Book. Harry Biggs Collection. Trust Newsletter published. By the National Trust of Australia Vic. Branch. Nov. 1970 Vol 1, No 5. Covers historical items of interest in Vic. - includes a paragraph 'Change of address' Log Lock-up, Eaglehawk. Moved from High Street Eaglehawk to a site adjacent to Eaglehawk Court House, Sailors Gully Road, Eaglehawk. (P11)National Trust Newsletterorganisation, union, community, harry biggs collection, log lock-up, eaglehawk

Documents. Mammoth Temperance & Social Reform Mission. Councillor Mrs. Helen Barton , Queen of Scottish Orators, will be talking at Temperance Hall on Monday Nov.28, 8 pm, ''Citizenship and Higher Patriotism, Tuesday Nov 29 8pm " The State's Duty to the Child''. Wednesday Nov 30 8pm, ''Democracy's Fight against Alcohol''. Thursday Dec1,8pm, ''My Work IN THE GLASGOW SLUMS''. Tickets 1s. each. Mrs. Barton will appear in Slum Costume. Mrs. Barton is a Parish Councillor of Glasgow, A great social reformer, A quaint humorist, An Eloquent Orator. Two articles.Drummond, Arcade Press.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. The Victorian Alliance Melbourne, letter requesting names of the society for books for Bendigo. List of names included.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. Letter from the Chief Secretary's Office, to the secretary, free library, Bendigo, forwarding a form of receipt for sixteen pounds, five shillings and seven pence, which has been allotted to your Free Library. Signed by W.A.CALLAWAY, Under-secretary.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. A letter to Mr. W.J.Campbell, J.P. Bendigo. They were very concerned about East Bendigo Electorate, because of the character of a man in relation to our work. The present sitting member is one of the ones that are in Parliament, kept there by the beer interest.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. Letter referring to State Parliamentary Elections 1917, on behalf of the Victorian Alliance, am forwarding to you the enclosed platform in connection with Liquor reform.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. Victorian Alliance letter to Mr. W.J.Campbell J.P. from Francis Wilson general secretary, I arrived home safely, after a very good day in your city. Will send you a list of few subscribers whom I could not get, shortly. With regard to ''DEFEAT'', I will have them dispatched next week. With regard to Mr. Francis coming up in September, I would suggest that you bring it before the Methodist Ministers interested as possible. Memo for Mr Drummond, I have seen Mr. Harris in reference to this suggestion but he does not know Mr. Francis, fears that it would not be satisfactory to the Forest Street Congregation to appoint an unknown man for the evening service. I have therefore asked Mr. Wilson not to make any definite arrangements until we have had a further opportunity of considering the matter. Signed Mr. Campbell.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. a. The monthly entertainment will be held in the Temperance Hall on Tuesday September 14, 1909, when an address will be delivered by the Rev. J.H.Hadley and the followingExcellent Programme will be provided by the Long Gully Rechabites (Sutton Tent, No. 166). Admission, Free. All Welcome. b. The monthly entertainment will be held in the Temperance Hall on Tuesday September 14, 1909, when an address will be delivered by the Rev. J.H.Hadley and the followingExcellent Programme will be provided by the Long Gully Rechabites (Sutton Tent, No. 166). Admission, Free. All Welcome. c.The Star of Bendigo Junior Tent No 2 Independent Order of Rechabites, Model Tent Meeting in the Temperance Hall on Tuesday July 10th, 1909. Admission Free, All Welcome.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. Bendigo Total Abstinence Society, Dear Sir, The annual Public Meeting of the above Society will be held in the Temperance Hall, View Street, on Tuesday next, June 19th, 1917 at 8 pm.Addresses will be delivered by Mr. Francis Wilson, Secretary of the Victorian Alliance, and the Rev. H.J.Ham, M.A. In view of the important issues at stake in connection with the Liquor Question in the near future, all friends of Temperance are urged to be present. W.H.PERRIN, President, W.I.CAMPBELL, Hon.Treas. A.M.DRUMMOND, Hon.Sec. ( Six copies).organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. The Committee of the Total Abstinence Society request the favour of the presence of yourself and a friend at the Anniversary Social in the Temperance Hall, View Street, on Tuesday, June 21st, 1910, at 8 pm. The Annual report and Financial Statement will be presented, Mr. E.F.J.King, of the Social Reform Bureau, Melbourne. Refreshments will be served by the Ladies of the W.C.T.U. A.J.PAUL, President. W.J.CAMPBELL, Hon. Treas. A.M.DRUMMOND, Hon. Sec.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. Temperance Hall, View Street, Bendigo, June 10th, 1907. Dear Sir, Your are hereby requested to attend the Annual Meeting of the above Society on Friday, June 21st, 1907, in the Temperance Hall. E.H.LEGGO, President. W.J.CAMPBELL, Hon. Treas. A.L.BOLTON, Hon. Sec.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. the State Elections, the Victorian Alliance Platform, Questions for Candidates at the State Elections. 