This book contains the report from the select committee on Castlemaine and Sandhurst water supply; with the proceedings of the committee, minutes of evidence and appendices. It also contains the report Of the Engineer-In-Chief of Railways, and reply of the Chief Engineer of Water Supply on the works constructed by the Victorian Water Supply Department, presented to both houses of parliament by His Excellency’s command. Ferdinand M. Krause, was a lecturer at the Ballarat School of Mines in Geology Mineralogy Mining Engineering and Surveying. He was a Fellow of the Geological Society and a Fellow of the Linnian Society. He was assistant engineer for the Ballaarat and Ballarat East Water Supply Committee and helped plan local reservoirs.A brown cloth hard cover, foolscap book with leather spine. Title is written in black on the title page. "Water Supply Reports" is engraved in gold on spine. It includes a table showing the monthly and yearly rainfall and shade temperature at Ballarat, 2nd February, 1885. It also includes two reports and two replies, a map No.7082.2 of Victorian Water Supply, Castlemaine and Sandhurst district general plan including lines of Aqueduct, Reservoirs. No. 7082.3 of Victorian Mining districts, Mining Divisions and The Gold Fields in 1866 - includes districts to be supplied under the Waterworks Act, 1965. It also includes: *Report of the Engineer-in-chief of Railways and Reply of the Chief Engineer of Water Supply on the works constructed by the Victorian Water Supply Department, 1869. * Coliban Water Scheme, 1864 * Ballarat and Ballarat East Water Supply (1869) including the Ballarat Water Supply List containing names of occupiers and nature of improvements on lands comprised within the proposed reserve of Gong Gong Reservoir, Ballaarat. At Warrenheip the names included: Honora McCallin, William Honan, C. McMahon, Patrick McMahon, J.P. Beach, J.H. Smith, Michael Nestor, Martin Quinn, Martin McIntyre, Robert Higgins, Coleman Kane, Robert Bond. At Ballarat: William Clarke, Richard White, John Hosking, Wesleyan Chapel, J. Hewitt, Robert McRobinson. At Bungaree: John Pullin, John Llewellyn. William Daw, Smith and Wynne, William Brough, A. Alexander. * Ballarat and Ballaarat East Water Supply report upon the advisability, or otherwise, of constructing a reservoir at the junction of the Yarrowee Creek and Gile's Creek, upon a site known as Gile's Reservoir (printed by Frank Pinkerton). This report has numerous notes written on it (most probably by Krause) and includes the capacity of Harry Beale's Reservoir, Pimcott's Reservoir and the Proposed Gong Gong Reservoir. * Statement as to the position of the Ballaarat and Ballaarat East Borough Councils in Connection with Water Supply, September 1869. * Ballarat and Ballaarat East Water Supply - General Statement upon the Ballaarat and Ballaarat east Scheme of Water Supply. Includes information on Moorabool reservoir, Harry Beale's Reservoir, Lal Lal Creek, Two Mile Creek, Beale's Dam, Yarrowee Creek, Gong Gong Reservoir, Kirk's Dam, Devil's Creek, Moorabool Creek. Additional handwritten notes (probably by Krause) * Engineer's Report on the resolution of the COmmittee of Water Supply, of the 7th July 1868. The report refers to the Country around Mount Warrenheip. Names mentioned are L. Abraham, Great North-West Gold Mining Company, Border Sawmills, Ferdinand Krause, Ohlfsen Bagge, W.H. Shaw, A signature by "Ferdinand M. Krause" at the top corner of the title page. A few pages have handwriting on the margins, it is believed to be his handwriting. water supply victoria, castlemaine directories, sandhurst directories, ballarat directories, james blackburn, edward wardle, daylesford water race, c j taylor, george avery fletcher, bagge, ohlfsen bagge, george foote, john h reilly, ambrose johnson, george francis, timber preservation, james forbes, alfred surplice, malcolm carmichael, robert adams, frederick hugh thomas, h o christerpherson, william downe, thomas lawrence brown, francis hadgson nixon, strangways, guildford, maldon, muckleford, lauriston, malmesbury, franklinford, walmer, strathloddon, downe, ferdinand krause, m7082, trentham, castlemaine, drummond, metcalfe, sutton grange, lockwood, ravenswood, mandurang, yandoit, c.h. ohlfsen bagge, moorabool reservoir, gong gong reservoir, harry beale's reservoir, pincott reservoir, frank pinkerton, water

