Showing 16663 items
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National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Document, Kinetics in Counterinsurgency: some influences on soldier combat performance in the 1st Australian Task Force in the Vietnam War, 2010
... Kinetics in Counterinsurgency: some influences on soldier ...Two photocopies of the article published in the journal, Small Wars & Insurgencies. Vol. 21 No. 3, Sep 2010.counterinsurgency, combat performance, soldier lethality -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Booklet, Treatment of Prisoners of War in WW2.|Australians in Germany and|Germans in Australia, 2006
... Treatment of Prisoners of War in WW2.|Australians in ...Written as a recorded comparison of the treatment of Prisoners of war during WW2 of Australians in Germany and Germans in AustraliaPlastic covers. Clear plastic front and black plastic back. Black Printingprisoners of war, ww2, treatment of prisoners, german pow's -
Victorian Apiarists Association
Publication, Money In Bees In Australasia (Tarlton-Rayment) A Practial Treatise on the Profitable Management of the Honey Bee in Australasia, 1916? (from National Library catalogue)
... Money In Bees In Australasia (Tarlton-Rayment) A Practial ...Green cloth hard covered book, approx A5 size. On the front is the title in a goldy colour with drawings of a bee , a hive & some coins 293 pages Dedication to James Firth A guardian of the Indigenous Forest and a friend of its 'Feather and Fur'. This book is dedicated in appreciation of his work during the forest fires of 1913 and 1914 -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, Neil McGarvie, The influence of language in the education of Aboriginal students in urban and rural schools in Queensland, 1986
... The influence of language in the education of Aboriginal ...mapssecondary school education, aboriginal english, queensland education system, language and education -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, 21859VIC Certificate I in Mumgu-dhal tyama-tiyt 21860VIC Certificate II in Mumgu-dhal tyama-tiyt 21861VIC Certificate III in Mumgu-dhal tyama-tiyt, 2007
... 21859VIC Certificate I in Mumgu-dhal tyama-tiyt 21860VIC ...woiwurrung, keeraywooroong, keerraywoorroong, wurundjeri council, curriculum, course guide -
Lakes Entrance Regional Historical Society (operating as Lakes Entrance History Centre & Museum)
Book, Saunders Nicole, Advice to a Young lady in the Colonies being a letter sent from Mrs E of England to Maria Macarthur in the Colony of New South Wales in 1812, 2007
... Advice to a Young lady in the Colonies being a letter sent ...Research interpretation and recommendation for management of the World War 1 memorial carvings at Lakes Entrance, victoria, being the place of potential cultural significance component of diploma of natural resourcesworld war 1914-1918, memorials -
Stawell Historical Society Inc
Photograph, WW 1 soldiers in Camp in Australia.with Sergeant James Sumner in front with no hat & KIA 1914-1918
... WW 1 soldiers in Camp in Australia.with Sergeant James ...WW1 soldiers in Camp in Australia. Sergeant James Sumner 1914-18 in front with no hat KIA.stawell ww1 -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Document - Report, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission. Royal Commission Government Response Monitoring Unit, Five years on : implementation of the Commonwealth Government responses to the recommendations of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody Vol. 1, Trends in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander deaths in custody and incarceration
... into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody Vol. 1, Trends in Aboriginal ...Implementation of the Commonwealth Government Responses to the Recommendations of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in custody, five years on.iii-vii; 97 P.; tables; graphs; 25 cm.Implementation of the Commonwealth Government Responses to the Recommendations of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in custody, five years on.prisoners, aboriginal australian -- mortality. | prisons and race relations -- australia. | aboriginal australians -- criminal justice system. | police -- complaints against -- australia. -
Department of Health and Human Services
Photograph, A nurse sitting reading whilst two others stand in front of bay windows with a spectacular view in the Caloola Sunbury Nurses in Lounge - 1964
... A nurse sitting reading whilst two others stand in front of ... -
Moorabbin Air Museum
Photograph (Item) - Hawk Lead-in Fighter in frame plus assorted photos in album
... Hawk Lead-in Fighter in frame plus assorted photos in album ... -
Expression Australia
Book, Auslan Volume One: Certificate II in Auslan, Certificate III in Auslan, Certificate IV in Auslan, Diploma of Auslan
... Auslan Volume One: Certificate II in Auslan, Certificate ...Produced by Chisholm Institute 2001.Spiral bound, 30cmHx21cmW, 313 pagesauslan -
Expression Australia
Book, Auslan Volume Two: Certificate II in Auslan, Certificate III in Auslan, Certificate IV in Auslan, Diploma of Auslan
... Auslan Volume Two: Certificate II in Auslan, Certificate ...Produced by Chisholm Institute 2001Spiral bound, 30cmHx21cmW, pages 315-697 -
Stawell Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Stawell Drive-in Theatre in the Trotting Track in a panoramic view from the West c1960
... Stawell Drive-in Theatre in the Trotting Track in a ...Panoramic View of Stawell Drive-in Theatre & Trotting Track from west c1960 stawell entertainment -
Beechworth Honey Archive
Publication; Publication e-book, Money in bees in Australasia: a practical treatise on the profitable management of the honey bee in Australasia. (Rayment, Tarlton). Melbourne, [1916?], [1916?]
