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Unions Ballarat
Minutes of meetings of social committee (Ballarat Unemployed Association), 23 September 1933-4 November 1933
The Ballarat Unemployed Association was a collective in the 1930s advocating for the welfare and rights of unemployed persons. The minutes of the social committee constitute part of the history of this group. The minutes include details of subscriptions to various functions that were arranged. See also 0036.1 bound volumeballarat unemployed association, btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, unemployment, minutes, welfare, social clubs -
Unions Ballarat
Minutes of general and special meetings - Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union, 16 October 1935-13 September 1939
A Trades Hall Council-sponsored organisation co-ordinating the self help activities of the Ballarat unemployed during the 1930s depression. (1935-1940)The minutes are significant to the history and operations of Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union.6 bound volumesballarat sustenance and relief workers' union, btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, unions, unemployment, the great depression, ballarat trades hall, minutes -
Unions Ballarat
Correspondence concerning relief work - Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union, 24 September 1935-20 February 1940
A Trades Hall Council-sponsored organisation co-ordinating the self help activities of the Ballarat unemployed during the 1930s depression. (1935-1940)The correspondence is significant to the history and operations of Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union.Paper in folder.ballarat sustenance and relief workers' union., btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, unemployment, the great depression, employment, relief work -
City of Kingston
Book - Minute book
The Sons of Temperance was founded in New York in 1842 and brought to New South Wales by the Baptist minister, Dr William Hobbs, a short time later. Division, or local branches, grew quickly so that in October 1864, a provisional Grand Division was formed with a commitment to spread the word on temperance throughout the country, and the advantages gained by joining a temperance benefit society. It was reported that by 1869, in New South Wales, there was a National Division, two Grand Divisions, and one hundred and seven Divisions, with a total membership of 5970. While a distinct part of the temperance movement, the Sons of Temperance was also a 'friendly society'. Friendly societies were fraternal organisations established to assist members and their families cope with unemployment, sickness and death. No government unemployment or hospital benefits were available to individuals when the societies were initially formed. In each society, members contributed financially to a common fund which could be drawn upon in times of need. In 1868, members of the Church of Christ, Cheltenham, initiated a meeting to form a Division of the Sons of Temperance, which was subsequently called Star of Moorabbin Division, No 29. The meeting was held at the Cheltenham Temperance Hall on 30 September, with office bearers appointed and the larger membership acknowledged.This minute book records the minutes of the meetings of the Star of Moorabbin Division of the Sons of Temperance. It also records the first office holders. Additional members and some financial information is also recorded.Hard covered book, lined in brown fabric with red leather corners and spine used as a minute book for the Sons of Temperance, Star of Moorabbin Division. Inside pages are unlined, although a red margin has been printed. Additionally, the fly sheet of the book has printed text, which has been completed in handwriting.Handwritten in blue ink on the inside of the front cover: J.W. Hall G.S. / Brighton Cottage / Freeman Street / North Carlton The fly sheet has printed text which has been crossed out with handwritten edits: Star of Moorabbin Division / No 29 / Instituted: September 30th 1868friendly societies, societies, temperance, cheltenham, moorabbin -
Federation University Historical Collection
Report, Ballarat School of Mines Pilot Conservation Project, 1980, 06/1980
Submission for funds for a pilot conservation project . Planning Document 11.80ballarat school of mines, planning document, t. white, tafe, national youth advisory group, land degredation, unemployment, economics, dryland salting -
Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.