1. The question of the Hours of Trading of Licensed Liquor Bars to be submitted to the people by a Referendum. 2. The Abolition of the three-fifths per cent, necessary to carry No-Licence at the Local Option Poll. 3. The Counting of the Aggregate Votes for No-Licence for the State. 4. Abolition of Grocers' Liquor Licences. If elected, will you support the foregoing proposals? And return to General Secretary. Victorian Alliance, 136 Swanston Street, Melbourne.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. Examination paper, Temperance Wall Sheet, No.1. 1. Write down Dr. Parkes' advice to young men and women. 2. Give reasone why alcohol is not good in the period of growth. 3. What did Sir Frederic Treves say about the soldiers who marched to Ladysmith?. 4. How can the doctors prove that alcohol does not increase animal heat? Tell any stories you know about it. 5. What can be proved by the doctor' experiments with small doses of alcohol?. 6. How do you know that alcohol is not necessary for health and long life? Six copies.Printed for the Bendigo Total Anstinence Society by A.M.Drummond, Bendigo Arcade.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. Dr. J.J.Ridge has prepared the following list of Simple Remedies for relief of pain, for colic, faintness, and palpitation. 1. WATER as hot as can be conveniently swallowed, either alone or slightly sweetened. To be sipped. Even cold water stimulates the heart without exhausting it. 2. GINGER TEA:- One teaspoonful of powdered ginger to a teacupful of boiling water; sweeten, sip hot. 3. HERB TEA:- A teaspoonful of powdered sage, mint, or similar herb, to a teacupful of boiling water; sweeten, sip hot. 4. MEAT EXTRACT:- A teaspoonful of Liebig's Extract or Bovril in a wineglassful of hot water, with herb flavouring if preferred. This is a special heart stimulant. Four copies.Printed for the Bendigo Total Abstinence Society by A.M.Drummond, Printer, Bendigo Arcade.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. Bendigo Police Court. Charge .... I Hereby freely and voluntarily sign the following PLEDGE. I will abstain from the use of intoxicating liquors of every kind and character for the period of.......from date, ....day of.......191. signed Address Age Witness. If, by releasing me from punishment this day, the opportunity be given me by the Magistrates of the abovenamed Court to become a sober and better citizen, I undertake to faithfully keep this Pledge. Six copies.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. The Salvation Army, Blood and Fire, The Y.P.Anti-Smoking and Gambling League. Believing Cigarette and Tobacco Smoking and Gambling among lads to be most harmful to their moral and bodily well-being, I hereby enlist in this Legion, promising , by the help of God, to do all that Iies in my power to persuade others from using Tobacco, and from Gambling in any form; also to have nothing to do w th the habits myself. Signed................. Date................ Form No.111. 20m---12-09.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. A Comparison of the difference between A Food and Alcohol. Seven food items with comparisons of seven alcohol items.Printed for the Bendigo Total Abstinence Society by A.M.Drummond, Printer, Bendigo.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. A comparison between Water and Alcohol. 17 comments on Water and 17 comments on Alcohol.Printed for the Bendigo Total Abstinence Society by A.M.Drummond, Printer. Bendigo Arcade.organisation, community, abstinence society

Document. From A.M.DRUMMOND, PRINTER, BENDIGO ARCADE, BENDIGO. Telephone 674. Mr. G.O.Watts, C/o Mr. J.B.Edwards, Jeweller, Pall Mall. Borrowed Professor Mc Coy's Book of Lectures, from Temperance Hall Library on July 5, 1917.organisation, community, abstinence society

Envelope. MR. A.M. DRUMMOND, Secretary, Bendigo Total Abstinence Society, Arcade, BENDIGO.organisation, community, abstinence society

A brown blue and white certificate with the words, ' Awarded at the Bendigo Agricultural Show Society Bendigo Show Champion For Best Turnout To Stewart, Stockdale & Dudley House.' Bolton Bros. Pty. Ltd. Engravers.civic mementoes, presentations, bendigo agricultural show society, lydia chancellor, collection, bendigo agricultural show society, societies, clubs and associations, organisation, certificate, champion, agriculture, bendigo community

A cream programme with blue and gold print and the red, white and blue insignia of Rotary. On the front is the insignia and the words 'Rotary Club of Bendigo, Annual Dinner and Installation of President (Rotarian George A. Pethard) Bendigo Town Hall, Friday, September 28th, 1945 at 7 o'clock p.m. On the inside is the programme and the menu. On the back is a list of Past Presidents from 1925 - 1945.clubs and associations, sport, rotary, lydia chancellor, collection, clubs, rotary, associations, event, organisation, societies, community, dinner, program, programme

One percent Motorcycle Clubs are contentious organisations that have challenged the rules of mainstream society since they were first formed in America during the late 1940s. Their image has been well-defined in popular culture - so much so that the sound of massed Harley Davidsons continues to send a wave of panic through the community.vietnam veterans' motorcycle club, vietnamese conflict, 1961-1975 - veterans - australia

