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Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - HARRY BIGGS COLLECTION: UNNAMED COUPLE
Studio portrait of an unknown young couple. The lady is wearing a dark dress with ruffles and a decorated hat, she has droop style ear rings. The gentleman is wearing a dark suit and has a handlebar moustache. They are seated on a bale of hay or similar. Written on the reverse is S. Solomon School of Photography 51 Rundle St. AdelaideS. Solomon, Adelaideperson, group, couple, s. solomon -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - CORNISH COLLECTION: VARIOUS ARTICLES RE WRESTLING
Document. Collection of various articles (unrelated): a. advertisement of ''Grand Wrestling Match'' in the old Cornish style, Long Gully, 1862? With Prize Money detailed; b. Article headed ''Royal Hotel'' with details of New Year celebrations which appear to have been combined Scottish and Cornish (reference to wrestling and those athletes competing).event, recreation, wrestling, royal hotel. rose of australia. -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - PHOTOGRAPH OF DANCERS IN DUTCH COSTUME, c. 1920
Sepia Toned Studio photograph of 6 young ladies lined up left to right holding the waist of the lady in front of her, 3 of the ladies wear polka dot pinafores, the other 3 ladies wear a pants suit all are wearing Dutch style hats, mounted on a cream card in a brown wooden frameBartlett Bros Bendigoentertainment, dance, dutch dancers, bartlett bros bendigo, dancing girls -
Dutch Australian Heritage Centre Victoria
Booklet, Kampje Spelen (Playing Internment Camp), 1992
Mrs. Axie Mazèl - Krammer and her friend Anneke Rappard each had two daughters with them in the Women's camp in Banjoe Biroe. Prior to her marriage Axie Krammer von Marchau had studied languages, literature and pedagogy and particularly the art of teaching through play. The spirit and optimism of these two women contributed to the survival of their 4 little girls. An accomplished artist Mrs. Mazèl created the original of this booklet for the 6th birthday of her friend's daughter Anne Marie on July 30, 1945.The illustrated story of children playing at internment does not hide the reality of their lives but puts in the context of a game of make-believe. The make-believe is illustrated in colour while the harsh reality is recognised in a small black and grey sketch in a corner of each page. Simply produced 30page booklet. It is the printed version of a handwritten booklet produced in July 1945 by Mrs Axie Mazèl Krammer to help her children deal with the memories of their imprisonment by the Japanese in the former Dutch East Indies. The materials and style imitate the simple materials that were available for the author during their 4 years of imprisonment and deprivation. The name "A. Kelleners" is written on the flyleaf.dutch east indies; japanese; internment camps; -
Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.
Newspaper - Article, New look post office has more, 2/02/1993
Article in Nunawading Gazette. Australia Post has moved its office from 49 Mahoneys Road to Forest Hill Chase Shopping Centre. It will be a new style post office selling cards and Australiana items etc. New system is called EPOS, the cash register has postal prices set in its memory.post offices, forest hill post office, australia post, forest hill chase -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Slide - DIGGERS & MINING: THE DIGGING - THE DIGGERS, c1850s
Diggers & Mining: The Digging - The Diggers. Slide; shows the clothing style of the Gold Rush era, for both men and women. 15 images of people. Slide reads; (von Guerard ) Some Ballarat Diggers. As to dress, anything did on the diggings. Black and white slide. Markings: 51 994.LIF:6. Used as a teaching aid.hanimounteducation, tertiary, goldfields -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Cr. J. Lewis Carnegie, Mayor [of Kew] 1908-9; 1924-5; 1934-5, 1908
