Sixteen page book printed on off white paper, with card cover, side stapled and titled "Ticket Issue Modernised". Details the TIM system, benefits, uses, sample tickets, components, examples of use, TIM "Major" for long distance routes, use for admission tickets, packing slips, cash receipts etc along with sample tickets, costs, cancellation punch, canceler and servicing. On the rear has a list of British Transport undertakings using the system and other users. On front cover has the stamp of "MdC Engineering Supplies Pty Ltd of 113 Queen St Melbourne". Printed on front cover is TIM UK company details. Full scan of document added as a pdf file 5/6/2019.On front cover has the stamp of "MdC Engineering Supplies Pty Ltd of 113 Queen St Melbourne"trams, tramways, tickets, ticket machines, buses

Yields information about the tram timetables applicable to Melbourne's trams, including cable and electric and demonstrates the spread of Melbourne's public transport system in the early 1920's.Forty Eight page printed book contained with oversize green heavy paper covers centre stapled with a coloured map glued into the rear cover of the book titled "OSBA Tram Time Tables with Railway and Tramway Map, of Melbourne and Suburbs". Published c1920 - shows Footscray system, Victoria St Flemington link, does not show Puckle St. Timetables details Fares, first and last cars for cable and electric lines, sections and other details of the various lines. Note page 44 and 45 cannot be accessed, paper not cut correctly during the printing process - leave as is. Map prepared by Gawler and Drummond Architects, shows in colour the cable routes, electric tramways, authorised tramways and railway lines. Municipalities shown in different colours. Map folded into 12 sections. Published by Osboldstone & Co Pty Ltd, Printers and Publishers, Temple Court Place, Melbourne. Price 6d. Full scan of document added as a pdf file 5/6/2019. map, timetables, melbourne, cable trams

Shows views of Ballarat city, tourist attractions, Lake Wendouree in the 1950's, with some distance views of the trams in the streets. Demonstrates production of souvenirs of the era - folded postcards.Set of 9 coloured views of Ballarat printed with all photos on one side of a folded strip of paper glued within an colour printed light card folder. Published by The Valentine Publishing Co. Pty Ltd of Melbourne and Sydney., titled "Beautiful Views in Color of Ballarat Vic". Front cover has a image of the Arch of Victory on the left hand side with space for title, address area and stamp. Rear of Cover has printer name and a slit for the envelope to be closed over and sealed. 1. The Avenue of Honor and the Arch of Victory 2. The Eureka Stockade Memorial 3. The Old Curiosity shop 4. Town Hall Sturt St. (with trams in distance views, note Myers verandah still there) 5. Sturt St showing Mt. Warrenheip in the distance 6. Picturesque scene in the Gardens 7. The Boat shed and basin, Lake Wendouree 8. Sturt St. (from Greville St and large Robur Tea advertisement on building) 9. The Conservatory in the Gardens. From the motor vehicles in the photograph would say early 1950's. trams, tramways, ballarat, postcards, sturt st, bridge st, gardens, grenville st, lake wendouree

Newspaper clipping from the Courier dated 5/6/1981, mounted on a sheet of an A4 sheet of scrap paper from a Vic Government department titled "...mall contented". Article notes the official opening of the Bridge St Mall on that date, Footscray Mall being the only comparable while Melbourne is "dithering" over Burke St. Mall. Noted that the last tram ran through Bridge St in 1971."5/6/81" in blue ink on the headline area.ballarat, bridge st, bridge mall

Has a strong association with a BTPS organised tour and yields information about the tour arrangements., Has a strong association with a BTPS organised tour and yields information about the tour arrangements.Spirit duplicated, handwritten Special Table" or timetable for a charter tram tour. Issued by the MMTB for a BTPS special charter on 12/1/1982. Inspector Davies, out of Malvern Depot. Gives time and route arrangements, primarily in the Essendon area. Drivers Carolyn Dean and Ron Scholten, with tram No. 1018. Hired for the Andrew Hall's 21st Birthday. See C. Cleak for event purpose.trams, tramways, btps, charters, special trams