One percent Motorcycle Clubs are contentious organisations that have challenged the rules of mainstream society since they were first formed in America during the late 1940s. Their image has been well-defined in popular culture - so much so that the sound of massed Harley Davidsons continues to send a wave of panic through the community. vietnam veterans' motorcycle club, vietnamese conflict, 1961-1975 - veterans - australia

Women’s Auxiliaries were formed by mothers, wives, widows, sisters, daughters and aunts of men who served in the First World War. In May1918 a small band of women from the "Friendly Union" organised themselves,under the leadership of Mrs F C Purbrick, into a Women's Auxiliary of the Wangaratta Returned Soldiers Association (RSA). Their first task was to furnish club rooms for the RSA and this was achieved by seeking donations and raising money by selling jams, jellies and posies of violets by selected girls wearing special badges in the street. Over the years funds have been raised through raffles, competitions, street stalls and catering at numerous events to assist the aims of the Returned Services League. In 2018 the Wangaratta RSL Women's Auxiliary celebrated its centenary. Women have played a central role in sustaining the activities of ex-service organisations. Women's auxiliaries are dedicated to fundraising, supporting the activities of their local RSL, and caring for veterans in their wider community. Today, there are more than 1200 auxiliary members in Victoria.Red timber shield mounted on brown laminated base of particle board in a larger shield shape with metal emblem. Women's Auxillary RSL on metal logo with Crown and Australian Flag mounted on red shieldwomen's auxiliary, wangaratta rsl

1. The moral lexicon of the Warlpiri people of central Australia LR Hiatt This paper discusses words that match ?Good? and ?Bad?; examples of ?Good? and ?Bad? behaviour; morality and law; and egalitarianism and dominance. It also presents a comparison with Gidjingarli (Burarra). 2. Mobs and bosses: Structures of Aboriginal sociality Patrick Mullins (Mount Druitt, NSW) A commonality of Aboriginal social organisation exists across the continent in communities as different as those from the Western Desert across to Cape York, from the towns of New South Wales and Western Australia to cities like Adelaide. This is found in the colloquial expressions ?mob? and ?boss?, which are used in widely differing contexts. Mobbing is the activity where relatedness, in the sense of social alliances, is established and affirmed by virtue of a common affiliation with place, common experience and common descent, as well as by the exchange of cash and commodities. Bossing is the activity of commanding respect by virtue of one?s capacity to bestow items of value such as ritual knowledge, nurturance, care, cash and commodities. Mobbing and bossing are best understood as structures in Giddens? sense of sets of rules and resources involved in the production of social systems, in this case social alliances. Mobbing and bossing imply a concept of a person as a being in a relationship. Attention needs to be given to the way these structures interact with institutions in the wider Australian society. 3. Recognising victims without blaming them: A moral contest? About Peter Sutton?s ?The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous Policy in Australia since the 1970s? and Gillian Cowlishaw?s replies Ma�a Ponsonnet (Universit� Paris- 8-Saint-Denis) Peter Sutton?s texts on Aboriginal violence, health and their politicisation are replied to using his methodology, and acknowledging his convincing points. Sutton rightly denounces a lack of lucidity and scientific objectivity in anthropological debates. These inadequacies impede identification of what Aboriginal groups can do to improve their situations for fear that this identification would lead to blame the victims. At the other end of the ethical spectrum, those who advocate a broader use of what I will call a ?resistance interpretation? of violence fail to recognise victims as such, on the implicit grounds that seeing victims as victims would deprive them of any agency, on the one hand, and entail blame, on the other hand. I aim to define a middle road between those views: the idea that victims should be acknowledged as such without being denied their agency and without being blamed for their own condition. This middle road allows identification of the colonisers? responsibilities in the contemporary situation of Indigenous communities in Australia, and to determine who can do what. Secondly, I show that Sutton?s texts convey, through subtle but recurrent remarks, an ideology of blame rather than a mere will to identify practical solutions. As a consequence, some of his proposals do not stand on a solid and objective causal analysis. 4. 