A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade, wire, or chain with a hard-toothed edge. It is used to cut through material, very often wood, though sometimes metal or stone. The cut is made by placing the toothed edge against the material and moving it forcefully forth and less vigorously back or continuously forward. This force may be applied by hand, or powered by steam, water, electricity or other power sources. An abrasive saw has a powered circular blade designed to cut through metal or ceramic. In ancient Egypt, open (unframed) saws made of copper are documented as early as the Early Dynastic Period, circa 3,100–2,686 BC. Many copper saws were found in tombs dating to the 31st century BC. Models of saws have been found in many contexts throughout Egyptian history. As the saw developed, teeth were raked to cut only on the pull stroke and set with the teeth projecting only on one side, rather than in the modern fashion with an alternating set. Saws were also made of bronze and later iron. In the Iron Age, frame saws were developed holding the thin blades in tension. The earliest known sawmill is the Roman Hierapolis sawmill from the third century AD used for cutting stone.The subject item is believed to date from around the mid to late 20th century and is regarded as a modern item. The maker is unknown but the pattern or design and type of wood used indicate it is a tool of modern manufacture. Compass saw blade with wooden with open handle blade attached with wingnut lever at side to adjust long narrow blade Noneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, wood cutting, wood saw, cross cut saw, cabinet makers tools, wood working tools, tool

This crate of bottles may have come from a wholesaler, business, stationer or school. The design of the bottles is sometimes called a ‘cottage’ or ‘boat’ shape. Each of the 70 Caldwell’s handmade glass ink bottles was mouth-blown into a two-piece mould, a method often used in the mid-to-late 19th century. The glass blower burst the bottle off the end of his blowpipe with a tool, leaving an uneven mouth and sharp edge on the bottle, which was usually filed. The bottle was then filled with ink and sealed with a cork. More expensive bottles would have a lip added, which was more time-consuming and costly to produce. The capacity for a bottle such as this was about 3 ½ oz (ounces) equal to about 100 ml. Pen and ink have been in use for handwriting since about the seventh century. A quill pen made from a bird’s feather was used up until around the mid-19th century. In the 1850s a steel point nib for the dip pen was invented and could be manufactured on machines in large quantities. The nis only held a small amount of ink so users had to frequently dip the nib into an ink well for more ink. Handwriting left wet ink on the paper, so the blotting paper was carefully used to absorb the excess ink and prevent smudging. Ink could be purchased as a ready-to-use liquid or in powdered form, which needed to be mixed with water. In the 1880s a successful, portable fountain pen gave smooth-flowing ink and was easy to use. In the mid-20th century, the modern ballpoint pen was readily available and inexpensive, so the fountain pen lost its popularity. However, artisans continue to use nib pens to create beautiful calligraphy. Caldwell’s Ink Co. – F.R. Caldwell established Caldwell’s Ink Company in Australia around 1902. In Victoria, he operated from a factory at Victoria Avenue, Albert Park, until about 1911, then from Yarra Bank Road in South Melbourne. Newspaper offices were appointed as agencies to sell his inks, for example, in 1904 the New Zealand Evening Star sold Caldwell’s Flo-Eesi blue black ink in various bottle sizes, and Murchison Advocate (Victoria) stocked Caldwell’s ink in crimson, green, blue black, violet, and blue. Caldwell’s ink was stated to be “non-corrosive and unaffected by steel pens”. A motto used in advertising in 1904-1908 reads ‘Makes Writing a Pleasure’. Stationers stocked Caldwell’s products and hawkers sold Caldwell’s ink stands from door to door in Sydney in the 1910s and 1920s. In 1911 Caldwell promised cash for returned ink bottles and warned of prosecution for anyone found refilling his bottles. Caldwell’s Ink Stands were given as gifts. The company encouraged all forms of writing with their Australian-made Flo-Eesi writing inks and bottles at their impressive booth in the ‘All Australian Exhibition’ in 1913. It advertised its other products, which included Caldwell’s Gum, Caldwell’s Stencil Ink (copy ink) and Caldwell’s Quicksticker as well as Caldwell’s ‘Zac’ Cough Mixture. Caldwell stated in a 1920 article that his inks were made from a formula that was over a century old, and were scientifically tested and quality controlled. The formula included gallic and tannic acids and high-quality dyes to ensure that they did not fade. They were “free from all injurious chemicals”. The permanent quality of the ink was important for legal reasons, particularly to banks, accountants, commerce, municipal councils and lawyers. The Caldwell’s Ink Company also exported crates of its ink bottles and ink stands overseas. Newspaper advertisements can be found for Caldwell’s Ink Company up until 1934 when the company said they were the Best in the business for 40 years.This large collection of similar ink bottles is of particular significance as the bottles have come from the same source, most have their original corks and some retain their original labels, which is rare. The method of manufacture of these bottles is also representative of a 19th-century handcraft industry that is now been largely replaced by mass production. The bottles and their contents are of state significance for being produced by an early Melbourne industry and exported overseas. This case of ink bottles is historically significant as it represents methods of handwritten communication that were still common up until the mid-20th century when fountain pens and modern ballpoint pens became popular and convenient and typewriters were becoming part of standard office equipment.Ink bottles in a wooden crate; 70 rectangular, hand-blown clear glass ink bottles. They have side seams, uneven thickness, especially at the bases, and rough, burst-off mouths. The shoulders on the long sides have horizontal grooves used for pen rests. The bottles vary; some have labels, some contain remnants of blue-black ink, and many have their original corks. The glass has bubbles and imperfections. The remnants of printed labels are on white paper with a swirly border and black text. The bottles contained Caldwell’s blend of blue black ‘Flo-Eesi’ ink.Printed on label; “CALDWELL FLO-EESI BLUE BLACK INK” “ - - - - “ Printed script signature “F.R. Caldwell”flagstaff hill, warrnambool, maritime village, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, great ocean road, ink, nib pen, writing ink, writing, copying, banks, lawyers, commerce, student, permanent ink, flo-eesi, blue black ink, stationery, record keeping, handwriting, writing equipment, writing accessory, office supply, cottage bottle, boat bottle, mouth-blown bottle, two-part mould, sheer-lip bottle, burst-lip, cork seal, f r caldwell, caldwell’s ink company, albert park, south melbourne, inkstands, stencil ink, copy ink, quicksticker, zac cough mixture