... Money in bees in Australasia: a practical treatise on the ...293 pages, illustrated -
University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus Archives
Book - Thesis, Sandra Pullman, Ina Higgins' Role in Advancing Women in Horticulture in Victoria and Australia, 2019
... Ina Higgins' Role in Advancing Women in Horticulture in ...December 2019 Dear Jane and Burnley Archives. Thankyou for all the support and information you shared with me over the last 3 years. Best wishes Sandra Pullmanina higgins, women in horticulture, horticulture, education of women -
Mrs Aeneas Gunn Memorial Library
Book, Methuen, Atlantic meeting : an account of Mr. Churchill's voyage in H. M. S. Prince of Wales, in August, 1941, and the conference with President Roosevelt which resulted in the Atlantic charter, 1946
... Atlantic meeting : an account of Mr. Churchill's voyage in ...Commemorating the seventy-fifth anniversary of Winston Churchill’s meeting with President Roosevelt at Argentia Harbour, Placentia Bay With a new Foreword by Lord David Owen In August 1941 Winston Churchill (1874 1965) and President Roosevelt (1882 1945) met secretly on HMS Prince of Wales, moored just off the coast of Newfoundland.Index, ill, map, p.160.non-fictionCommemorating the seventy-fifth anniversary of Winston Churchill’s meeting with President Roosevelt at Argentia Harbour, Placentia Bay With a new Foreword by Lord David Owen In August 1941 Winston Churchill (1874 1965) and President Roosevelt (1882 1945) met secretly on HMS Prince of Wales, moored just off the coast of Newfoundland. world war 1939- 1945 - diplomacy, atlantic charter 1941 -
Bacchus Marsh & District Historical Society
Instrument - Aircraft Control stick, Joy Stick presented to Pilot Officer Eric V. Read in 1937 after it was recovered from an aircraft he was flying had crashed in the Brisbane Ranges in December 1936
... Joy Stick presented to Pilot Officer Eric V. Read in 1937 ...A Control Joy Stick presented to Pilot Officer Eric V. Read in 1937 after it was recovered from an aircraft he was flying had crashed in the Brisbane Ranges in December 1936. Eric Read was a 21 year old RAAF pilot who was on a flight over the Bacchus Marsh region to make meteorological observations. Read's plane came down in bad weather and crashed into a heavily wooded area of the Brisbane Ranges between Staughton Vale and Mount Wallace. An extensive air and ground search was conducted and after 32 hours Read was located, alive, but badly injured and unable to get out of the cockpit of the plane. He was first located from the air and then a rescue party was able to reach him through rough country and bring him to safety. Read recovered from his injuries and many years later gifted the control stick of the aircraft he had been flying as an item for the collection of the Bacchus Marsh and District Historical Society.This item is of local historical significance as an object related to a notable aircraft accident and subsequent rescue of the pilot. It is also significant for its rarity as a surviving piece of aviation equipment from this era.Control or Joy stick mounted on a wooden base.aircraft, aircraft accidents, eric v. read -
Friends of St Brigids Association
Book - History of the Catholic Church in Australasia. From authentic sources : containing many original and official documents in connection with the church in Australasia, besides others from the archives of Rome, Westminster, and Dublin , which are here present, Moran, Patrick Francis. 1897. History of the Catholic Church in Australasia. From authentic sources : containing many original and official documents in connection with the church in Australasia, besides others from the archives of Rome, Westminster, and Dublin, which are here present. Sydney : Oceanic Publishing, [189-?] 1003 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm
... Church in Australasia. From authentic sources : containing many ... -
Wonga Park Community Cottage History Group
Photograph (sub-item) - Certificate recording a winner at Wonga Park’s Easter Show in 1932 – Mrs. Heims for a ‘plain cake’! This show was an annual event for many years in Wonga Park. Certificate in original colour
... in 1932 – Mrs. Heims for a ‘plain cake’! This show was an ...Certificate recording a winner at Wonga Park’s Easter Show in 1932 – Mrs. Heims for a ‘plain cake’! This show was an annual event for many years in Wonga Park. Certificate in original colour. -
Mrs Aeneas Gunn Memorial Library
Book, James Ingram and Son, The story of the Anzacs : an historical account of the part taken by Australia and New Zealand in the Great War; from the outbreak in August, 1914, until the evacuation of Gallipoli, in December, 1915, 1917