'You would have loved her for her lore?: The letters of Daisy Bates Bob Reece (Murdoch University) Daisy Bates was once an iconic figure in Australia but her popular and academic reputation became tarnished by her retrograde views. Her credibility was also put in doubt through the exposure of her fictionalised Irish background. In more recent times, however, her ethnographic data on the Aborigines of Western Australia has been an invaluable source for Native Title claims, while her views on Aboriginal extinction, cannibalism and ?castes? are being seen as typical of her time. This article briefly reviews what has been the orthodox academic opinion of her scientific achievement before summarising what is reliably known of her early history and indicating what kind of person is revealed in the 3000 or more letters that she left behind. 5. What potential might Narrative Therapy have to assist Indigenous Australians reduce substance misuse? Violet Bacon (Curtin University of Technology) Substance misuse is associated with adverse consequences for many Australians including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Extensive research has been conducted into various intervention, treatment and prevention programs to ascertain their potential in reducing substance misuse within Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities. I explore the potential of Narrative Therapy as a counselling intervention for assisting Indigenous Australians reduce the harm associated with substance misuse. 6. Bone points from the Adelaide River, Northern Territory Sally Brockwell (University of Canberra) and Kim Akerman (Moonah) Large earth mounds located next to the vast floodplains of the lower Adelaide River, one of the major tropical rivers draining the flat coastal plains of northern Australia, contain cultural material, including bone points. The floodplains of the north underwent dynamic environmental change from extensive mangrove swamps in the mid-Holocene, through a transition phase of variable estuarine and freshwater mosaic environments, to the freshwater environment that exists today. This geomorphological framework provides a background for the interpretation of the archaeology, which spans some 4000 years. 7. A different look: Comparative rock-art recording from the Torres Strait using computer enhancement techniques Liam M Brady (Monash University) In 1888 and 1898, Cambridge University?s Alfred C Haddon made the first recording of rock-art from the Torres Strait islands using photography and sketches. Systematic recording of these same paintings and sites was carried out from 2000 to 2004 by archaeologists and Indigenous Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal communities as part of community-based rock-art recording projects. Computer enhancement techniques were used to identify differences between both sets of recordings, to reveal design elements that Haddon missed in his recordings, and to recover images recorded by Haddon that are today no longer visible to the naked eye. Using this data, preliminary observations into the antiquity of Torres Strait rock-art are noted along with recommendations for future Torres Strait region rock-art research and baseline monitoring projects. 8. Sources of bias in the Murray Black Collection: Implications for palaeopathological analysis Sarah Robertson (National Museum of Australia) The Murray Black collection of Aboriginal skeletal remains has been a mainstay of bio-anthropological research in Australia, but relatively little thought has been given to how and why this collection may differ from archaeologically obtained collections. The context in which remains were located and recovered has created bias within the sample, which was further skewed within the component of the collection sent to the Australian Institute of Anatomy, resulting in limitations for the research potential of the collection. This does not render all research on the collection unviable, but it demonstrates the importance of understanding the context of a skeletal collection when assessing its suitability for addressing specific research questions.maps, b&w photographs, colour photographs, illustrations, graphs, chartswarlpiri, sociology, daisy bates, substance abuse, narrative therapy, rock art, technology and art, murray black collection, pleistocene sites, watarrka plateau

Darkness and a little light: ?Race? and sport in Australia Colin Tatz (AIATSIS & Australian National University) and Daryl Adair (University of Technology Sydney) Despite ?the wonderful and chaotic universe of clashing colors, temperaments and emotions, of brave deeds against odds seemingly insuperable?, sport is mixed with ?mean and shameful acts of pure skullduggery?, villainy, cowardice, depravity, rapaciousness and malice. Thus wrote celebrated American novelist Paul Gallico on the eve of the Second World War (Gallico 1938 [1988]:9-10). An acute enough observation about society in general, his farewell to sports writing also captures the ?clashing colors? in Australian sport. In this ?land of the fair go?, we look at the malice of racism in the arenas where, as custom might have it, one would least want or expect to find it. The history of the connection between sport, race and society - the long past, the recent past and the social present - is commonly dark and ugly but some light and decency are just becoming visible. Coming to terms: ?Race?, ethnicity, identity and Aboriginality in sport Colin Tatz (AIATSIS & Australian National University) Notions of genetic superiority have led to some of the world?s greatest human calamities. Just as social scientists thought that racial anthropology