The author, William Morgans, was a lecturer on mining at the Bristol School of Mines. The owner of the book, William Baragwanath, was a former student of the Ballarat School of Mines who held the following positions: Department of Mines (1897-1922); director of the geological survey (1922-24); chief mining surveyor (1924-32); secretary for mines (1932-34); chief mining surveyor (1934-43); consultant to the Department of Mines (1943-50); President, Royal Society of Victoria (1943-44), councillor of the Ballarat School of Mines (1916-50).Hard cover book of 207 pages with buff cloth cover. The books covers materials andf processes used in the manufacture of tools, special uses, qualities and efficiciency. It includes 235 wood engravings of mining tools drawn to scale. Tools include borers, hammers, sledges, picks, shovels, spades, saws, helves and handles.Title page handwritten in ink 'W.B.' [William Baragwanath]mining, tools, ballarat school of mines, geology, bristol school of mines, government geologist, william baragwanath

William Baragwanath joined the Victorian Department of Mines in 1897, was director of the geological survey (1922-4), Chief Mining Surveyor (1924-43), Secretary for Mines (1932-34), consultant to the Department of Mines (1943-50) . He was born at Durham Lead on 1 August 1878 and was a former student of the Ballarat School of Mines. Baragwanath was president of the Royal society of Victoria (1943-44) and a councillor of the Ballarat School of Mines (1916-1950). After Baragwanath's death on 20 September 1966 the Department of Minerals and Energy (Geological Survey division) donated a number of Baragwanath's items to the Ballarat School of Mines, including this collection. Black and white photograph of E.J. Jack Barker (Ballarat School of Mines Principal) and Phil Day (Head of Geology) standing in front of a cabinet of geological specimens housed in a timber cabinet. ballarat school of mines, geology, ej barker, jack barker, phil day, baragwanath, william baragwanath, victorian mines department

Large printed timetable for Technical School examinations in 1901. Subjects included Chemistry, Geology, Asssaying, Hydraulics, Agriculture, Engineering , Mine Surveying, Algebra, Mineralogy, petrology, Botany, Trigonometry, Euclid, Land Surveying, Steam and gas Engines, Applied Mechanics, Drawing, painting, engineering drawing, building construction, architecture, drapery, modelled design, casting clay models, composition of form and colour, Lettering, Wood Carving, historic ornament, Wood Carving. .1) Trade Subjects .2) Other subjects, including artexaminations, technical schools, trades, art, technical art school, timetable, clay modelling, ceramics

At the bottom of the 2nd page, there is text that reads "Geologically and topographically surveyed in 1909 by W.H. Ferguson, Assistant Field Geologist. Published 1940."Rectangular geological map edged in masking tape showing Steiglitz, Victoria. Scale 48 chains to 4 inches.steiglitz, geology, geological map, north albion, moreep, mining, mine, caribald reef, durdidwarrah, gilbraltar hill, mount pleasant gully, township of steiglitz, w.h. ferguson, garibaldi reef, yankee gully, kinglock mine engine shaft, herbert werner frederick de nully, albion gully, virago reef, mulrooney's reef