... taken by Australia and New Zealand in the Great War; from the ...The story of the Anzacs being an historical account of the part taken by Australia and New Zealand in the Great War; from the outbreak in August, 1914, until the evacuation of Gallipoli, in December, 1915.p.153.The story of the Anzacs being an historical account of the part taken by Australia and New Zealand in the Great War; from the outbreak in August, 1914, until the evacuation of Gallipoli, in December, 1915.world war 1914-1918 - australian involvement, world war - campaigns - dardenalles. -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Book, McTurnan Kahin, George and Lewis John W, The United States in Vietnam: An Analysis In Depth Of The History Of America's Involvement In Vietnam (Copy 2)
... The United States in Vietnam: An Analysis In Depth Of The ...So much has been written from so many divergent points of view about the involvement of the United States in Vietnam that the entire issue has become obscured and the truth is difficult, if not impossible, for the general public to discern.So much has been written from so many divergent points of view about the involvement of the United States in Vietnam that the entire issue has become obscured and the truth is difficult, if not impossible, for the general public to discern. vietnam war, 1961-1975 - united states, vietnam - politics and government -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Book, Kahin, George McTurnan and Lewis John W, The United States in Vietnam: An Analysis In Depth Of The History Of America's Involvement In Vietnam (Copy 1)
... The United States in Vietnam: An Analysis In Depth Of The ...So much has been written from so many divergent points of view about the involvement of the United States in Vietnam that the entire issue has become obscured and the truth is difficult, if not impossible, for the general public to discern.So much has been written from so many divergent points of view about the involvement of the United States in Vietnam that the entire issue has become obscured and the truth is difficult, if not impossible, for the general public to discern.vietnam war, 1961-1975 - united states, vietnam - politics and government -
Buninyong & District Historical Society
Photograph - Arthur Senior and Gordon Hale standing in front of car, outside unidentified house, Arthur Senior in School of Mines blazer, and Gordon Hale in Ballarat Grammar blazer, standing in front of Morris 8 car, outside unidentified house, 1993
... Arthur Senior in School of Mines blazer, and Gordon Hale in ...historic, social, peopleArthur Senior in School of Mines blazer, and Gordon Hale in Ballarat Grammar blazer, standing in front of car, outside unidentified house. Car appears to be a 1938 Morris 8 Series II."Arthur Senior & Gordon Hale 1938, Arthru in SMB blazer, Gordon in Grammar School"buninyong, hale family, learmonth st -
Creswick Campus Historical Collection - University of Melbourne
Photograph - Photograph of Department Forestry Refresher Course, 1913, R. Morton, Forestry Refresher Course, 1913, 1913
Department Forestry Refresher Course, 1913. The photograph shows the Conservator of Forests, H MacKay and the Chief Superintendent of State Plantations, John Johnstone, with the Forest Officers of the department outside the Victorian School of Forestry (Tremearne House) in Creswick.sepia photograph mounted on cardboard with separate cardboard backing.On the front: With compliments, Conservator of Forests. R. Morton Photo. Creswick. On the Back: Photo presented to Forester J.S.Ritchie, Glen Park. Passed down to Asst Supt Pltns. W.Ritchie and finally Divl Forester N.E. Division, R.J. Ritchie. On separate card backing: Forest Officers (with list of names) including J.Johnstone Chief Supt of Plantations, H McKay Conservator of Forests -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Centenary Celebrations, Willsmere [Kew] Mental Hospital, 1972, 1972
This photograph is part of a series taken at the Willsmere (Kew) Mental Hospital. The photographs were gifted to the Kew Historical Society in 2018 by Rosemary Barnes. The photos had been in the possession of her former husband, Dr Fred Stamp, the last medical superintendent of the hospital. In 2019, the photographs were transferred to the State Archives as Permanent Government Records, as the Society is only entitled as a Class-B Place of Deposit to hold Temporary Government Records. The Society was permitted to keep and publish a digital copy of each photograph. Many of the photographs include information on the reverse about individuals or locations. Where this is the case, these have been published here as images that can be viewed in the picture carousel. Permission for third parties to reproduce this record must be granted by the Public Record Office Victoria.Arrival of the Official Party. One of a series of photographs of the centenary celebrations at the Willsmere Mental Hospital in 1972.THE GOVERNOR OF VICTORIA'S CAR ENTERS THE DAY CENTRE GATES AT WILLSMERE 1972willsmere mental hospital, willsmere unit, kew mental hospital, kew lunatic asylum, willsmere hospital -
Port Fairy Historical Society Museum and Archives
Ceremonial object - medal, Stokes and Co
