the structure during 1912. Operated by the State Electricity Commission from 1930 until the 1960's. Photo taken prior to the demolition of the chimney following its sale in June 1970. See item 10002 for other photographs taken June 1970. 2 - Colour slide dated April 1971, taken after the chimney has been demolished. Yields information about the former Geelong A power station prior to its partial demolition and incorporation into a shopping centre. Portions of the original brick buildings have been retained.1 - Green plastic Fuji Film Plastic slide of Photograph of Geelong A Power Station from Yarra St. 2 - Kodachrome cardboard colour slide, date stamped April 1971. No details of Photographer recorded on slide other than the date stamp.geelong, geelong a, power station, mesco, secv, tramways

Originally labelled "Beauville Estate, Established 1936, Still Thriving 65 years on, 10th March 2001", the Beauville Estate Album contains colour photographs of houses in the Estate. They were taken around the time of the Beauville Estate’s 65th Heritage Celebration held on 10/03/2001 and donated to the Caulfield Historical Society shortly afterwards. Photographer unknown. City of Glen Eira’s Heritage Management Plan Vol 2 p79 (this is p84 of the pdf version) – HO12 Beauville Estate and environs, Murrumbeena: The Beauville Historic Area is important at the State level as the first large housing estate undertaken by the AV Jennings Construction Co, later Jennings Group Limited, Victoria’s largest home builder. It is important also as a very early estate development incorporating a range of features other than houses and including made roads, shops and recreation facilities. In this respect it was the forerunner of the comprehensively planned housing estate of the post war era. The estate is distinguished by its aesthetic values, as is the earlier and comparable Hillcrest Estate, which are formed by a combination of restrained diversity in house styles, with the exception of no. 30 in the emerging International style, and by a landscaped garden environment. Colour photograph of an unpainted variegated brown brick house. Other features include a porch with two arches and separate rectangular entry from the path, arched side gate in a wall attached to the house at the side of the drive, feature work on all arches and chimney, white framed sash windows plus a long narrow white window to right of the porch, tiled roof, tall and wide chimney and low unpainted brick fence in the foreground with "40" on the brick pillar beside the drive.40murrumbeena, houses, architectural styles, 1930's, inter war style, a.v. jennings, av jennings, brick houses, beauville estate, porches, lindsay avenue, sir albert victor jennings, a v jennings construction co, beauville estate heritage area, glen eira city council, architectural features, jennings group limited, land subdivision, gardens, beauville historic area, jennings, arches, chimneys, brick features, sash windows, brick fences

Page with photocopies of photos on it. 'Aq' is a football team. 'Ar' is a store which sells china, glass, oil, seeds and produce. People are gathered in front of the shop. 'As' is a weatherboard house. 'At' is a service station which sells Atlantic fuel and run by Herb Pearce. 'Au' is a photo of the Long Gully Junior Band. 'Av' is a large chimney which has a bend in it and is leaning at about a 45 degree angle. 'Aw' is a photo of a tall chimney and 'ax' is a group of people with the women in long dresses.bendigo, history, long gully history group, the long gully history group - copies of photos, herb pearce, atlantic, long gully junior band

black and white photograph ( proof listed as 133 b ) 3 stone houses with corrugated iron roofs, house at left has verandah with 4 posts and weatherboard addition at back with chimney. Central building has one window facing street, 1 door at side. Right hand building has 2 windows facing street and central door, brick chimney, dilapidated wire fence and gate. On back in ball point pen ' Harvey Town/February 1969'on back in ball point pen ' Harvey Town, February 1969cottage, miners

Photograph showing a horse and long open sided cart with a covered roof, There are numerous carcasses (sheep?) hanging from the roof. There are seven men standing beside the cart. To the left of the cart there is a wooden building with a small brick chimney on the right hand end. To the right is a larger wooden structure with a large square brick chimney behind. There are also two other carts visible with their shafts resting on the ground. At the base of the photo is written Plate 147, W. B. Gittens Slaughter House and Stockyards.Robinsonbuildings, commercial, slaughter hopuse, w, b, gittens slaughter house and stock yards, robinson

Handwritten notes, with typed copy, on the chimneys of some of Bendigo's mines. Some were designed on Cleopatra's Needle which is situated on the Thames Embankment in London. Others had flags, horizontal bands, letters or initials in coloured bricks. The 180 mine stack had a pyramid built on the top with a hole on each side placed there as vents for the smoke which issued from them according to the wind. Today none of these chimneys remain. Written by John (Jack) Hattam. Albert Richardson Collection. document, gold, lansell's big 180 mine, mine chimneys, mr g lansell, cleopatra's needle, red white & blue, union jack, australia flag, john ? hattam, jack hattam