Used at the Ballarat School of Mines and the Ballarat Technical Art SchoolThis collection of examinations is significant because of its completeness with the full range of examinations between 1914 and 1950.Large leather bound books, with leather spine, containing all examinations held at the Ballarat School of Mines (including the Ballarat Technical Art School and Ballarat Junior Technical School). The examination papers were supplied and printed by the Education Department, Victoria. Examinations include: Agriculture, Algebra, Architecture, Arithmetic, Applied Mechanics, Assaying, Biology, Botany, Boilermaking, Building Design, Blacksmithing, Bricklaying, Carpentry and Joinery, Coachbuilding, Cabinet Making, Civil Engineering, Cabinet Making, Commercial, Chemistry, Engineering Drawing, Economics, English, Electrical technology, Electricity and Magnetism, Electric Wiring, Electric Welding, Electrical Fitting, Electrical Trades, Food Analysis, Geology, Geological Mapping, Graphics, Geometry, Heat Engines, Heat Treatment, Hydraulics, Hand Railing, Instrument Making, Millinery, Milling and Gearouting, Machine Shop Practice. Metal Founding, Mining, Metallurgy, Mineralogy, Mathematics, Motor Mechanics, Mine Surveying, Mining Mechanics, Petrology, Physics, Painting and Decorating, Pattern Making, Plastering, Plumbing and Gasfitting, Printing, Refrigeration, Spelling, Science , Shorthand, Surveying. Signwriting. Sheet Metalwork, Toolmaking, Ladies Tailoring, Trigonometry, Typewriting, Welding, Commercial Geography. Millinery, Dressmaking, Needlework, Decorative Needlework, Architecture, Building Design and Construction, Art (Composition in Form and Colour), Art (Casting Clay MOdels) Art (Drapery), Art (Drawing the Human Figure From Casts), Art (Drawing the Antique from Memory), Art (Drawing from Memory); Art (Drawing Plant Forms from Nature, Art (Drawing Plant Forms From Memory), Art (Drawing from Models and Objects), (Drawing From a Flat Example). Art (Drawing in Light and Shade from a Cast of Ornament or Lower Nature), Art (Drawing Ornament from the Cast), Art (Drawing from Models or Objects), Art (Drawing fro Dressmakers' and Milliners' Fashions), Art (Drawing With the Brush), Art (Drawing from a Flat Example); Art (Modelled Design), Art (General Design), Art (Embossed Leatherwork), Art (Practical Plane Geometry), Art (Practical Solid Geometry), Art (Geometrical Drawing), Carpentry and Joinery, Art (Human Anatomy), Art (Historic Ornament), Art (House Decoration), Art (LEttering), Signwriting, Art (Light Metalwork), Art (Modelling), Art (Modelling the Human Figure from a Life), Art (Stencilling); Art (Wood Carving) Refrigeration, Teaching, Boilermaking, Blacksmithing, Carpentry and Joinery, Coachbuilding and Carriage Drafting, Electric Wiring, Electrical Fitting, Graining and Marbling, Instrument Making , Machine Shop Practice, Metal Founding, Milling and Gear Cutting, Motor Mechanics, Painting and Decorating, Sheet Metalwork, Toolmaking, Printing, Pattern Making, Plumbing and gasfitting, examinations, ballarat school of mines, ballarat technical art school, trades, education department victoria, agriculture, algebra, architecture, arithmetic, applied mechanics, assaying, biology, botany, boilermaking, building design, blacksmithing, bricklaying, carpentry and joinery, coachbuilding, cabinet making, civil engineering, commercial, chemistry, engineering drawing, economics, english, electrical technology, electricity and magnetism, electric wiring, electric welding, electrical fitting, electrical trades, food analysis, geology, geological mapping, graphics, geometry, heat engines, heat treatment, hydraulics, hand railing, instrument making, millinery, milling and gearouting, machine shop practice, metal founding, mining, metallurgy, mineralogy, mathematics, motor mechanics, mine surveying, mining mechanics, petrology, physics, painting and decorating, pattern making, plastering, plumbing and gasfitting, printing, refrigeration, spelling, science, shorthand, surveying, signwriting, sheet metalwork, toolmaking, ladies tailoring, trigonometry, typewriting, welding., dressmaking, needlework, decorative needlework, architecture, building design and construction, art (composition in form and colour), art (casting clay models), art (drapery), art (drawing the human figure from casts), art (drawing the antique from memory), art (drawing from memory), art (drawing plant forms from nature, art (drawing plant forms from memory), art (drawing from models and objects), (drawing from a flat example), art (drawing in light and shade from a cast of ornament or lower nature), art (drawing ornament from the cast), art (drawing from models or objects), art (drawing for dressmakers' and milliners' fashions), art (drawing with the brush), art (drawing from a flat example), art (modelled design), art (general design), art (embossed leatherwork), art (practical plane geometry), art (practical solid geometry), art (geometrical drawing), art (human anatomy), art (historic ornament), art (house decoration), art (lettering), art (light metalwork), art (modelling), art (modelling the human figure from a life, art (stencilling), art (wood carving), teaching, coachbuilding and carriage drafting, graining and marbling, milling and gear cutting, commercial geography, exams, examination book