H.H.Hindhaugh 1959 awarded medal Life Governorship of Freemason Homes of Victoriaenameled medal with blue grograin ribbon and bar with pin in cardboard boxLife Governor- Freemasons Home of Victoria- reverse: 67- H.H.Hindhaugh 1959h.h.hindhaugh, freemason, home, life governorship, victoria -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Book, The Victorian Local Government Handbook by F. H. Lonie, eighth edition by Kenneth H. Gifford and I. H. M. Lonie, 1974
The Victorian Local Government Handbook was first devised by Frank Lonie in 1936. It was designed to help the layman (Councillors and their Senior Officers) be introduced to and understand the Local Government Act. This copy is the eighth edition.This book adds the Eltham District Historical Society's "Shire of Eltham" civic collection. It is significant in that it adds context to the understanding of other items in the collection, especially for the 1936-1974 era.Red hardcover. 256 p,Inside front cover stamp: Return to Chief Administrator Shire of Elthamlocal government, shire of eltham, law -
Ringwood RSL Sub-Branch
Uniform, Navy Work Shirt
Blue long sleeved work shirt. Australian shoulder flash’s with insignia of a Chief Petty Officer on right breast -
Federation University Historical Collection
Photograph - Colour, Jarrod Watt, A thousand protestors surround Hong Kong's main police headquarters on Arsenal Street in Wan Chai on June 26th 2019, 21/06/2019
... headquarters on Arsenal Street in Wan Chai on June 26th 2019 ...Carrie Lam, Hong Kong’s chief executive, had plenty of political support in the territory’s pro-Beijing legislature to pass a bill that would allow extraditions to mainland China. The legislators were set to begin discussing the bill in early June, and intended to vote on it just weeks later. A series of protests took place, and after a June 16 protest saw the largest turnout yet, Ms. Lam made a major concession: She postponed the bill, at least temporarily. It was an undeniable victory for the protesters — but it did little to quell the unrest. Since the bill could later be reintroduced, protesters felt they remained in danger. The police tactics to break up the demonstrations on June 12, including the use of more than 150 tear gas canisters to push protesters far away from the government office, created a new set of demands from the protesters. Now, instead of just calling for the withdrawal of the bill and Ms. Lam’s resignation, they said they wouldn’t be content unless there was an independent investigation of officers’ conduct. They also wanted the release of protesters arrested on June 12, and for the government to rescind its description of the demonstrations as a “riot,” a designation that carries legal significance. None of that has happened. Many analysts say Ms. Lam is unlikely to step down, nor would Beijing accept her resignation if she offered it. She has more wiggle room on the other demands, but has not indicated any willingness to budge. The Hong Kong Protests are a leaderless, digital movement.There is no single leader or group deciding on or steering the strategy, tactics and goals of the movement. Instead, protesters have used forums and messaging apps to decide next steps. Anyone can suggest a course of action, and others then vote on whether they support it. The most popular ideas rise to the top, and then people rally to make them happen. At its best, this structure has empowered many people to participate and have their voices heard. Protesters say it keeps them all safe by not allowing the government to target specific leaders. Their success in halting the extradition bill, which was shelved by the territory’s chief executive, speaks to the movement’s power. Despite the lack of a clear leader, protesters have shown extensive coordination at the demonstrations, having planned the specifics online beforehand. Supply stations are set up to distribute water, snacks, gloves, umbrellas and shields made of cardboard. Volunteer first aid workers wear brightly colored vests. People form assembly lines to pass supplies across long distances, with protesters communicating what they need through a series of predetermined hand signals. Anyone walking in dangerous areas without a helmet or a mask is quickly offered one. No individual can speak on behalf of the protesters, which makes negotiations difficult, if not impossible. (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/world/asia/hong-kong-protest-explained.html, accessed 07/07/2019) Hong Kong’s amended extradition law would allow the extradition of suspects to mainland China for the first time. Supporters say the amendments are key to ensuring the city does not become a criminal refuge, but critics worry Beijing will use the law to extradite political opponents and others to China where their legal protections cannot be guaranteed. The government claims the push to change the law, which would also apply to Taiwan and Macau, stems from the killing last year of a Hong Kong woman while she was in Taiwan with her boyfriend. Authorities in Taiwan suspect the woman’s boyfriend, who remains in Hong Kong, but cannot try him because no extradition agreement is in place. Under the amended law, those