The coloured photograph shows the Lighthouse Keepers' Quarters at Flagstaff Hill, Warrnambool. The building was erected in the 1850s on Middle Island, Lady Bay. It was relocated to its current location in the late 1870s along with the two lighthouses, the chart room and the privy. The Warrnambool City Council replaced the iron roof on the cottage in the 1970s and further work has since been carried out. The picture shows the poor condition of the stonework on the right hand side of the cottage. After the cottage ceased to be used by lighthouse keepers, it was rented out by various organisations and later became disused. The Historical Society requested the re-connection of power. The right hand side of the cottage was repurposed for use by Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village. in the 2020s it was restored and fitted out as the Alexander Farncombe room, which is used for temporary exhibitions. This photograph, a print, is one of a set of five that show the site of Flagstaff Hill. It is presumed to have been taken by John Lindsay, Founding Director of Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village. One of the photographs in the set has the pencil inscription "Photo J Lindsay". It was taken in the early 1970s during the initial stages of the development of Flagstaff Hill as a Museum and Maritime Village. The photographs belonged to the donor's grandparents, who lived in the Warrnambool district of Allansford/Naringal. The photograph is a record of the Lighthouse Keepers' Quarters at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village before its development and opening in 1975. It shows the condition of the building at the time and some of the recent re-roofing. The photograph is significant for recording the condition of the original heritage listed building at that point in time.Coloured photograph, glassy print, one of a set of five. Photograph shows the Lighthouse Keepers' Quarters, focused on the Assistant's Quarters on the right. It shows the a new iron roof that had been installed by the Warrnambool City Council, and the condition of the bluestone,walls. There are clay chimney pots on the two chimneys. A set of steps are at the entry on the right hand side. The flagstaff is on the left of the photograph. The photograph's paper has the printer's watermark on the back. The early 1970s picture is presumed to have been photographed by John Lindsay, Warrnambool.Label on the back: "THE BLUESTONE COTTAGE SHOWING RE-ROOFING CARRIED OUT BY COUNCIL. The Historical Society has requested Council to have S.E.C. power re-connected"flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, warrnambool, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, 1970s, photograph, lady bay, flagstaff hill site, john lindsay, cannon emplacement, middle island, flagstaff, lighthouse keepers' quarters, lighthouse keepers' residence, alexander farncombe, re-roofing, s.e.c. connection

Mount William Gold Rush Photo taken from Spion Kop looking at western side of My WilliamView of township called Ladysmith George Mason's farmhouse in centre of picture with smoke rising from chimney Seven men in foreground carrying various items eg. shovel, gold pan, swag etc.1 copy B/W 1 copy sepia 1 on displaymining, gold mining, mafeking

This is the building that was used as a bakery in the 1940s.A galvanised iron structure with a lower stone outbuilding at the side and a rusting galvanised iron lean-to at the front. The building has a brick chimney and an old, white window is leaning against the front of the stone portion of the building.buildings, bakery

Photo shows close up view of steam equipment. Three iron chimneys attached to equipment are cut off from view at top of photo. Wattle in bloom can be seen on both sides of photo.quarrying, heatherlie

In 1832 William McGeoch & Co., Ltd was established, by William McGeoch senior at 113 Argyle St Glasgow as hardware merchants and exporters, and later were manufacturers of lamps and electrical fittings for ship, railway and domestic use. In the 1900s the company had expanded and had offices at 28 West Campbell Street Glasgow with a factory and warehouse located at the Warwick Works, 46 Coventry Rd, Birmingham. In 1922 the company had expanded and were employing 400 to 500 people. William seniors three sons had joined their father in establishing the business around 1888. The business was run by William McGeoch senior with Williams three sons Alexander, William and Andrew also taking an active part in the day to day running of the company. The company had expanded to such a degree that they were now manufacturing a variety of ships' hardware. This included metal cabin furnishings, signal lamps, ships' oil and candle lamps, motor lamps, switches, switchboards, electrical accessories and fittings. In 1982 William McGeoch & Co., Ltd was acquired by Bowthorpe Holdings Ltd.A lamp made by a significant manufacturer of marine equipment that made fittings for many famous ships including the Titanic.Marine oil Lamp with glass panels. Front panel missing. Access through glass panel door at side flat metal back. Metal fuel reservoir and no burner. Metal rounded chimney on top. Embossed McGeogh Maker Glasgowwarrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, lamp, ships lamp, wm mc geoch ltd, hardware merchants, ships outfitters

BHS CollectionBlack and white photograph mounted on rectangular brown board. House, rendered, front gable with vent, bow window, corrugated iron roof, porch, established garden, chimney. Bendigo residence, but no address given.Frank A. Jeffree, Bendigoresidential, bendigo branch'', house

The Valley of the Springs. Spring Gully's first 127 years. 40 pages with photographs and illustrations. Orange soft cover with centred drawing of a miner sitting in front of a chimney. Index compiled by Estelle Hewston. With Indexspring gully, celebration, 125th. anniversary