This list of rocks, minerals, etc. from Victoria was complied and forwarded by the School of Mines, Ballarat, to the Calcutta International Exhibition. At the end of the exhibition the items were to be presented to the Geological Survey of India. One Hundred items are listed. Pages 4 and 5 also show diagrams relating to the land formations and sections. Places in Victoria are named indicating where items were found. List compiled by Professor Ferdinand Moritz Krause. He joined Ballarat School of Mines in 1880 and lectured in Mineralogy and Geology. He was also the Curator of the Ballarat School of Mines Museum.6 pages, handwrittenSignature of F M Krause Dated 30th August 1883ballarat school of mines, rocks, minerals, calcutta international exhibition, geology survey of india, victoria, professor ferdinand moritz krause, mineralogy, geology, curator, ballarat school of mines museum

Geological description of the eastern and southeastern suburbs of Melbourne, Dandenong Ranges, Harkaway Hills and the Silvan and Macclesfield districts.

Between 1869 and 1892, the Ringwood antimony mines produced more than 3,500 tons of antimony ore, which represented bout 15 per cent of Victoria's antimony production for that period. Much greater amounts were later taken from the mines at Costerfield and the Ringwood mines lapsed into obscurity. Most of the information in this booklet has been obtained from published and unpublished Geological Survey and Mines Department reports and Lease Records. (See full list of references included).

Map, Longitudinal section through the Saddle Reefs along portion of Hustler's Line of Reefs, Bendigo. Plate No. XXX1V(34). Underground Survey Office,Bendigo, September 1913. Geological Society of Victoria.//Signed H.A.Whitelaw. Drawing shows the vertical shaft descending to over 3454 ftUnderground Survey Office, Bendigomap, bendigo, hustler's line of reefs

This is a map produced as part of a book entitled.. It is also stamped on the back in blue ink with an oval ring and the words North of England Institute. Newcastle. Mining & Meterolgical Faculty. Purchased on 23rd July 2017 by the Society after research by member Simon Killeen. Mining map of one of the first mines in Rutherglen area ( Chiltern West)Cream paper, black printing, rectangle with a drawingGeographical Survey of Victoria, Memoir, No6. Plate XX Plan of Underground Workings CHILTERN VALLEY CONSOLS MINE, RUTHERGLEN, PARISH OF CHILTERN WESTgold, rutherglen, mining, chiltern, underground mine map, geological survey, reef drives