Kew achieved independence from the Boroondara Roads Board in 1860. As a new municipality, its first three leaders were designated as chairmen. On becoming a borough in 1863, its leaders were identified as mayors. The earliest photographs date from ca.1906, when the Town of Kew commissioned the noted local photographer Josiah E Barnes to produce standardised portraits of former mayors to be displayed in the Mayoral Chamber of the Town Hall. The collection also includes photographs by other well-known photographic studios such as Burlington Studios, Melba – Melbourne, Stuart Tompkins, Spencer Shier and Talma & Co. The majority of mounts identify the photographer. Eighty photographs are housed in their original frames.This portrait is one of a series of mounted and framed photographic portraits of mayors and town clerks of the former Borough, Town and City of Kew. The portraits were transferred by the City of Kew to the Kew Historical Society in March 1989. A Significance Assessment in 2018, funded by the National Library of Australia confirmed the historic, and often artistic significance of the series.Framed portrait of Cr. J. Lewis Carnegie, Mayor of Kew 1908-9; 1924-5; and 1934-5. The mounting and framing of the photograph follows a typical layout or style in that each is framed in dark wood, glazed, and laid down on an inscribed board. The inscription identifies the name of the mayor and the year/s that he/she served.Cr. J. Lewis Carnegie, Mayor [of Kew] 1908-9; 1924-5; 1934-5mayors of kew (vic), cr. j. lewis carnegie, kew (vic.) — municipal collection -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Household, Hat pins x9, Early 20th century
These hat pins would have been used by women wearing the large-style hats popular at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The hat pin was both a practical and an ornamental item. Smaller varieties of hat pins may still be used today. These items are retained as examples of the type of hat pins used by women over 100 years ago.These are nine hat pins, all with metal spikes and all rusted. One has a round top with an inlay of blue glass, two have aqua and cream-coloured elongated tops made from composite material, four have round black tops and two have pearl-coloured tops. One hat pin has a metal cover at the end. women’s accessories, history of warrnambool -
Puffing Billy Railway
2'6" gauge Fox Freight Bogie, 1890s
'FOX" Built Fox freight Bogie imported by the Victorian Railways First patented by Englishman Samson Fox in 1893, the Fox style bogie carried virtually all the rolling stock on the Victorian Railways 4 narrow gauge lines from construction to demolition.Historic - Narrow Gauge Railway - Fox freight Bogie imported and used by the Victorian RailwaysPressed Steel Frame Bogie made of iron and Wrought iron fox, bogie, puffing billy, victorian railways -
Melbourne Legacy
Document, Inventory of contents of Holmbush
Although undated, the document is the same type, style and condition as 00259, which was dated 1943. It details the furnishings, garden tools, etc. at, or bought for, the residence which gives a picture of the living conditions for Junior Legatees, as well as what was currently acceptable in a home at the time.The completeness of the inventory, which goes from room to room, gives a valuable insight into social conditions and also into the work of Legacy.Foolscap paper, x 3 pages with black type and punched filing holes.residences, holmbush -
Hymettus Cottage & Garden Ballarat
Decorative object - Door surround, Leadlight Entrance glass
The decorative art-nouveau style leadlight side and transom lights were a popular form of entrance lighting set into recessed panels in late Victorian homes at Ballarat. This home built by local architect/builder Thomas Turton features these popular glass lights.The side and transom lights at Hymettus form part of a significant and representative historical collection that reflects Ballarat's local history from a family perspective and popular art and architecture movements at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. They contribute to our understanding of social and family life in twentieth century Ballarat and providing interpretative capacity for family, local, art, architecture and social history themes.ballarat architects and architecture,, hymettus, taffe, art nouveau, leadlight -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Book, William P. Nimmo, The Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, (short title on cover is ‘The Poetical Works of Longfellow’), n.d.!