accused of offences punishable by seven years or more in prison could be extradited. The new legislation would give Hong Kong’s leader, known as the chief executive, authority to approve extradition requests, after review by the courts. Hong Kong’s legislature, the legislative council, would not have any oversight over the extradition process. Many Hong Kongers fear the proposed extradition law will be used by authorities to target political enemies. They worry the new legislation spells the end of the “one country, two systems” policy, eroding the civil rights enjoyed by Hong Kong residents since the handover of sovereignty from the UK to China in 1997. Many attending the protests on Sunday said they could not trust China as it had often used non-political crimes to target government critics, and said they also feared Hong Kong officials would not be able to reject Beijing’s requests. Legal professionals have also expressed concern over the rights of those sent across the border to be tried. The conviction rate in Chinese courts is as high as 99%. Arbitrary detentions, torture and denial of legal representation of one’s choosing are also common. Many in the protests on Sunday 09 June 2019 said they felt overwhelmed by a sense of helplessness in the face of mainland China’s increasing political, economic and cultural influence in Hong Kong. Hong Kong’s top political leader is not elected by ordinary voters but by a 1,200-strong election committee accountable to Beijing. Half of its legislature are chosen through indirect electoral systems that favour pro-Beijing figures. Many Hong Kongers also cited the jailing of leaders and activists from the 2014 Occupy Central movement– a 79-day mass civil disobedience movement – as well as the disqualification of young localist lawmakers as signs of the erosion of civil freedoms. Resentment towards China has been intensified by soaring property prices – with increasing numbers of mainland Chinese buying properties in the city – as well as the government’s “patriotic education” drive, and the large numbers of mainland tourists who flock to Hong Kong. Many Hong Kongers are also concerned about China’s growing control over the city’s news media, as they increasingly self-censor and follow Beijing’s tacit orders. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/10/what-are-the-hong-kong-protests-about-explainerMore than a thousand protestors surround Hong Kong's main police headquarters on Arsenal Street in Wan Chai on June 26th following a peaceful rally at Edinburgh Place in Central. Doors to the complex were barricaded by protestors, who left after a six hour siege in protest at police violence at a prtest held earlier on 12 June 2019. Protesters ended a six-hour siege of Hong Kong’s police headquarters – their second in a week over the now-suspended extradition bill – early on Thursday morning. More than 1,000 were involved at the height of the protest, which began after 10pm on Wednesday. Around 100 were left at the end and dispersed without a fight when officers with riot shields emerged from the building in Wan Chai at 4am on Thursday. After a peaceful rally attended by thousands earlier at Edinburgh Place in the Central business district, hundreds descended on Arsenal Street, blocking the junction with Lockhart Road to all traffic and sealing the entrances to the police base. (https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3016238/hong-kong-police-under-siege-again-protesters-surround )carrie lam, hong kong protests, extraditions, protest, protestors -
Federation University Historical Collection
Photograph - Photograph - Colour, Jarrod Watt, Street Protests in Hong Kong against proposed extradition laws, 2019, 17/06/2019
... Street Protests in Hong Kong against proposed extradition ...Carrie Lam, Hong Kong’s chief executive, had plenty of political support in the territory’s pro-Beijing legislature to pass a bill that would allow extraditions to mainland China. The legislators were set to begin discussing the bill in early June, and intended to vote on it just weeks later. A series of protests took place, and after a June 16 protest saw the largest turnout yet, Ms. Lam made a major concession: She postponed the bill, at least temporarily. It was an undeniable victory for the protesters — but it did little to quell the unrest. Since the bill could later be reintroduced, protesters felt they remained in danger. The police tactics to break up the demonstrations on June 12, including the use of more than 150 tear gas canisters to push protesters far away from the government office, created a new set of demands from the protesters. Now, instead of just calling for the withdrawal of the bill and Ms. Lam’s resignation, they said they wouldn’t be content unless there was an independent investigation of officers’ conduct. They also wanted the release of protesters arrested on June 12, and for the government to rescind its description of the demonstrations as a “riot,” a designation that carries legal significance. None of that has