This specimen was recovered from Mica Schist, Canada. Chalcopyrite is a copper iron sulfide mineral with a chemical composition of CuFeS2. Its name derives from the Greek words for copper (chalco-) and brass (pyrite). It can be found in shades of yellow, green and grey, and, when exposed to acid, it can change to purple, blue, violet and yellow tones. Weathering can cause loss of its metallic luster and its brass-yellow colour. Chalcopyrite forms under various conditions, with the most significant deposits being hydrothermal in their origin. It is known globally as the most important ore of copper for thousands of years, and is thus considered a very important mineral formation. Given its golden appearance, it is often confused for the mineral gold, earning it the popular reputation as 'fool's gold' or 'yellow copper'. However, it can be straightforwardly distinguished from gold; the latter is soft, with higher specific gravity and a yellow streak, whereas chalcopyrite is brittle, easily scratched by a nail, and has a greenish grey streak. Copper was the first metal that was used by people. It was discovered by the Neolithic man about 9,000 years ago and it gradually replaced stone as it was easier to be shaped. In Australia, search for copper began after the European settlement, leading to the discovery of substantial deposits, like the one at the Olympic Dam in South Australia, which is regarded as one of the largest copper deposits in the world. Chalcopyrite has been used for copper since smelting processes began approximately five thousand years ago. Although by no means rare, this the specimen of this mineral can be used to reflect a wider history of industrial uses of copper for a significant portion of human history. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.A solid hand-sized copper iron sulfide mineral of brass yellow, often with an iridescent tarnish, with greenish-black streak and submetallic luster. Chalcopyrite can be formed in several ways, including crystalizing from accessory minerals in igneous rocks, or from magma or within volcano sulfide deposits. Most commonly, chalcopyrite are found in hydrothermal conditions, where it forms in hydrothermal veins. As a member of the tetragonal crystal system, it often takes the shape of tetra-headed crystals, often with striations along the sides of the crystals. #18 Copper pyrites/(chalcopyrite) in/Laurentian Slate/(page 315 of inventory)/page missing from/descriptive catalogue/ Other label: 81 /fool's gold, chalcopyrite, mineral, rock, geology, geological, hydrothermal, neolithic, european settlement, olympic dam, south australia, stone, deposits, specific gravity, greenish grey streak, brittle, mineral gold, metallic luster, cufes2, greek words

Yellow soft covered report of 95 pages . The contents of the report include: Parks, reference areas, wildlife reserves, water production, harwood production, softwood production, flora Reserves and Flora and Fauna reserves, bushland reserves, historic area and reserves, rivers and streams, Roadside conservation and Highway parks, Education areas and School Plantations, Lake Reserves, geological reserves, recreation, scenic reserves, agriculture, mineral and stone production, utilities and survey, township land, Uncommitted Land, military training, other reserves and public land. Maps include: The Study area 1: 250 000 Supplementary Mapsland conservation authority, ballarat, endowment plantations, pine plantations, langi ghiran state park, mount buangor state park, enfield state park, ballarat-creswick regional park, rossbridge, black lake, flax mill swamp, dereel lagoon, lake bolac, lake wongan, langi ghiran reservoir, gong gong reservoir, pincotts reservoir, beales reservoir, wilsons reservoir, moorabool reservoir, korweinguboora, korweinguborra reservoir, learmonth bores, sago hill, illabarook reservoir, ballarat water commission, dunneworthy, mount cole, mont lonarch, ben major, waterloo, trawalla, linton, ross creek, canadian, shepherds flat, lal lal, mount doran, raglan, chute, carngham, buninyong, watsons hill, enfield, cape clear, illabrook, rokewood junction, mount warrenheip, nerrina, jubilee, golden stream, australasian deep lead mine, happy valley school, piggoreet, berringa, bulldog, ballarat common, wildlife, water, timber, flora, rivers, geology, agriculture, warrenheip, biodiversity

Olivine is mostly found on the Earth's surface in igneous rocks that are dark-coloured. It is common at divergent plate boundaries and at warm spots, such as volcanic areas. It crystalises and forms during the cooling of magma. Olivine is used in refractory sand, bricks, and gemstones. Olivine has been found on a number of meteorites, which might have originated from large asteroids or the mantle of a now-destroyed planet. This olivine crystal is thought to originate from Mount Noorat, with speculation that it could have originated from Mount Shadwell. Mount Noorat is a dormant volcano cone located in the Newer Volcanics Province of Victoria. Mount Noorat belongs to the Kirrae Wuurong people, who used the Mount as a place for meetings and gatherings prior to European settlement. Contact was first made between European settlers and the Indigenous people in 1841. The Mount has mostly been used for cattle and sheep grazing. Mount Shadwell is a well-known source of olivine and is the highest of a gathering of volcanic cones. The New Volcanic Province is located in South East Australia and covers 15000 square kilometres. It contains 400 explosive vents and small shield volcanoes. The last eruption is thought to have occurred 5000 years ago at Mount Gambier and Mount Schank. This olivine crystal has been identified as a volcanic bomb, which is a molten rock which was pushed out and ejected into the air when a volcano reupts. A rock needs to be larger than 65 mm in diameter to be classified as a volcanic bomb. This olivine volcanic bomb and its locality is historically and socially significant. The olivine was found in the Newer Volcanic Province, an area which contains over 400 dormant volcanoes. This olivine is one part of a volcanic bomb, which would have ejected when magma erupted out of a volcano. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.A solid iron-magnesium silicate mineral with shades of green and brownburke museum, beechworth, geological, geological specimen, olivine, igneous rock, volcanic, gemstones, volcanic bomb, meteorites, asteroids, plantes, mount noorat, mount shadwell, indigenous, kirrae wuurong people, newer volcanics province, victoria, european settlement, eruption