As mentioned in the Description, the cover of The Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is plain and in good condition. The internal pages are in similarly good condition, straight cut, and secured to the book binding with no signs of heavy use or wear. However the paper of the internal pages appears yellowed with age, unlike the cover pages that join the boards to the content pages. As also noted in the Description, the internal pages have intricate lettering, with black page borders, double column printing, and nineteenth-century styled black and white illustrations (etchings). This suggests that the bound pages represent an earlier print run and the cover was added, or replaced, at a later date. The book cover’s plain green design with minimal gold lettering seems more recent publishing practice than the pages within. This book bears no publishing date, which supports the speculation that the content pages were purchased as a remaindered lot and bound and distributed by another party, possibly in Australia rather than Britain, and at a much later date than the old fashioned page formatting suggest. The good condition of the cover and the bound pages indicate the book was seldom borrowed or read and the book may therefore have been acquired after the height of the poet Longfellow’s popularity (in the mid to late nineteenth century). The stamps and labels attached to the cover and title pages testify to the book’s provenance, from its initial ownership by the Warrnambool Mechanics Institute Library, to custody in the Warrnambool Municipal Library (where it, along with other WMIL texts, was catalogued by a librarian called Pattison), and finally to the Flagstaff Hill Historical Book Collection. The book was part of a collection of books, now known as the Pattison Collection, which originally belonged to the Warrnambool Mechanics Institute Library. In this context it is an example of the range of titles carried by Victorian rural libraries in the colonial and federation periods (Significance Assessment 2009).The book is bound in plain green cloth covered board with gold lettering on the top of the spine, which reads “THE POETICAL WORKS OF LONGFELLOW”. The cover is plain otherwise and in good condition. Clear Tape secures a typed paper sticker on the lower middle of the spine, which reads “PAT 811 LON”. The internal pages are in similarly good condition, straight cut, and secured to the book binding with no signs of heavy use or wear. However the paper of the internal pages appears yellowed with age, unlike the cover pages that join the boards to the content pages. The internal pages contain intricate lettering, black page borders, double column printing, and nineteenth-century styled black and white illustrations. Name: The Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Author: H W Longfellow Publisher: William P Nimmo The cover page bears a printed label stuck over an earlier one, which reads “Corangamite Regional Library Service • Warrnambool City Library • Pattison Collection”. The title page bears a flat oval shaped black ink stamp containing the words “MECHANICS WARRNAMBOOL INSTITUTE”. On this page there is also the notations “P/W 4885” written in pencil, and “821” written in blue ‘biro’.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, poetry, henry wadsworth longfellow, classic book, 19th century, literature, leisure, warrnambool mechanics institute library, pattison collection, henry wadsworth longfellow’s poetical works, edinburgh publisher william p. nimmo, h w longfellow, the poetical works of henry wadsworth longfellow, warrnambool public library -
Brighton Historical Society
Clothing - Dressing gown, circa 1894
This dressing gown belonged to Clara Johnstone Miller (nee Bell, 1866-1910). Clara was the only daughter of Mr James Bell, a councillor of the Shire of Leigh (today a part of Golden Plains Shire) and owner of Woolbrook Homestead in Teesdale, near Geelong. In 1888, Clara married prominent businessman, racehorse owner, racing identity and pastoralist Septimus Miller (1854-1925). Septimus was the sixth of seven children born to Henry 'Money' Miller and Eliza Miller (nee Mattinson). 'Money' Miller was a well known financier and politician and reputedly one of Australia's wealthiest people in his time. In 1889, Clara and Septimus moved into the house 'Cantala' in Dandenong Road, Caulfield, where they hosted lavish receptions for Melbourne's elite. Clara was known as a stylish hostess who wore elegant imported fashions. This dressing gown is believed to have been manufactured by Japanese silk merchant Shiino Shōbei. Following the opening of the port of Yokohama to foreign trade in 1859, Shōbei began producing western-style silk garments, initially selling them to foreigners living in Japan and later exporting them around the world, even exhibiting at the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880. His popular exports included quilted 'at-home' gowns or dressing gowns similar to this one. They had one child, Gwendoline Stewart Miller, who died in 1902 at the age of thirteen of diabetes - a largely untreatable condition at the time (insulin would not be discovered until 1921). Clara died in 1910, aged only 44. Septimus subsequently married Helen (nee Henderson), with whom he had a son, Ronald (1915-1990). The Millers were buried in the Brighton General Cemetery in a large Gothic-style vault. Upon Clara's death, Septimus sent much of her clothing and Gwendoline's to her mother Mary Bell. Some of these items were passed down to two of Clara's nieces, Miss Mary Bell and Mrs Lois Lillies, who donated them to BHS around 1973.A hand stitched purple pink silk quilted dressing gown with pale pink embroidery from circa 1894. The dressing gown is embroidered from the collar and shoulders though the centre front body to just above the hemline, on the cuffs and remaining pocket in a pale pink Perle thread embroidery featuring leaves and flowers. The entire gown is hand quilted with vertical parallel lines. The gown's neckline features a flat collar and the sleeve head fits on the neat shoulder line. The sleeve head is gathered and full tapering to a loose flat cuff at the wrist. The front of the garment is currently secured by fourteen decorative frogs of two different styles, none of which appear to be original. There is also evidence of a fifteenth toggle that has been removed from the base. The gown's original left hand pocket has been removed and attached to an area around the right breast presumably to patch a hole or obscure some damage. It is unknown when these modifications have been made. The back of the gown features a gathered pink and black concertina pleated silk insert panel from the neck through to the base of the garment. The garment is lined with a very fine pale pink silk over the woollen batting.clara miller, woolbrook, septimus miller, cantala, gwendoline miller, caulfield, brighton general cemetery, shiino shobei, s. shobey -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Headwear - Lady's boudoir cap, Hat, Early 20th Century