William Lunn Invoice: Dated May 31st 1923 No 682. . Cream paper with Navy Blue print, invoice is torn at the bottom. Bendigo Glass and Paperhangings Warehouse, Tel 315, PALL MALL, Bendigo. Mr A Bush, 99 View Strees. Dr to William Lunn (H.W. C. Newman) Painter, Glazier, Paperhanger, &c. Dealer in Glass of All descriptions. Colors, Oils, Paints, Varnishes, &c. Terms - Cash Paperhangings, Borderings of Newest Designs and Panel Decorations. Some items listed. Box 625business, retail, house furnishings, william lunn. a bush

Bendigo Advertiser ''The way we were'' from Monday, May 27, 2002. On the road: Arthur Packham, Agnes and Olive Perret, William Packham with Arthur and Bill Packham on the wagon cart wheat to Llanelly by wagon in 1930. The clip is in a folder.newspaper, bendigo advertiser, the way we were

Green trifold document: Self Guided Tour No. 3 of the Bendigo Cemetery. On front, headstone image of William Roy Leach. Map of cemetery with numbered graves described e.g. Lady Jane Lamsey, honoured by Emperor of Chinese , Oscar Flight, Flight's Band 80 years dedicated to music. On back fold: this tour takes you past graves of some of Roy's old friends, as well as neglected graves, some bearing family names still found in the business directories of BendigoFriends of the Bendigo Cemeteries Inc. 1 May 1994.bendigo, cemetery, bendigo cemetery tour

Bendigo Advertiser ''The way we were'' from Monday, May 20, 2002. Sitting pretty: Bill, Arthur and Elizabeth Packham surround William and Albert Packham's portable steam engine which was used to drive a travelling chaff-cutter. Picture taken in about 1926. the clip is in a folder.newspaper, bendigo advertiser, the way we were

Bendigo Advertiser ''The way we were'' from Monday, May 13, 2002. On a high note: Bendigo High School Choir of 1938. Back row: June O'Hoy, Joyce McLean, Joyce Ellson, Nanette Sewell, Peggy Browning, Beth Hay and Beryl Ack Hing. Second row: Elaine Emmerson, Elsa Appelt, Val Stammers, Jill Hardeman, Norita Bell, Betty Cockayne, Nita Jacka and Kath Lawry. Third row: Ida Farnel, Margaret Meagher, Joyce Hoepper, Pat Westcott, Rennis Gundry, Betty Butters, Leonie Schenck and Jessie Dean. Front row: Carleen Hill, Shirley Kidd, Verna Goldsworthy, Delma Pain, Shirley Stockdale, Joyce Cowling, Joyce Wilkinson and Lorna Breuchert. The clip is in a folder.newspaper, bendigo advertiser, the way we were