Set of two A4 sheets photocopied, advertising "Yapper Tours W3 661 Outings", using BTM / BTPS W3 No. 661 in Melbourne during 1989. .1 - general brochure with a photos of 665 and 661 in Swanston St - giving fare and travel conditions. .2 - list of six tours dates during April 1989 giving proposed tour arrangements.trams, tramways, btps, charters, special trams, yapper tours

Yields information about the nature of the day/s towards the last full day of operation - at the tram depot. Used in the Courier Supplement to mark the closure of the system and how the Courier photo was used by another newspaper for another purpose.Black and White copy photograph of a newspaper photograph taken by The Courier - photo taken ?, possibly on the last weekend and published in the Courier Supplement on 20/9/1971 following closure of the depot with No. 36 on 1 road and a single trucker on 0 road. See Reg Item 1052 for the newspaper cutting used at the time of the sale of the Depot in the Melbourne Age and also in the Courier Supplement. Collected by Alan Bradley from the Ballarat Courier early 1980's. See Excel file "Record of Ballarat Courier Photos SEC era" (Archive Documents) for source of details.tramways, trams, depot, closure, wendouree parade, tram 36

Yields information about the trails of an alternative method of propulsion of tramcars - electric battery. Shows the vehicle while on trial in Melbourne. Shows the people involved in the trials.Black and White copy photograph of a State Library of South Australia SLSA B34583, of the Julien battery-electric tramcar on trials in Toorak Road, Melbourne; see page 27 of The Golden City and its Tramways and for the photo itself. Trails undertaken September 1888. Collected by Alan Bradley from the State Library of South Australia early 1980's. For details of the Adelaide trials - see https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Julien%27s_Patent_battery_tram,_Henley_Beach,_9_January_1889_(SLSA_B-5468).jpg (accessed 22/8/2020). And the Oct. 1977 issue of Trolley Wire, for the construction, testing and disappearance of the tram. 3791.1 - 2nd print obtained by William F Scott on light weight paper - 2 copies2785.1 - on rear of both copies in ink "Trial run of battery electric car in South Yarra (Melbourne) on cable car tracks. 1888. The same car ran in Ballaarat shortly there after." In pencil "Photograph courtesy of the State Library of South Australia SLSA B 34583"tramways, trams, duncan fraser, battery trams, julien system, melbourne

Brown manila folder, quarto size titled "State Electricity Commission ACTS". Folder of the type that would have inside a spring backed folder. On inside cover lists the Acts of the Victorian Parliament that were relevant to the SEC or a reference documents. These include Workers Compensation Act, Melbourne Electric Supply Co. Act, Carriages Act, Electric Light and Power Act, Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Act, Motor Car Act, Motor Car Act, Motor Omnibus Act, State Electricity Commission Act, Tramways Act and Transport Regulation Act. Has ink additions of up to 1946. Older index sheet underneath. Gives Act Numbers and dates. On front cover in top left hand corner has "Deptl. Tramways Superintendent".trams, tramways, sec, acts of parliament, administration

26 Page full colour calendar with heavy card covers featuring Australian Trams, published by Topmill Pty Ltd. Cover (2983i1) features Adelaide No. 243 at Mitcham. Other cities represented - Brisbane, Sydney, Adelaide, Perth, Fremantle, Bendigo, Ballarat, Rockhampton, Sydney, and Melbourne. Photos by Arthur Perry, Ken Smith, Lawrie Hort, Leonard Stewart and Les Horsburgh. Originally priced at $9.95, and has Sale Price with $6.00 sticker. Distributed by Gordon and Gotch. Ballarat trams- 2983i2 - 26 southbound in Albert St to Sebastopol in 1970 used for month of May. Has been used at the depot to marked charters for each month and visitors and reminder dates. tramways, trams, australian trams, ballarat, bendigo, museums

Forty Four page, with glossy white cover and plain white paper inside - "The Tramway Record Vol. 54, No. 11 March. 1992" - with title in green ink and Australian Tramway and Motor Omnibus Employees Association logo on the front cover. Printed by the Victorian branch of the union. Features on the front cover a photo (see image) of the W7 1032. Other items featured are "Tram Stories" written by Frank Puls (Ballarat), pages 29 - 30, about his activities with the Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society, his liking for trams, training, incidents. Features a photo of Frank standing adjacent to No. 13 in Wendouree Parade and a photo taken on Christmas Day 1991, with an Explorer Coach driver. On page 31 - 36 traffic returns and wage comparisons over the years provided by Norm Maddock of The Tramway Museum, Stanhope St. Malvern. Shows cost of living adjustments to wages.trams, tramways, unions, melbourne, ballarat, btps, atmoea