This boudoir cap was worn by women wearing a negligee in the 19th century in their boudoir in the morning. In the early 20th century women wore these boudoir caps while sleeping to protect their hair styles. The name "Ogier"' inside the cap indicates that it has a connection to the Ogier family in Warrnambool.This is an interesting example of a woman's head-wear in the past.This lady's boudoir cap has white, discoloured, net with floral woven edging and leaves and dots in the body of the net. It is circular in construction drawn on thread to the centre of the head and decorated with a tassel folded over. There are two layers of lace, the bottom one is attached to a black, velvet covered wire and has bunched flowers with violet ribbon as decoration. The top layer also has the bunched flowers. The cap is lined with cream silk. The lace hangs down at the back. The brim is stiffened inside as is the crown. On the item inside is a small piece of red ribbon with a name written. OGIERvintage women's clothing, boudoir caps -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Slide, View looking northeast to turnabout near 10 McCarthy Grove, Montmorency, c.Oct. 1980
One of a series of images of roads and infrastructure taken by Eltham Shire Council Planning and Engineering officers. They provide perspective of the changes in housing styles and road development that began sweeping in from the mid 1970s with increasing urbanisation of what was once more outlying suburbs and regions.35 mm colour positive transparency Mount - Kodak Kodachrome CardProcessed Oct 1980houses, infrastructure, mccarthy grove, montmorency, roads -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Slide, McCarthy Grove, Montmorency, extended driveway from Main Road, c.Oct. 1980
One of a series of images of roads and infrastructure taken by Eltham Shire Council Planning and Engineering officers. They provide perspective of the changes in housing styles and road development that began sweeping in from the mid 1970s with increasing urbanisation of what was once more outlying suburbs and regions.35 mm colour positive transparency Mount - Kodak Kodachrome CardProcessed Oct 1980houses, infrastructure, mccarthy grove, montmorency, roads -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Slide, View looking southwest to turnabout near 9 McCarthy Grove, Montmorency, c.Oct. 1980
One of a series of images of roads and infrastructure taken by Eltham Shire Council Planning and Engineering officers. They provide perspective of the changes in housing styles and road development that began sweeping in from the mid 1970s with increasing urbanisation of what was once more outlying suburbs and regions.35 mm colour positive transparency Mount - Kodak Kodachrome CardProcessed Oct 1980houses, infrastructure, mccarthy grove, montmorency, roads -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Slide, McCarthy Grove, Montmorency looking west near No. 27, c.Oct. 1980
One of a series of images of roads and infrastructure taken by Eltham Shire Council Planning and Engineering officers. They provide perspective of the changes in housing styles and road development that began sweeping in from the mid 1970s with increasing urbanisation of what was once more outlying suburbs and regions.35 mm colour positive transparency Mount - Kodak Kodachrome CardProcessed Oct 1980houses, infrastructure, mccarthy grove, montmorency, roads -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Slide, McCarthy Grove, Montmorency looking east towards Reichelt Avenue, near no. 27, c.Oct. 1980
One of a series of images of roads and infrastructure taken by Eltham Shire Council Planning and Engineering officers. They provide perspective of the changes in housing styles and road development that began sweeping in from the mid 1970s with increasing urbanisation of what was once more outlying suburbs and regions.35 mm colour positive transparency Mount - Kodak Kodachrome CardProcessed Oct 1980houses, infrastructure, mccarthy grove, montmorency, roads -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Slide, Quinn Estate, McCarthy Grove ext. driveway, Montmorency, near no. 31, c.Oct. 1980
One of a series of images of roads and infrastructure taken by Eltham Shire Council Planning and Engineering officers. They provide perspective of the changes in housing styles and road development that began sweeping in from the mid 1970s with increasing urbanisation of what was once more outlying suburbs and regions.35 mm colour positive transparency Mount - Kodak Kodachrome CardProcessed Oct 1980houses, infrastructure, mccarthy grove, montmorency, roads -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Slide, Looking towards 99 Buena Vista Drive, Montmorency, c.Oct. 1980
One of a series of images of roads and infrastructure taken by Eltham Shire Council Planning and Engineering officers. They provide perspective of the changes in housing styles and road development that began sweeping in from the mid 1970s with increasing urbanisation of what was once more outlying suburbs and regions.35 mm colour positive transparency Mount - Kodak Kodachrome CardProcessed Oct 1980houses, infrastructure, mccarthy grove, montmorency, roads -
Phillip Island and District Historical Society Inc.