Bendigo Advertiser ''The way we were'' from Monday, May 6, 2002. Service with a smile: this group of women prepared the dinners and afternoon teas at the Bendigo Show in 1940 during World War 2. The soldiers changed the guard at the Park Street entrance during the day. The caterers were Cornell and Wild, of Coburg. Mr and Mrs Wild are pictured on the right with Violee, who was in charge of the staff, standing fifth from the left. The clip is in a folder.newspaper, bendigo advertiser, the way we were

Real Estate advertisement for a home built by Anthony Truscott in 1900 called Kilhallen. There are three photos, one of the two story house, one of the ornate fireplace and a small add on building at the rear. Written at the top of the page is: Old shop pulled down and a new one Built Feb 90. Long Gully Super Market closed riteway 14/1/85. opened again May 1985. Sold 1985. approx $105 000 Which is crossed out. Friday Jan 18 - 1985.bendigo, history, long gully history group, the long gully history group - a victorian dream home, richard foord, bendigo advertiser, anthony truscott, kilhallen, craig tweed & co

Contract of sale of land dated 11th May, 1957 between Mr. W.B. Nicholls (seller) and Misses D.M. & L.G. Smith. For land being lot 8 on vendor's plan of subdivision by Mr. Surveyor Pritchard, dated 2nd May, 1957 having a frontage of 59 feet to Alamein Court by a depth of 100 feet, being part allotment 7 section 31A land described in Crown grant volume 8113 folio 731. Subject to any registered appurtenant easements. Price 3,600 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Contract of sale of land dated 29th May, 1954 between Mrs. E.M. & Mr. H.A. Knight (sellers) and Mr. W.H. Randall (buyer) for land being lot 2 on plan of subdivision No. 19227 being parts of lots 27 and 28 on plan of subdivision No. 4134 being part of Crown allotment 97 and being the balance of the land comprised in certificate of titles volume 6441 folios 021 and 022 and situate Albion Street, Bendigo. Together with weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 2,200 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Contract of sale of land dated 17th April, 1956 between Mr. F.L. & Mrs. M. Hopley (sellers) and Mr. A. & Mrs. V.E. Runting (buyer) for land being Crown allotment 2 section 60C having a frontage of 100 links to Mitchell Street by a depth of 250 links described in certificate of title volume 835 folio 996 and situate No.68 Mitchell Street, Bendigo, together with weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Also all floor coverings, inside and outside blinds, curtains, electric light fittings and shades. Price 4,750 pounds. Also attached letter from Curnows (Bendigo) to Mr. A. Runting dated 23rd May, 1956 policy of insurance renewal.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Contract of sale of land dated 23rd May, 1956 between Mr. W.T. & Mrs. A. Fuzzard (sellers) and Mr. W.T. & Mrs. J.A. Rundell for land being part of allotment 5 section A, Sailors Gully, having a frontage of 66 feet to Sailors Gully Road, Eaglehawk by a depth of 82 feet 6 inches being land described in deed of conveyance book 463 memorial No.742 and situate No. 64 Sailors Gully Road, Eaglehawk, together with 5-roomed weatherboard dwelling. Also all linos, blinds, electric light fittings and shades and electric copper. Price 2,650 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