and biology had ended with the cataclysm of the Second World War, so some influential researchers and sports commentators have rekindled the pre-war debate about the muscular merits of ?races? in a new discipline that Nyborg (1994) calls the ?science of physicology?. The more recent realm of racial ?athletic genes?, especially within socially constructed black athletic communities, may intend no malice but this search for the keys to their success may well revive the old, discredited discourses. This critical commentary shows what can happen when some population geneticists and sports writers ignore history and when medical, biological and sporting doctrines deriving from ?race? are dislocated from any historical, geographic, cultural and social contexts. Understanding discourses about race, racism, ethnicity, otherness, identity and Aboriginality are essential if sense, or nonsense, is to be made of genetic/racial ?explanations? of sporting excellence. Between the two major wars boxing was, disproportionately, a Jewish sport; Kenyans and Ethiopians now ?own? middle- and long-distance running and Jamaicans the shorter events; South Koreans dominate women?s professional golf. This essay explores the various explanations put forward for such ?statistical domination?: genes, biochemistry, biomechanics, history, culture, social dynamics, the search for identity, alienation, need, chance, circumstances, and personal bent or aptitude. Traditional games of a timeless land: Play cultures in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities Ken Edwards (University of Southern Queensland) Sports history in Australia has focused almost entirely on modern, Eurocentric sports and has therefore largely ignored the multitude of unique pre- European games that are, or once were, played. The area of traditional games, especially those of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, is an important aspect of the cultural, social and historical experiences of Indigenous communities. These activities include customs of play that are normally not associated with European notions of competitive sport. Overall, this paper surveys research undertaken into traditional games among Indigenous Australians, as well as proposals for much needed further study in this area. Culture, ?race? and discrimination in the 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England David Sampson As a consequence of John Mulvaney?s important historical research, the Aboriginal cricket and performance tour of Britain in 1868 has in recent decades become established as perhaps the most famous of all public events in contact history involving Aborigines, white settlers and the British metropolis. Although recognition of its importance is welcome and significant, public commemorations of the tour have enveloped the tour in mythologies of cricket and nation. Such mythologies have obscured fundamental aspects of the tour that were inescapable racial and colonial realities of the Victorian era. This reappraisal of the tour explores the centrality of racial ideology, racial science and racial power imbalances that enabled, created and shaped the tour. By exploring beyond cricketing mythology, it restores the central importance of the spectacular performances of Aboriginal skills without which the tour would have been impossible. Such a reappraisal seeks to fully recognise the often trivialised non-cricketing expertise of all of the Aboriginal performers in 1868 for their achievement of pioneering their unique culture, skills and technologies to a mass international audience. Football, ?race? and resistance: The Darwin Football League, 1926?29 Matthew Stephen (Northern Territory Archive Service) Darwin was a diverse but deeply divided society in the early twentieth century. The Commonwealth Government introduced the Aboriginals Ordinance 1911 in the Northern Territory, instituting state surveillance, control and a racially segregated hierarchy of whites foremost, then Asians, ?Coloureds? (Aborigines and others of mixed descent) and, lastly, the so-called ?full-blood? Aborigines. Sport was important in scaffolding this stratification. Whites believed that sport was their private domain and strictly controlled non-white participation. Australian Rules football, established in Darwin from 1916, was the first sport in which ?Coloured? sportsmen challenged this domination. Football became a battleground for recognition, rights and identity for all groups. The ?Coloured? community embraced its team, Vesteys, which dominated the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL) in the 1920s. In 1926, amidst growing racial tension, the white-administered NTFL changed its constitution to exclude non-white players. In reaction, ?Coloured? and Chinese footballers formed their own competition - the Darwin Football League (DFL). The saga of that colour bar is an important chapter in Australia?s football history, yet it has faded from Darwin?s social memory and is almost unknown among historians. That picture - Nicky Winmar and the history of an image Matthew Klugman (Victoria University) and Gary Osmond (The University of Queensland) In April 1993 Australian Rules footballer Nicky Winmar responded to on-field racist abuse by lifting his jersey and pointing to his chest. The photographic image of that event is now famous as a response to racial abuse and has come to be seen as starting a movement against racism in football. The racial connotations in the image might seem a foregone conclusion: the power, appeal and dominant meaning of the photograph might appear to be self-evident. But neither the fame of the image nor its racial connotation was automatic. Through interviews with the photographers and analysis of the use of the image in the media, we explore how that picture came to be of such symbolic importance, and how it has remained something to be re-shown and emulated. Rather than analyse the image as a photograph or work of art, we uncover some of its early history and explore the debates that continue to swirl around its purpose and meaning. We also draw attention to the way the careful study of photographs might enhance the study of sport, race and racism. ?She?s not one of us?: Cathy Freeman and the place of Aboriginal people in Australian national culture Toni Bruce (University of Waikato) and Emma Wensing (Independent scholar) The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games generated a national media celebration of Aboriginal 400 metre runner Cathy Freeman. The construction of Freeman as the symbol of national reconciliation was evident in print and on television, the Internet and radio. In contrast to this celebration of Freeman, the letters to the editor sections of 11 major newspapers became sites for competing claims over what constitutes Australian identity and the place of Aboriginal people in national culture. We analyse this under-explored medium of opinion and discuss how the deep feelings evident in these letters, and the often vitriolic responses to them, illustrate some of the enduring racial tensions in Australian society. Sport, physical activity and urban Indigenous young people Alison Nelson (The University of Queensland) This paper challenges some of the commonly held assumptions and ?knowledges? about Indigenous young people and their engagement in physical activity. These include their ?natural? ability, and the use of sport as a panacea for health, education and behavioural issues. Data is presented from qualitative research undertaken with a group of 14 urban Indigenous young people with a view to ?speaking back? to these commentaries. This research draws on Critical Race Theory in order to make visible the taken-for-granted assumptions about Indigenous Australians made by the dominant white, Western culture. Multiple, shifting and complex identities were expressed in the young people?s articulation of the place and meaning of sport and physical activity in their lives. They both engaged in, and resisted, dominant Western discourses regarding representations of Indigenous people in sport. The paper gives voice to these young people in an attempt to disrupt and subvert hegemonic discourses. An unwanted corroboree: The politics of the New South Wales Aboriginal Rugby League Knockout Heidi Norman (University of Technology Sydney) The annual New South Wales Aboriginal Rugby League Knockout is so much more than a sporting event. Involving a high level of organisation, it is both a social and cultural coming together of diverse communities for a social and cultural experience considered ?bigger than Christmas?. As if the planning and logistics were not difficult enough, the rotating-venue Knockout has been beset, especially since the late 1980s and 1990s, by layers of opposition and open hostility based on ?race?: from country town newspapers, local town and shire councils, local business houses and, inevitably, the local police. A few towns have welcomed the event, seeing economic advantage and community good will for all. Commonly, the Aboriginal ?influx? of visitors and players - people perceived as ?strangers?, ?outsiders?, ?non-taxpayers? - provoked public fear about crime waves, violence and physical safety, requiring heavy policing. Without exception, these racist expectations were shown to be totally unfounded. Research report: Recent advances in digital audio recorder technology provide considerable advantages in terms of cost and portability for language workers.b&w photographs, colour photographs, tablessport and race, racism, cathy freeman, nicky winmar, rugby league, afl, athletics, cricket, digital audio recorders

'Whose Ethics?':Codifying and enacting ethics in research settings Bringing ethics up to date? A review of the AIATSIS ethical guidelines Michael Davis (Independent Academic) A revision of the AIATSIS Guidelines for Ethical Research in Indigenous Studies was carried out during 2009-10. The purpose of the revision was to bring the Guidelines up to date in light of a range of critical developments that have occurred in Indigenous rights, research and knowledge management since the previous version of the Guidelines was released in 2000. In this paper I present an outline of these developments, and briefly discuss the review process. I argue that the review, and the developments that it responded to, have highlighted that ethical research needs to be thought about more as a type of behaviour and practice between engaged participants, and less as an institutionalised, document-focused and prescriptive approach. The arrogance of ethnography: Managing anthropological research knowledge Sarah Holcombe (ANU) The ethnographic method is a core feature of anthropological practice. This locally intensive research enables insight into local praxis and culturally relative practices that would otherwise not be possible. Indeed, empathetic engagement is only possible in this close and intimate encounter. However, this paper argues that this method can also provide the practitioner with a false sense of his or her own knowing and expertise and, indeed, with arrogance. And the boundaries between the anthropologist as knowledge sink - cultural translator and interpreter - and the knowledge of the local knowledge owners can become opaque. Globalisation and the knowledge ?commons?, exemplified by Google, also highlight the increasing complexities in this area of the governance and ownership of knowledge. Our stronghold of working in remote areas and/or with marginalised groups places us at the forefront of negotiating the multiple new technological knowledge spaces that are opening up in the form of Indigenous websites and knowledge centres in these areas. Anthropology is not immune from the increasing awareness of the limitations and risks of the intellectual property regime for protecting or managing Indigenous knowledge. The relevance of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in opening up a ?rights-based? discourse, especially in the area of knowledge ownership, brings these issues to the fore. For anthropology to remain relevant, we have to engage locally with these global discourses. This paper begins to traverse some of this ground. Protocols: Devices for translating moralities, controlling knowledge and defining actors in Indigenous research, and critical ethical reflection Margaret Raven (Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy (ISTP), Murdoch University) Protocols are devices that act to assist with ethical research behaviour in Indigenous research contexts. Protocols also attempt to play a mediating role in the power and control inherent in research. While the development of bureaucratically derived protocols is on the increase, critiques and review of protocols have been undertaken in an ad hoc manner and in the absence of an overarching ethical framework or standard. Additionally, actors implicated in research networks are seldom theorised. This paper sketches out a typology of research characters and the different moral positioning that each of them plays in the research game. It argues that by understanding the ways actors enact research protocols we are better able to understand what protocols are, and how they seek to build ethical research practices. Ethics and research: Dilemmas raised in managing research collections of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander materials Grace Koch (AIATSIS) This paper examines some of the ethical dilemmas for the proper management of research collections of Indigenous cultural materials, concentrating upon the use of such material for Native Title purposes. It refers directly to a number of points in the draft of the revised AIATSIS Guidelines for Ethical Research in Indigenous Studies and draws upon both actual and hypothetical examples of issues that may arise when requests are made for Indigenous material. Specific concerns about ethical practices in collecting data and the subsequent control of access to both the data itself and to published works based upon it are raised within the context of several types of collections, including those held by AIATSIS and by Native Title Representative Bodies. Ethics or social justice? Heritage and the politics of recognition Laurajane Smith (ANU) Nancy Fraser?s model of the politics of recognition is used to examine how ethical practices are interconnected with wider struggles for recognition and social justice. This paper focuses on the concept of 'heritage' and the way it is often uncritically linked to 'identity' to illustrate how expert knowledge can become implicated in struggles for recognition. The consequences of this for ethical practice and for rethinking the role of expertise, professional discourses and disciplinary identity are discussed. The ethics of teaching from country Michael Christie (CDU), with the assistance of Yi?iya Guyula, Kathy Gotha and Dh�?gal Gurruwiwi The 'Teaching from Country' program provided the opportunity and the funding for Yol?u (north-east Arnhem Land Aboriginal) knowledge authorities to participate actively in the academic teaching of their languages and cultures from their remote homeland centres using new digital technologies. As two knowledge systems and their practices came to work together, so too did two divergent epistemologies and metaphysics, and challenges to our understandings of our ethical behaviour. This paper uses an examination of the philosophical and pedagogical work of the Yol?u Elders and their students to reflect upon ethical teaching and research in postcolonial knowledge practices. Closing the gaps in and through Indigenous health research: Guidelines, processes and practices Pat Dudgeon (UWA), Kerrie Kelly (Australian Indigenous Psychologists Association) and Roz Walker (UWA) Research in Aboriginal contexts remains a vexed issue given the ongoing inequities and injustices in Indigenous health. It is widely accepted that good research providing a sound evidence base is critical to closing the gap in Aboriginal health and wellbeing outcomes. However, key contemporary research issues still remain regarding how that research is prioritised, carried out, disseminated and translated so that Aboriginal people are the main beneficiaries of the research in every sense. It is widely acknowledged that, historically, research on Indigenous groups by non-Indigenous researchers has benefited the careers and reputations of researchers, often with little benefit and considerably more harm for Indigenous peoples in Australia and internationally. This paper argues that genuine collaborative and equal partnerships in Indigenous health research are critical to enable Aboriginal and Torres Islander people to determine the solutions to close the gap on many contemporary health issues. It suggests that greater recognition of research methodologies, such as community participatory action research, is necessary to ensure that Aboriginal people have control of, or significant input into, determining the Indigenous health research agenda at all levels. This can occur at a national level, such as through the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Road Map on Indigenous research priorities (RAWG 2002), and at a local level through the development of structural mechanisms and processes, including research ethics committees? research protocols to hold researchers accountable to the NHMRC ethical guidelines and values which recognise Indigenous culture in all aspects of research. Researching on Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar: Methodologies for positive transformation Steve Hemming (Flinders University) , Daryle Rigney (Flinders University) and Shaun Berg (Berg Lawyers) Ngarrindjeri engagement with cultural and natural resource management over the past decade provides a useful case study for examining the relationship between research, colonialism and improved Indigenous wellbeing. The Ngarrindjeri nation is located in south-eastern Australia, a ?white? space framed by Aboriginalist myths of cultural extinction recycled through burgeoning heritage, Native Title, natural resource management ?industries?. Research is a central element of this network of intrusive interests and colonising practices. Government management regimes such as natural resource management draw upon the research and business sectors to form complex alliances to access funds to support their research, monitoring, policy development, management and on-ground works programs. We argue that understanding the political and ethical location of research in this contemporary management landscape is crucial to any assessment of the potential positive contribution of research to 'Bridging the Gap' or improving Indigenous wellbeing. Recognition that research conducted on Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar (country/body/spirit) has impacts on Ngarrindjeri and that Ngarrindjeri have a right and responsibility to care for their lands and waters are important platforms for any just or ethical research. Ngarrindjeri have linked these rights and responsibilities to long-term community development focused on Ngarrindjeri capacity building and shifts in Ngarrindjeri power in programs designed to research and manage Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar. Research agreements that protect Ngarrindjeri interests, including cultural knowledge and intellectual property, are crucial elements in these shifts in power. A preliminary review of ethics resources, with particular focus on those available online from Indigenous organisations in WA, NT and Qld Sarah Holcombe (ANU) and Natalia Gould (La Trobe University) In light of a growing interest in Indigenous knowledge, this preliminary review maps the forms and contents of some existing resources and processes currently available and under development in the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia, along with those enacted through several cross-jurisdictional initiatives. A significant majority of ethics resources have been developed in response to a growing interest in the application of Indigenous knowledge in land and natural resource management. The aim of these resources is to ?manage? (i.e. protect and maintain) Indigenous knowledge by ensuring ethical engagement with the knowledge holders. Case studies are drawn on from each jurisdiction to illustrate both the diversity and commonality in the approach to managing this intercultural engagement. Such resources include protocols, guidelines, memorandums of understanding, research agreements and strategic plans. In conducting this review we encourage greater awareness of the range of approaches in practice and under development today, while emphasising that systematic, localised processes for establishing these mechanisms is of fundamental importance to ensuring equitable collaboration. Likewise, making available a range of ethics tools and resources also enables the sharing of the local and regional initiatives in this very dynamic area of Indigenous knowledge rights.b&w photographs, colour photographsngarrindjeri, ethics, ethnography, indigenous research, social justice, indigenous health