Photograph, circa 1900
Reserve with trees left and right. Road beyond fence. Across the toad, weatherboard Pier Hotel. Residence to left side of 2 storey turret. Building with flag pole. Colonial double-chimneyed homestead style house tucked amongst trees and bushes to right.Pier Hotel and adjacent house. A picturesque scene.The Rose Series P700 copyright. Pier Hotel from The Reserve, San Remo, Victorialocal history, photography, photographs, slides, film, pier hotel, san remo, hotels, black & white photograph, miss elms san remo -
Federation University Historical Collection
Black and white photograph - copy, Ballarat Post Office and Academy of Art on corner of Sturt and Lydiard Streets - c1890, c1890
First section of the Post Office built 1864. Second section which included a tower was built in 1885. Built in the Victorian Italianate style. Arched headed windows on the ground floor originally formed a colonnade. These were filled in later to provide more internal space. Black and white photograph - copy of the original. Shows former Ballarat Post Office. Horse drawn carriages outside. Another building shown is "Academy of Art" with name above. This cannot be determined.former ballarat post office, colonnade, victorian italianate, victorian italianate style, arched windows, sturt street, lydiard street -
Robin Boyd Foundation
Document - Manuscript, Robin Boyd, The Uncultured Pearl, c. 1961
In this book review, Boyd critiques Cyril Pearl's book, "So You Want to Buy a House" (published by F.W. Cheshire). Boyd discusses Pearl's style of writing on home life and a scatter of other subjects and gives a negative review on the type of humour and lack of research.Original manuscript of a book review of a book by Cyril Pearl titled 'So you want to buy a house ... and live in it' in 1961. The piece was published as 'Book review: So you want to buy a house'.Typewritten (c copy), quarto, 6 pagescyril pearl, caricature, puns, comedy writing, robin boyd, manuscript -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Uniform - Patrol collar blues
Formal dress ‘blues’ uniform with patrol collar and chain mail epaulets replacing the previous lapel style jacket. This uniform was worn by Major Gordon Cole RFD who enlisted in 8/13 VMR 1960 (?) and went on to command the Independent Squadron 1980-1982.Army dress jacket with silver VMR buttons and badges and chain mail epaulets. Jacket is hung on half mannequin.military, uniform, vmr, cole, blues -
Orbost & District Historical Society
table, c. late 19th or early 20th century
No historical information, but most likely used in a house in the Orbost district, as a display or occasional table.Towards the end of the nineteenth century, there was a revival of the taste for bamboo furniture featuring pseudo oriental styles. Bamboo furniture was mass-produced by several London firms. This item has aesthetic value.A smallish round table with four legs made from brown polished bamboo. A smaller round shelf is located near the bottom of the legs and below the table top. The table top is decorated with an oriental-style lacquered pattern with a bird and flowers and an edge pattern. The lacquer has the appearance of having darkened with age and there are a few chips in the surface.table-round table oriental-lacquer -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
German Propaganda Magazine L"Anglais Tel qu'il est!, German Propaganda Magazine L"Anglais Tel qu'il est! 1918, circ 1918
World War 1 German Propaganda Newspaper World War 1 German propaganda Newspaper 1918Rare German propaganda newspaper, launched by plane in France in 1918. The global premiere, modern communication systems (radio - telephone - telegraph) being not yet democratised, written propaganda is most used to blacken the image of the enemy. The English are described in this newspaper as lawless imperialists, colonising areas to drain them of their wealth. 8 pages. Newspaper style,German World War 1 Newspaper of 4 double sided that was dropped by airplane in 1918. Item has been glued into a cardboard cover. Pale green in color an a black spine reinforcing.world war 1 -
Bendigo Military Museum