Article, Firm will help find work, 1992
Two former mayors of Nunawading, Wal Riddell and Cr Bruce Artkinson Cr Kevin Abbott and former Jaycee National President Peter McPhee have formed a company to help young unemployed people find work.Two former mayors of Nunawading, Wal Riddell and Cr Bruce Artkinson, Cr Kevin Abbott and former Jaycee National President Peter McPhee have formed a company to help young unemployed people find work.Two former mayors of Nunawading, Wal Riddell and Cr Bruce Artkinson Cr Kevin Abbott and former Jaycee National President Peter McPhee have formed a company to help young unemployed people find work.unemployment, riddell, wal, atkinson, bruce, abbott, kevin, mcphee, peter -
Unions Ballarat
Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union Constitution and Rules, n.d
A Trades Hall Council-sponsored organisation co-ordinating the self help activities of the Ballarat unemployed during the 1930s depression. (1935-1940) Significant to history and operations of Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union.Paper (1 item)ballarat sustenance and relief workers' union, btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, ballarat trades hall, unemployment, the great depression, constitution, rules, unions -
Unions Ballarat
Union ticket - Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union, 1940
Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union was a Trades Hall Council-sponsored organisation co-ordinating the self help activities of the Ballarat unemployed during the 1930s depression. (1935-1940)Union tickets were important as evidence of proving financial union membership.Paper - union ticket.unions, btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, ballarat sustenance and relief workers' union, union ticket, pence cards, ballarat trades hall, unemployment, the great depression -
Unions Ballarat
Pence cards of R. Constable, T. Quigley and Unknown - Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union, 1937-18; 1938-39; 1937-38
Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union was a Trades Hall Council-sponsored organisation co-ordinating the self help activities of the Ballarat unemployed during the 1930s depression. (1935-1940)Pence cards were important as evidence of proving financial membership of unions.3 cardsE. Constable T. Quigleyconstable, r., quigley, t., btlc, ballarat trades and labour council, ballarat trades hall, unions, union tickets, ballarat sustenance and relief workers' union, unemployment -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Medal, Warrnambool R.C Regatta
This Warrnambool Rowing Club medal was awarded to the winners of the Society Fours in 1908. The Friendly Society group that won the race was the Manchester Unity Independent Order of Odd Fellows, a benefit society owned by members who assist other members in times of illness or unemployment. Originally founded in Manchester, England, the M.U.I.O.O.F. started in Melbourne in 1840. The Warrnambool branch was founded in 1860. The Warrnmbool Rowing Club was established in 1873, though there had been several boat clubs associated with the Hopkins River going back to the 1850s. No information has been found on R.Russell. This medal is of interest as a memento of a Warrnambool sporting club award in 1908 and of the winner of the award, a Warrnambool group and a member of that group.This circular brass medal has a shield shaped centrepiece with text on both obverse and reverse surrounded by a plain annulus edged with small scrolls. It has a ring at the top.Obverse- W.R.C. Regatta 1908 Reverse SOCIETY FOURS Won by M.U.I.O.O.F.R RUSSELL. A maker's hallmark.warrnambool rowing club, the friendly society, m.u.i.o.o.f. -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph - The Boulevard at Kew, 1937
The Yarra Scenic Boulevard stretching from Hawthorn to the Chandler Highway was completed as a major project between 1933 and 1936 during a period of significant unemployment. Key dates in the construction this section the road include: 1933 when Kew Council supported the construction of the road from Studley Park to the Kew Asylum; and 1936 when the road from the Johnston Street Bridge to the Chandler Highway was opened. The inscription on the reverse of the photo 'Boulevard Fairfield' is misleading as there is no section of the Boulevard in Fairfield. A more likely interpretation is that it is a photograph of the Kew section of the Yarra Boulevard with the factories of Fairfield in the distance.Rare early photograph of the Yarra Boulevard, taken one year after the opening of the road. The photograph is an important historical record of the results of 'Susso' labor in the creation of major works in Melbourne by the Victorian Government. Original, black and white positive print of the Boulevard at Kew in 1937. Key aspects to note about the photograph is that the road is bituminised; that the gutters are concreted; that the kerb is constructed of concrete blocks; and that there is an unmade footpath on what appears to be the right hand side of the road. The landscape is sparsely treed, and those trees that remain are presumably remnant vegetation. At the right, the land is fenced. The land at the left falls away sharply to the river below. On the horizon, at left, there is an industrial complex including a tall chimney that is burning fuel creating smoke. "Boulevard Fairfield" great depression, susso projects, roads -- kew (vic.), yarra boulevard, yarra valley -
Unions Ballarat
Correspondence with the Central Unemployed Committee, Melbourne. Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union, April-October 1939
Ballarat Sustenance and Relief Workers' Union was a Trades Hall Council-sponsored organisation co-ordinating the self help activities of the Ballarat unemployed during the 1930s depression. (1935-1940) Central Unemployed Committee was established in Melbourne by Victorian Trades Hall Council in 1933. The Committee was known to actively lobby against work for the dole schemes.The file forms part of the history of "unemployed unions" during The Great Depression. It also highlights attempts by previous Australian governments to impose "work for the dole" on to unemployed persons in exchange for unemployment benefits. Paper in folder.unemployment, dole, central unemployed committee, victorian trades hall council, btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, work for the dole, ballarat sustenance and relief workers' union, the great depression -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Ledger, Cash Book 1865-1894. Ancient Order of Foresters, Circa 1865