happened. Many analysts say Ms. Lam is unlikely to step down, nor would Beijing accept her resignation if she offered it. She has more wiggle room on the other demands, but has not indicated any willingness to budge. The Hong Kong Protests are a leaderless, digital movement.There is no single leader or group deciding on or steering the strategy, tactics and goals of the movement. Instead, protesters have used forums and messaging apps to decide next steps. Anyone can suggest a course of action, and others then vote on whether they support it. The most popular ideas rise to the top, and then people rally to make them happen. At its best, this structure has empowered many people to participate and have their voices heard. Protesters say it keeps them all safe by not allowing the government to target specific leaders. Their success in halting the extradition bill, which was shelved by the territory’s chief executive, speaks to the movement’s power. Despite the lack of a clear leader, protesters have shown extensive coordination at the demonstrations, having planned the specifics online beforehand. Supply stations are set up to distribute water, snacks, gloves, umbrellas and shields made of cardboard. Volunteer first aid workers wear brightly colored vests. People form assembly lines to pass supplies across long distances, with protesters communicating what they need through a series of predetermined hand signals. Anyone walking in dangerous areas without a helmet or a mask is quickly offered one. No individual can speak on behalf of the protesters, which makes negotiations difficult, if not impossible. (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/world/asia/hong-kong-protest-explained.html, accessed 07/07/2019) Hong Kong’s amended extradition law would allow the extradition of suspects to mainland China for the first time. Supporters say the amendments are key to ensuring the city does not become a criminal refuge, but critics worry Beijing will use the law to extradite political opponents and others to China where their legal protections cannot be guaranteed. The government claims the push to change the law, which would also apply to Taiwan and Macau, stems from the killing last year of a Hong Kong woman while she was in Taiwan with her boyfriend. Authorities in Taiwan suspect the woman’s boyfriend, who remains in Hong Kong, but cannot try him because no extradition agreement is in place. Under the amended law, those accused of offences punishable by seven years or more in prison could be extradited. The new legislation would give Hong Kong’s leader, known as the chief executive, authority to approve extradition requests, after review by the courts. Hong Kong’s legislature, the legislative council, would not have any oversight over the extradition process. Many Hong Kongers fear the proposed extradition law will be used by authorities to target political enemies. They worry the new legislation spells the end of the “one country, two systems” policy, eroding the civil rights enjoyed by Hong Kong residents since the handover of sovereignty from the UK to China in 1997. Many attending the protests on Sunday said they could not trust China as it had often used non-political crimes to target government critics, and said they also feared Hong Kong officials would not be able to reject Beijing’s requests. Legal professionals have also expressed concern over the rights of those sent across the border to be tried. The conviction rate in Chinese courts is as high as 99%. Arbitrary detentions, torture and denial of legal representation of one’s choosing are also common. Many in the protests on Sunday 09 June 2019 said they felt overwhelmed by a sense of helplessness in the face of mainland China’s increasing political, economic and cultural influence in Hong Kong. Hong Kong’s top political leader is not elected by ordinary voters but by a 1,200-strong election committee accountable to Beijing. Half of its legislature are chosen through indirect electoral systems that favour pro-Beijing figures. Many Hong Kongers also cited the jailing of leaders and activists from the 2014 Occupy Central movement– a 79-day mass civil disobedience movement – as well as the disqualification of young localist lawmakers as signs of the erosion of civil freedoms. Resentment towards China has been intensified by soaring property prices – with increasing numbers of mainland Chinese buying properties in the city – as well as the government’s “patriotic education” drive, and the large numbers of mainland tourists who flock to Hong Kong. Many Hong Kongers are also concerned about China’s growing control over the city’s news media, as they increasingly self-censor and follow Beijing’s tacit orders. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/10/what-are-the-hong-kong-protests-about-explainerPhotograph of a crowd or protestors against proposed extradition laws gathering on the streets of Causeway Bay, Hong Kong, leading down to the gathering area. carrie lam, hong kong protests, extraditions, protest, protestors