Headwear - HAT, WOMENS, ARMY, C.WW2
Women's hat, AWAS style, khaki fur felt, leather liner, leather chin strap. Hat badge is Australian Commonwealth Military Force, darkened brass coloured patch on side is red with a black horizontal stripe. The colour patch is from HQ 1st Australian Army. Puggaree light khaki, ribbon of 3.5 cm width.uniforms - army, costume-female, headwear, numismatics-badges-military -
Frankston RSL Sub Branch
Photograph
Posed studio photograph of Private A. C. Hill in Australian Army uniform. This photograph is printed in typical post card style by the photographer, Wilkie & Son, King St., Cork, Ireland. The reverse side of this post card is a letter to his wife dated 6th June, 1917 and posted from Cork, Ireland. (refer item 00325). -
Kiewa Valley Historical Society
Book - Reference Teaching Infants, The Teacher in the Modern Elementary School, 1941
This teacher's aid publication was used by the teachers in the The Bogong Primary School from 1941 and also the Mount Beauty Primary School from its establishment in 1947. Both had most of their pupils recruited from SEC(Victoria) Hydro Electricity Scheme employees working for a limited time scale. Rural based children benefited greatly by the decision by the SEC to provide these facilities for their worker's families. This bypass of the "typical rural provisions" offered to other schools, by the Victorian Department of Education was a bonus to the Kiewa Valley educational community. These schools had a higher level of facilities available to them than other "typical" rural schools. Treasured facilities such as a comprehensive library, movie projector, tape recorder and public address system placed these two schools at the level of the Greater Public School of city or the larger towns rather than the small rural schools in Victoria.This item was used in Mount Beauty Primary School as part of a teacher's curriculum. The fact that it is in a rural area, in an enclosed SEC construction worker's village in the Kiewa Valley did present a slightly different learning atmosphere than in the larger towns and cities. The majority of parents within the Kiewa Valley, had a slight resentment of the "high and mighty" attitude of city dwellers with a "plum in their mouths" and the effectiveness that city bred teachers had to achieve was to overcome these ingrained mores. The majority of students at this primary school had parents who were working for (the closed "village" of the SEC Hydro Electricity Scheme. In the 1940s this school would have children from multi-cultural backgrounds as many of the parents were recruited as labourers or with European technical backgrounds. In the book,the black and white photographs detailing the classroom sizes and configurations point to larger classes and slightly different teaching methods than that which existed in Australia. This teacher's aid book presents the Australian rural teachers with an advanced American approach to teaching methods. These methods were based on the then modern "group" psychological teachings and were a good guide in the development of a more effective and progressive teaching platform. The one thing that it did not address was the easy going Australian psyche of "she'll be right mate" of the Australia rural community. The socio-economic identity of the Kiewa Valley rural community was not that of the typical city community (American) and this was a challenge for city based and trained teachers. The principles that the book presents is not constrained by the date of publication or its time of use (1954).This hard cardboard covered book is sleeveless but bound by a red cloth glued onto a thick cardboard base. It has the title printed in gold script on the spine with horizontal and fifteen black horizontal lines at the top and bottom. The front cover has the title printed in gold coloured letters (the first and last words are in freehand script style)On the spine and front cover is printed "The TEACHER IN THE MODERN ELEMENTARY School" school organisation, developmental stages of children, subliminal classroom mental and physical stimulation, usa 1940s teacher aids.