Yields information about the rehabilitation of the Ballarat ESCo trams and new trams acquired and refurbished by the SEC from Melbourne and in particular No. 30.Black and White photograph contained within Reg. Item 3000 - Photo Album produced by the SEC in 1935 titled "Photographs of Ballarat Tramways Rolling Stock & Track Reconditioning Works". Black and white photograph, Ballarat No. 30 following conversion work by the SEC to enclose the ends of the car for Ballarat conditions. Photographed in the depot yard 1935. Has a typed caption on the photograph "M.M.T.B. Car 1935. After Conversion. "The caption has been adhered to the photograph. See also Reg. Item 1357 for copy prints. tramways, trams, mmtb, secv, tramcars, ballarat, depot, tram 30

Yields information about the rehabilitation of the Ballarat ESCo trams and new trams acquired and refurbished by the SEC from Melbourne and the interiors of these trams.Two Black and White photographs contained within Reg. Item 3000 - Photo Album produced by the SEC in 1935 titled "Photographs of Ballarat Tramways Rolling Stock & Track Reconditioning Works". Two photographs of the front of a ex Melbourne M class car (one of the 30 - 33 series, most likely No. 30) given the seat behind the driver showing the re-arranged doors etc of these cars, following conversion. Shows the arrangement of the signs behind the driver, bells, doorways etc. Have an officer with hat sitting in the drivers position. Caption to the photograph typed on a piece of paper and adhered to the sheet under the two photographs is "Interior Views M.M.T.B. Car showing arrangement of entrances." tramways, trams, mmtb, secv, tramcars, ballarat, tram 30?

Yields information about the rehabilitation of the Ballarat tram fleet and the condition and appearance of the trams that were received from Melbourne to enable this.Black and White photograph contained within Reg. Item 3000 - Photo Album produced by the SEC in 1935 titled "Photographs of Ballarat Tramways Rolling Stock & Track Reconditioning Works". Black and white photograph, of ex Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board No. 189, later to become SEC No. 33, in the Ballarat depot yard in 1935. Has caption on photograph of "Additional Rollingstock ex M.M.T.B. Car 1935 as received." Shows arrangement prior to any conversion work. "The caption has been adhered to the photograph. See also Reg. Item 1356 for copy prints. tramways, trams, mmtb, secv, tramcars, ballarat, rehabilitation, conversion, tram 189, tram 33

Yields information about the rehabilitation of the Ballarat ESCo trams and new trams acquired and refurbished by the SEC from Melbourne and in particular No. 30.Black and White photograph contained within Reg. Item 3000 - Photo Album produced by the SEC in 1935 titled "Photographs of Ballarat Tramways Rolling Stock & Track Reconditioning Works". Black and white photograph, of ex MMTB M class tram following its conversion into the Ballarat style of entries and repainting. Could be No. 30. Has caption on the bottom of the photograph "1935 M.M.T.B. Car after Conversion" The caption has been adhered to the photograph. See also Reg. Item 1357 for copy prints. tramways, trams, mmtb, secv, tramcars, ballarat, rehabilitation, conversion

Black and white photograph, of a large group of gentlemen (Official Party) standing along No. 30 (see Reg. Item 3011 for launch photo) during the inauguration of the new rolling stock during 1935. Note the Mayor Cr. Martin standing in the front doorway of the tram wearing a cap and a conductor's bag. Has a caption "Inauguration New Rolling Stock (1935) - Official Party", which has been adhered to the bottom of the photograph. In the bottom right hand corner of the photograph has the imprint "Richards & Co Ballarat". See Reg. Item 2965 for date of photo - 9/1935. Photos not to be taken out of the album unless for photographic copying. Use image files. Yields information about the rehabilitation of the Ballarat ESCo trams and new trams acquired and refurbished by the SEC from Melbourne and in particular No. 30 and the official launch of the tram by the SEC with a large number of officials and invited guests.Black and White photograph contained within Reg. Item 3000 - Photo Album produced by the SEC in 1935 titled "Photographs of Ballarat Tramways Rolling Stock & Track Reconditioning Works".tramways, trams, secv, tramcars, ballarat, rehabilitation, conversion, tram 30