This ledger contains entries which pertain to sick pay, funeral expenses. Many of the entries are prefaced by Bro and a loose slip of paper in the ledger has The Ancient Order of Foresters, Warrnambool United District. The United Warrnambool District of the Ancient Order of Foresters was formed around 1869. It was changed to the Court Warrnambool No. 4126 at a later date. The Ancient order of Foresters was established in Leeds in England in the mid 1700’s to provide financial and support to its members in times of illness, unemployment, disability and old age. They were particularly active in the lives of members around the time of both world wars and during the depression in the 1930’s. The entries in this journal contain the names of many early people of the area as well as detailed financial records of an early friendly society. It has historical significance and social significance for the district. It also provides an insight into the workings of society in the 19th centuryBrown leather hard cover with gold lettering on red background on spine of ledger.227 pages.warrnambool, ancient order of forresters, ancient order of forresters warrnambool -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Minutes & Accounts of the Tarnagulla Garibaldi Lodge Trustees, 1876-1923
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life. Minutes & Accounts of the Tarnagulla Garibaldi Lodge Trustees. Minutes from April 1876 to Jan 1899. Accounts from 1893 to 1923.fraternal organisations, lodge -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Minutes of Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1882-1886), 1882-1886
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger containing minutes of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge between July 1882 and July 1886.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Minutes of Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1886-1891), 1886-1891
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger containing minutes of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge between July 1886 and August 1891.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Minutes of Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1895-1896), 1895-1896
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger containing minutes of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge between March 1895 and July 1896.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Minutes of Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1896-1898), 1896-1898
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger containing Minutes of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge between August 1896 and August 1898. The rear pages are used in reverse. They record Minutes of Lodge Sub-committees: the Social, Anniversary and Reception Committee meetings of 1896-1898 and a Trustees meeting of 1897.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Minutes of Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1916-1924), 1916-1924
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger containing Minutes of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge between December 1916 and January 1924. lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Minutes of Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1898-1901), 1898-1901
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger containing Minutes of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge between August 1898 and August 1901. Rear pages contain Minutes of a Summons Meeting and the 10th & 11th planning meetings for the Lodge Anniversary celebration event..lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Pence Book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1900-1908), 1900-1908
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger being 'Pence Book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, records dating from between June 1900 and May 1908.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Pence Book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1908-1914), 1908-1914
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger, 'Pence Book' of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, records dating from between November 1908 and May 1914.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Pence Book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1914-1921), 1914-1921
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger, 'Pence Book' of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, records dating from between November 1914 and November 1921.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Pence Book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1922-1931), 1922-1931
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Ledger, 'Pence Book' of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, records dating from between May 1922 and November 1931.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Register of member contributions, Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1863-1873), 1863-1873
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Register of member contributions, Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, dating between 1863 and 1873.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Sick Fund/Management Fund book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1867-1885), 1867-1885
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Sick Fund & Management Fund book, Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, containing expenditure and receipts. Sick Fund 1867 - 1882; Management Fund 1867 - 1885.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Sick Fund/Management Fund book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1874-1888), 1874-1888
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Sick Fund & Management Fund book, Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, containing expenditure and receipts. Covers period 1874 - 1888.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Sick Fund/Management Fund book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1900-1914), 1900-1911
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Sick Fund & Management Fund book, Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, containing expenditure and receipts. Sick Fund Jan 1900 - May 1914; Management Fund Jan 1900 - June 1911.lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Cash Book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1885-1899), 1885-1899
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Cash Book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, 1885-1899. lodge, fraternal organisations -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Night Book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge (1872-1876), 1872-1876
The Manchester Unity Independent Order Of Oddfellows was a friendly society beginning in England in 1840, and provided medical and other services to communities. MUIOOF became strong in gold-rush Australia, with many branches, or lodges, in country centres. Tarnagulla's Loyal Garibaldi Lodge was registered on 21 September 1861, and remained a vital part of the community for many decades. Like other Lodges, this fraternal organisation provided unemployment, sickness and funeral insurance for workers. It played an important civic role by providing financial security, a social outlet and an avenue for status advancement. By the last twenty years of the 19th century, Lodge activity was an important part of community life.Night Book of the Tarnagulla Loyal Garibaldi Lodge, February 1872 to April 1876.lodge, fraternal organisations