conditions of sale by private contract dated 15th May, 1933 between J.A. Nash (seller) and F.A. Stacpoole (buyer) for piece of land situate No.133 Sternberg Street,, and Skene Street, Bendigo being allotment 9 and 3 section 39C described in certificate of title volume 1361 folio 272162 and certificate of title volume 3263 folio 652414, together with 10-roomed brick and weatherboard dwelling and shop with street verandah, also gas stove, copper, troughs and bath. Also the complete stock and plant and goodwill of the vendor's butchering business carried on from above shop and premises. Price 1,150 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 20th May, 1935 between Mrs. E.A. Adams (seller) and Miss M. Shearer (buyer) for land situate 43 Jackson Street, Long Gully being Crown allotment 181 section A and described in certificate of title volume 5564 folio 1112609, together with 4-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 190 pounds. Also 2 receipts from City of Bendigo for rates.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 29th May, 1935 between A.W. Jordan (seller) and H. Stanyer (buyer) for land situate No.45 Abbott Street, Bendigo, together with 4-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 275 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 31st May, 1935 between Mr. E.T. Thomas (seller) and Mrs. A.M. Smyth for land, as fenced, situate corner Hargreaves and Wattle Streets, Bendigo, being Crown allotment 25 section 97C described in certificate of title volume 1662 folio 332318. Also land adjoining the above, together with 6-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 435 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 13th May, 1937 between Mrs. M.H. Amor (seller) and V.F. Sutch (buyer) for land situate Hayes Street, Bendigo being lot 2 on plan of subdivision, having a frontage of approx. 57 feet to Hayes Street, by a varying depth, being part of Crown allotment 510 section A. Price 60 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 20th May, 1938 between G. Earl Snr. (seller) and Mrs. M.A. Speechley (buyer) for land situate No.144 Victoria Street, Ironbark, being the land described in right to occupy residence area No. 4785, together with 4-roomed weatherboard dwelling, brick and concrete kitchen and all sundry. Also copper and stand, electric light fittings, wire doors and window screens. Price 210 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 30th May, 1944 between W.S. & A. Frost (sellers) and Mrs. T. M. Swale (buyer) for land situate No. 212 Queen Street, Bendigo being Crown allotment 2 section 139C described in certificate of title volume 4557 folio 911246, together with 5-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 385 pounds. Also attached 6 receipt 2 issued by George Rasmussen, 2 by Langley & Son, 1 by J.S. Barker plus 1 Unknown for various materials.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 7th May, 1934 between Miss M.H. Wild as executrix in the estate of E. Wild deceased (seller) and E.T. Thomas (buyer) for land situate Hargreaves Street corner Wattle Street, Bendigo being Crown allotment 25 section 97C described in certificate of title volume 1562 folio 332318. Also that piece of land adjoining above being land described in residence area certificate No.30319 in the books of the mining registrar at Bendigo. Together with 6-roomedweatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 350 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 7th May, 1935 between Mrs E. D'Arcy (seller) and W.C. Thomas (buyer) for land situate no.55 Wattle Street, Bendigo being Crown allotments 5 & 5A section 129C described in Crown grant volume 563 folio 112554 and Crown grant volume 2079 folio 415637 together with 6-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 500 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

A brown folder with the title "The Raw Material of History". It lists the resources to be used in the teaching of history. Also included is a history assignment which is a newspaper study. There are three small newspaper articles titled "100 Years Ago" which were originally published in the "Port Philllip Herald" May 1846 and now reprinted May 1946. From the files of Mr. L.J. Pryor. Former Principal of Bendigo Teachers' College. Donated to Education Resource Centre for archival use in 1992.bendigo, education, bendigo teachers' college, la trobe university bendigo collection, collection, bendigo, education, history - study and teaching, curriculum, mr. l.j. pryor, education resource centre, person, individual, male, bendigo teachers' college, history

Diggers & mining. The gold era. This picture gives some idea of the difficulties of travel in the early days. Shows 10 oxen pulling a large heavy cart through a river, a rider from the top of the cart falls off. Another cart is being pulled by a horse, one man has fallen on the ground another is headfirst of the large cart, 3 men behind the cart may be pushing. A dead horse lay by the river. Crossing a creek at Bacchus Marsh. Markings 40 994.031 GOL:5. Used as a teaching aid.hanimounteducation, tertiary, goldfields

Bendigo Advertiser '' The way we were'' from Saturday, March 20, 2004. At sea: George Healey, then 18, was off to serve in World War 1, but never survived. He sent this card to his sister, May Healey, in Golden Square in 1916. The card was to show her as his ''home at sea''. The clip is in a folder.newspaper, bendigo advertiser, the way we were

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 22nd May, 1930 between D.K Doxford (seller) and G. Rasmussen (buyer) for land situate in Charles Street, Bendigo, together with 5-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 440 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 12th May, 1930 between C.C.A. Phair (seller) and G. Rasmussen (buyer) for land situate in Long Gully, together with 4-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 225 poundsorganization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Conditions of sale by private contract dated 12th May, 1932 between H.A. Wilkinson (seller) and S. Rigby (buyer) for land within the special settlement area situate Junortoun containing 17 acres, 1 rood, 27 perches being allotment 37F Parish of Wellsford, County of Bendigo described in Crown grant volume 4485 folio 896958, together with 4-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 575 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Contract of sale of land dated 19th May, 1952 between Mrs. A.M. McGown (seller) and Mr. H.A. Pitson (buyer) for land being Crown allotment 6 section 128C described in certificate of title volume 6410 folio 1281821 situate No. 24 Havelock Street, Bendigo, together with 6-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 2,800 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate

Contract of sale of land dated 12th May, 1953 between Mrs. F.M.T. Crameri (seller) and Mr. H.A. Pitson (buyer) for land being part of Crown allotment 2, section 125C described in certificate of title volume 6429, folio 692 situate No. 79 Garsed Street, Bendigo, together with a right of carriage way over the land coloured blue on the certificate of title with 5-roomed weatherboard dwelling and all sundry. Price 1,825 pounds.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate