OIL LAMPS Oil had been burnt in lamps at least since the Palaeolithic age, and the cheapest light fittings used in Victorian homes had changed little since then, with a simple wick protruding from a small container of whale oil or vegetable oil. However, much brighter and more sophisticated lamps had emerged late in the 18th century, the most important being the Argand oil lamp. This lamp had a broad flat wick held between two metal cylinders to form a circular wick, with air drawn through it and around it. This in itself was a revolutionary idea, but its inventor, Aimé Argand also discovered that by placing a tube or 'chimney' over the flame, the hot gases from the flame rose rapidly creating a draught and drawing air in from below. Fanned by a draught from both inside and outside the circular wick, the poor spluttering flame of early lamps was transformed into a bright, efficient light source (see illustration). The one disadvantage for the Argand oil lamp and its many imitators in the early Victorian period was that the best oil then available, colza, was so thick and viscous that it had to be fed to the wick either by gravity from a reservoir above, or pumped up from below. Most colza oil lamps have a reservoir often shaped like a classical urn to one side which in some fittings obstructed the light. The Sinumbra lamp got around the problem by having a circular reservoir around the base of the glass light shade. One of the most significant improvements of the Victorian period was the introduction of paraffin. Patented in 1850, the price of the new fuel fell dramatically following the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania, USA. As paraffin was much lighter than colza the reservoir could be placed below the flame, enabling many new designs of light fittings. One of the most successful paraffin lamps was the Duplex burner introduced in 1865 which had two wicks side by side and, like the Argand lamp, a clear glass chimney with air drawn from below. Most lamps also had a larger shade around the chimney often of opaque glass to diffuse the light. The shades or diffusers provided an opportunity for decoration, and a variety of shapes, colours and patterns were used. The amount of light which can be produced by a wick is limited by the surface area of the wick and the amount of fuel and air able to reach it. As fuel burns at the tip of the wick only. The gas mantle, on the other hand, provides a much larger three-dimensional surface, and is far more effective as a result. Invented by Carl Aur von Wesbach in 1885, the incandescent mantle was the last major breakthrough in oil and gas lighting of the period, before both succumbed to electric lighting. The mantle consists of a skirt of silk or cotton impregnated with a non-inflammable mixture (thorium and cerium), suspended over a fierce flame. When first ignited, the cotton burns away leaving fine, brittle filaments of non-combustible material in its place which glow white hot or 'incandescent'. The mantle works best with either gas or a fine mist of paraffin produced by a pressurised reservoir which is still widely used in camping lamps today, producing a bright, warm light to rival an electric bulb. https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/lighting/lighting.htm http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/stories/lighting/lighting4.html#:~:text=Oil%20had%20been%20burnt%20in,whale%20oil%20or%20vegetable%20oil.An item of great importance in any home before gas or electricity was available.Kerosene lamp, ceramic, with metal top and wick. Has handle at side and floral hand painting around the body. Glass cover. Metalwork is rusty.Noneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, oil lamp, heating, lighting, ceramics

Used at Ballarat School of Mines in areas needing a lot of light as well as numerous globes in banks to test the generators.Osram large gas filled, standard shaped, Eddison screw 250 V 300 W light globe.bulbs, light bulbs, osram, gec osram, ballarat school of mines, globes, edison screw, lamps, electricity

Coronet was first popular- class camera released in 1961 as distinct from the high and expensive class.Canon Canonet 35mm camera with light meter around and Cannon Lens SE,45mm,1.19. Made by Canon Camera co Inc. speed B(bulb) to one 500th for a second (11 settings), auto made and 'f' setting from 1.9 to 16. Self timer. Camera has a steel base with a satin chrome finish and a leatherette band around camera. Rewind lever and film forward lever on back.Camera has leather carry case in two pieces and strap. Provision for a flash to be fitted. Three items in the set.Canon Canonet, Canon Camera Co Inc made in Japanphotography, cameras

Yields information about the tramcar maintenance activities of the SEC at the depot in frequency of changing brake blocks, light bulbs, trolley rope and wheels for each tramcar.Collins Diary No. 324, 1967, red Rexene covers, sewn sections with ruled sheets providing a diary for 1967, 7 days and notes for each double page. Has "useful information" sheets at from the diary. Used by the SEC Ballarat depot to record brake block changes and light globe replacements on each tramcar. Also gives details on trolley rope and trolley wheel replacements.tram, trams, sec, ballarat, depot, brake blocks, trolley wheels

Yields information about the tramcar maintenance activities of the SEC at the depot in frequency of changing brake blocks, light bulbs, trolley rope and wheels for each tramcar.Collins Diary No. 324, 1968, red Rexene covers, sewn sections with ruled sheets providing a diary for 1968, 7 days and notes for each double page. Has "useful information" sheets at from the diary. Used by the SEC Ballarat depot to record brake block changes and light globe replacements on each tramcar. Also gives details on trolley rope and trolley wheel replacements.tram, trams, sec, ballarat, depot, brake blocks, trolley wheels

Yields information about the tramcar maintenance activities of the SEC at the depot in frequency of changing brake blocks, light bulbs, trolley rope and wheels for each tramcar.Collins Diary No. 324, 1968, red Rexene covers, sewn sections with ruled sheets providing a diary for 1969, 7 days and notes for each double page. Has "useful information" sheets at from the diary. Used by the SEC Ballarat depot to record brake block changes and light globe replacements on each tramcar. Also gives details on trolley rope and trolley wheel replacements.tram, trams, sec, ballarat, depot, brake blocks, trolley wheels

Yields information about the tramcar maintenance activities of the SEC at the depot in frequency of changing brake blocks, light bulbs, trolley rope and wheels for each tramcar.Collins Diary No. 324, blue Rexene covers, sewn sections with ruled sheets providing a diary for 1970, 7 days and notes for each double page. Has "useful information" sheets at from the diary. Used by the SEC Ballarat depot to record brake block changes and light globe replacements on each tramcar. Also gives details on trolley rope and trolley wheel replacements.tram, trams, sec, ballarat, depot, brake blocks, trolley wheels

Yields information about the tramcar maintenance activities of the SEC at the depot in frequency of changing brake blocks, light bulbs, trolley rope and wheels for each tramcar. This book was the last to be done by the SEC in Ballarat, closure occurred on 19/9/1971.Collins Diary No. 324, blue Rexene covers, sewn sections with ruled sheets providing a diary for 1971, 7 days and notes for each double page. Has "useful information" sheets at from the diary. Used by the SEC Ballarat depot to record brake block changes and light globe replacements on each tramcar. Also gives details on trolley rope and trolley wheel replacements. The last recorded entry was 14/9/1971, for fitting of second hand shoes to 34 and 42. Inside front cover were: 1 - loose - carbon copy of a "Notice to All Traffic Staff" regarding braking - See Reg Item 3520. 2 - loose - carbon copy of run number 25, Monday to Friday - See Reg Item 3521. These are to be retained with the item, but in a separate container.tram, trams, sec, ballarat, depot, brake blocks, trolley wheels

A telegraph key or Morse key is a specialised electrical switch used by a trained operator to transmit text messages in Morse code in a telegraphy system. Keys are used in all forms of electrical telegraph systems, including landline (also called wire) telegraphy and radio (also called wireless) telegraphy. An operator uses the telegraph key to send electrical pulses of two different lengths: short pulses, called dots or dits, and longer pulses, called dashes or dahs. These pulses encode the letters and other characters that spell out the message.Metal device with black knob mounted on a wooden base. A plaque with printed text is also attached to the base.Printed: GIVE A SERIES OF DASHES INSTEAD / OF A STEADY EXPOSURE WHEN CALL- / ING FOR LIGHT, OR SHOWING LIGHT. / USE THE PLUG IN No. 1 / SOCKET AS LONG AS THE / LIGHT IS GOOD ENOUGH. / THEN CHANGE TO No. 2 THIS WILL / LENGTHEN THE LIFE OF BOTH BULB / AND BATTERY.morse code, communication, telegraph key, messages, pulses

The leather satchel with printed information and equipment including instruction manuals, report sheets, rubber stamps and books was issued to Barry Ryan when he started working as a guard for Victorian Railways in Wodonga in 1972. It was in use until he became a locomotive train driver in 1987, when guards no longer worked on the trains.The leather satchel has local significance as it was used by a guard on the Victorian Railways in Wodonga and the railway was an important factor in the development of Wodonga. It also has state significance as part of the Victorian railways equipment for train guards, and is representative given that it's a complete kit with the green signal flag, lamp and the instruction manuals, report sheets, rubber stamps and books in the satchel.Brown leather Victorian Railways guard's satchel, with a leather handle and shoulder strap. There is a rolled up green signal flag attached behind the handle on the top and a dark blue metal lamp attached to the front of the satchel. The lamp has a green filter in front of the bulb, so it would emit green light. The raised letters "V.R." are located on the front and top surfaces of the blue metal lamp, and the number "2749" is engraved on the back surface. The name "B. RYAN" is engraved in the front surface of the lamp. The number "2544' is stamped into a brass plate on the front of the satchel. There is a semi-circular red painted iron disk hinged to the front of leather satchel with a cut out area in the centre to show the number on the brass plate. The lamp is attached to lower rim of the semi-circular red painted iron disk. Inside the leather satchel there are instruction manuals, report sheets, rubber stamps and books relating to the work as a guard on the Victorian railways, as the satchel was used by the donor Barry Ryan when he started working as a guard for Victorian Railways in Wodonga in 1972. "V.R." in raised letters on the front and top surfaces of the metal torch. "B. RYAN" engraved in the front surface of the torch. "2749" engraved into the back surface of the metal torch. "2544" stamped into the surface of the brass plate on the front of the leather satchel. victorian railways, v.r., victorian trains, trains, train guards, leather satchel, satchel, wodonga