Black and white photograph, of Cr. M. Martin driving No. 30 during the inauguration of the new Ballarat rolling stock during 1935. The Councillor is wearing a SEC drivers cap and a conductors cash bag. See also Reg. Item 3010 for the Official Party photograph. Photographed in Drummond St. North? with a crossing loop behind. Tram has "Special" showing. In the bottom right hand corner of the photograph has the imprint "Richards & Co Ballarat". See Reg Item 2965 for the same photo of this item in SEC May 1936 issue of "Contact", which gave the date of September 1935. 3011.1 - Digital image from the Wal Jack Ballarat Album of the same photograph. Photos not to be taken out of the album unless for photographic copying. Use image files. Yields information about the rehabilitation of the Ballarat tram fleet and new trams acquired and refurbished by the SEC from Melbourne, in particular No. 30. Taken at the time of the official launch of the tram by the SEC with the Mayor of Ballarat at the front of the tram.Black and White photograph contained within Reg. Item 3000 - Photo Album produced by the SEC in 1935 titled "Photographs of Ballarat Tramways Rolling Stock & Track Reconditioning Works".Has a TMSV Copyright stamp on the rear, which has been crossed out.tramways, trams, secv, tramcars, ballarat, rehabilitation, conversion, launch, drummond st nth?, tram 30

Yields information about the rehabilitation of the Ballarat ESCo trams and new trams acquired and refurbished by the SEC from Melbourne and the interiors of these trams.Two Black and White photograph contained within Reg. Item 3000 - Photo Album produced by the SEC in 1935 titled "Photographs of Ballarat Tramways Rolling Stock & Track Reconditioning Works". Black and white photographs of the interior of No. 12, showing advertising racks in the roof and the general arrangement of the doors etc. Shows signs, seats, bell chords, strap hangers and mirrors. 3012.1 has roof advertisements for the SEC, Brockhoff's, Nu-Trola biscuits and other advertisements. Has the Caption of "M.M.T.B. Car after conversion 1936 showing system of advertising." under the photograph. 3012.2 - has caption of "M.M.T.B. Car after conversion 1936 showing seats and drivers cabin" under the photograph. Photos not to be taken out of the album unless for photographic copying. Use image files.tramways, trams, secv, tramcars, ballarat, rehabilitation, conversion, mmtb, tram 12

Photographically printed black and white postcard with an impressed image of an ESCo tram just past the intersection of Doveton St. and Sturt St. travelling east along the north side of Sturt. Street towing a heavily laden horse tram as a trailer. Photo appears to be taken soon after opening of the electric trams, as the tram does not have any destination box above the driver. Possibly summer 1905/1906. Numerous people in the street, some horse drawn vehicles in the photograph. Shows buildings along the south side of Sturt St. and part of the verandah of the building at the NE corner of Doveton St. For a list and description of the same base image see Archives file - "Notes on ESCo Tram towing a heavily loaded trailer" On rear is places for correspondences stamp, address. Addressed to Miss E. Freeman, in Dunedin NZ, with a hand written message. Posted in Melbourne on 28/10/1908. Titled "Sturt Street, Ballarat" along bottom edge with "47" in bottom left hand corner of image.. trams, tramways, sturt st, postcards, esco, doveton st

Book with hardcovers, 48 pages titled "Victoria The Land of Enchantment". Sewn in three sections, with a green strip of cloth and self end papers and printed outer paper, sides glued onto board covers. Consists of 43 colour photographs (full and half page) with captions, detailed text, and two black and white photos printed in blue on end covers. Photos of Mt Buffalo, Gippsland lakes, Mornington Beach, Yarra River, Flinders St. station from the Yarra, Collins and Spring St (with two W2's - see image No. 2), Parliament House, Kiewa Hydro scheme, Eildon Weir, Swan Hill Murray River Bridge, Bendigo Post Office, Melbourne Botanical Gardens, Ballarat - Grenville and Sturt St (No. 22 - see image No. 3), Lorne, Yallourn Power Station, Hume Weir, Maroondah Weir, Great Ocean Road, Warrnambool, Portland Beach, A timber train (see image No. 4), Mildura, flax mills, Eastern Geelong and the Prime Ministers Ave, Ballarat. Produced by Nucolorvue Productions, c1950. See also Reg Item 2925 for the same photo of No. 22 and Reg Item 5354 for a postcard. Purchased via eBay site - see attached sheets and packing slip. Purchased 10/2/2005 for A$12.50 including postage, from Virginia Georgopoulos of West Brunswick. eBay sheets and envelope with worksheet file. Has Swains 123 Pitt St, Sydney sticker on bottom left hand corner page 2trams, tramways, ballarat, sturt st, grenville st, bogie trams, geelong, bendigo, melbourne

3044.1 SEC (Geelong) Motorman/Drivers/Conductors cap - green cloth exterior, grey cotton interior lining, brown leather internal hat band, black cotton hat band on exterior. Black plastic peak fitted with cap or with four holes for the employee badge number in the centre of the cap above the hat band. Sewn on the inside is a label "Commonwealth Government Clothing Factory Melbourne" and stamped "7 3/8". The plastic band at the front half of the cap terminating in two small SEC metal buttons on either side is not present. The holes for this are not visible - may not have been present on Geelong caps? 3044.2 - two small SEC Button badge - nickel plated silver with "Stokes" "Vic" stamped on rear. See also Reg. Item 2894 for a Ballarat Cap. On inside of leather hat band in ink "Mr. R. Evans" and "90 Albert St. West Geelong".tramways, trams, uniforms, cap badge, cap

Printed colour postcard of a horse tram travelling on the north side of Sturt St towards Lydiard St. Tram is travelling on the "right side of the road", which is unusual, horse trams normally travelled in bound on the south side or the "wrong side". Close examination shows three (3) horses on the tram, the middle appearing to be fairly small. In the back ground are the buildings on the south side of Sturt St include Harry Davies & Co. store, Stansfield & Smith Paper Warehouse. On rear is places for correspondences stamp, address. Handwritten on rear is "This will give you a fair idea of the beautiful Sturt St Ballarat. It is the prettiest I have seen. Yours " Dated 19/10/1905. Addressed to Mrs. H Digby, Callan Park Sydney NSW. Has a red Victorian 1d stamp, cancelled Melbourne 19/10/1905. Titled "Sturt St, Ballarat" in top left hand corner of the card. trams, tramways, sturt st, postcards, horse trams

Printed black and white postcard of the Sturt St looking west from Grenville St. Has the large gas lamp in the centre of the intersection with Grenville St. Card had a stamp on the photo side, but has been removed - only the remnants of the gum and postmark remain. No horse tram lines visible. Photo assumed to be pre 1887. Written on the front "Best Wishes from Dorrie ?" and date "8/4/06". Printed along the lower edge "Published by Victoria Stamp Market, Melbourne" and "Printed in Germany". On rear is places for stamp, address only. Addressed to Mss L Schwarz, Waiwhitu Road, Lower Hutt, Wellington New Zealand. Written on the stamp position is "The ........ on other side". Titled "Gen. View Sturt Street, Ballarat." along bottom edge of the photo. trams, tramways, sturt st, postcards, grenville st

Yields information about one of the two visits to Melbourne for the Australia Day Parade of one of the Museum's trams.Black and White photograph of BTM No.27 operating in Flinders St. near intersection with William St. Melbourne during Australia Day 1981 - 26/1/1981 - see March 1981 issue of Fares Please!. Carolyn Dean driver. Photo John Phillips. Tram has destination of "CITY" and an auxiliary board "Spencer St Rly Station" and Twin Lakes sign. In the background is the Flinders St. railway bridge. Two copies held. See Reg Item 7402 for another photo of the tram in Flinders St. tramways, trams, btps, flinders st, australia day, tram 27

What people think it is. A Sydney tram ticket, thought by the donor to be a Melbourne School Concession ticket attached to an explanatory card within an addressed envelope. Ticket, NSW Govt. Tramways Child, black printing on light brown paper, 1d in value, number 61393 W A. taped to card in top left hand corner: "Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society. Herewith school concession tramway ticket (Melbourne), approx. 1923 - which I promised to send to you - when visiting Ballarat 7/3/82. Yours Faithfully E. L Tyler." contained within white envelope, addressed to the BTPS, with a 24c Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1981 stamp and on the rear senders address "1 Chestnut St. Surrey Hills 3127". See abovetrams, tramways, tickets, nsw

Set of 15 black and white views of Ballarat printed on a folded strip, glued within a grey colour cardboard folder, titled "Photographic View Booklet Ballarat". Booklet printed with an address area within a leaf and on the rear, an area where the sender could write their name. Produced by The Valentine Publishing Co. Pty Ltd Melbourne. The rear has a slit on the rear cover that allowed the folder to be secured. Pictures are: 1. Statuary, Ballarat Gardens - the flight from Pompeii 2. Sturt St looking west from the Town Hall 3. Eureka Stockade monument 4. Lily Pond and Statuary House, Botanic Gardens 5. Sturt St from Lydiard St (with ESCo 17) 6. Lily Pond, Botanic Gardens 7. Sturt St from Grenville St with two ESCo trams in the view - similar image to btm761, but note Town Hall tower has been modified with a balcony. 8. The Old Curiosity Shop 9. Landing Place, Lake Wendouree 10. View from the Town Hall 11. Sturt St, Looking West, with ESCO car crossing Sturt St from Lydiard St 12. Along Lake Wendouree 13. In the Gardens 14. The Avenue of Honor (14 miles long) (Honour) 15. Post Office and Lydiard St Made early 1920's given The Avenue of Honor and other photographs with motor cars in the photo. trams, tramways, ballarat, postcards, sturt st, town hall, post office, gardens, esco

Sixty page, side stapled (3) book glued within brown Rexene heavy card covers with printed paper sides. Titled "Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board / Rules and Regulations / Relation to Drivers and Conductors / (Electric System) / 1935. Has stamped number "498", issued to "L. J. Denmead 1584". Provides for 214 General Rules - in four sections - General, Accident Prevention, Procedure in Case of Accidents, Tickets, Fares Cash etc and By-Law No. 5 - General dated 4/5/1922. On both inside covers are printed warning messages about safety. On the inside cover in ink "L. J. Denmead 1584" and on title sheet "Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society Catalogue No. 305" in ink. Through out the book, are minor marks in pencil against various rules. trams, tramways, rules, regulations, by laws, mmtb, drivers, conductors

Thirty Six page, book sewn within brown Rexene heavy card covers with paper sides. Titled "Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board / Curriculum of Training for Electric Car Drivers / 1955". Outlines the various process for appointing and training tram drivers, testing, paper work, follow up, probationary period, training records, and general procedures. Also details instructions to Trainer Drivers. On the inside cover in ink "Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society Catalogue No. 306" in ink. and in pencil on top corner of title page in pencil "? officer" trams, tramways, drivers, mmtb, instructions, training

Fifty Six page, book sewn within green Rexene heavy card covers with paper sides. Titled "Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board / Curriculum of Training for Bus Drivers / 1955". Outlines the various process for appointing and training bus drivers, testing, paper work, follow up, probationary period, driver licenses, training records, and general procedures. Also details instructions to Trainer Drivers. On the inside cover in ink "Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society Catalogue No. 307" in ink. and in ink under this inscription "L. J. Denmead / Departmental Tramway Supt." trams, tramways, drivers, mmtb, instructions, training, buses

Sixty eight page, sewn book within brown Rexene heavy card covers with printed self end papers. Titled "Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board / Rules and Regulations / relating to drivers, conductors and employees concerned in any aspect of electric tram and motor omnibus operation." Dated 30/5/1957 Has stamped number "790" in bottom. Printing number 1/228. Provides for 226 General Rules - in four sections - General, Tram system only, Bus system only, Accident prevention and procedure (Tram and Bus), and By-Law Nos. 11 and 16, General and Lost property. On both inside covers are printed messages about wearing uniforms, being courteous and safety. On the back pages are printed Long Service Certificate and Certificate of Service. Has a number of amendments adhered to the relevant pages - rules 116, 144j, 15, 160, 216. "Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society Catalogue No. 308" in ink. trams, tramways, rules, regulations, by laws, mmtb, drivers, conductors