Native Sulphur in its solid form is a yellow crystalline mineral that forms near volcanic vents and fumaroles where it is the solid form of hot gases. It is also frequently found in the subsurface as a by-product of sulphide ore mineralization. In all its forms, sulphur is one of the most commonly occurring minerals on the planet, especially in natural gases, and is key to the make-up of a range of other minerals. It is essential to continuing life on earth, and was used in ancient societies as part of medical care, religious rites, and entertainment, and was key to the invention of gunpowder by the Chinese. Native Sulphur in its solid form is a yellow crystalline mineral that forms near volcanic vents and fumaroles where it is the solid form of hot gases. It is also frequently found in the subsurface as a by-product of sulphide ore mineralization. In all its forms, sulphur is one of the most commonly occurring minerals on the planet, especially in natural gases, and is key to the make-up of a range of other minerals. It is essential to continuing life on earth and was used in ancient societies as part of medical care, religious rites, and entertainment, and was key to the invention of gunpowder by the Chinese. The exact site of extraction for this specimen is unknown, but it was probably collected in New Zealand in the 1850s. Sulphur is significant both for its historical and current uses, and for its nature as one of the most abundant minerals on the planet. Sulphur's importance comes both from its abundance and its role in ensuring survival, creating other minerals, and daily human life. This specimen is significant as representative of sulphur's solid properties. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.A solid, small, crystalline mineral specimen that is largely bright yellow, with some darker spotting. geological specimen, geology, geology collection, burke museum, beechworth, sulphur, native sulphur, new zealand, native sulphur specimen, sulphur specimen

Thunderegg Agates are formed within rhyolite volcanic ash layers. They are rough spherical shapes, varying in size from less than an inch to over a metre long. Thundereggs usually contain centres of chalcedony which may have been fractured followed by deposition of agate, jasper or opal, either uniquely or in combination. A unique characteristic that these specimens have is the fact that they often look like ordinary rocks on the outside, but slicing them in half and polishing them may reveal intricate patterns and colours. These particular specimens are examples of thunderegg agates. Agate is a variety of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz. The agate component contributes to the intriguing internal patterns of the specimens. The specific locality of these specimens is unknown but they can be found in flows of rhyolite lava. They are formed in gas pockets in the lava, which act as moulds. These specimens can be found globally, with specific locations in Germany being particularly abundant. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.Two small solid specimens with pale, sandy-coloured exteriors and fractured internal patterns. burke museum, beechworth, geological, geological specimen, thundereggs, thundereggs agate, agate, rhyolite, rhyolite lava, volcanic ash, chalcedony, cryptocrystalline

Ventifacts are sand-blasted rocks that are typically faceted and often display parallel grooves carved by wind-blown sand. They are useful indicators of wind direction and strength in environments such as deserts, mountains, and coastal areas because they are usually not hidden by later sediment, soil or vegetation cover. In Antarctica ventifaction is strongly related to the composition or type of rock. Ventifacts are important because they provide evidence for abraders such as sand, dust or snow and ice crystals, and offer a unique understanding of past wind processes that are effective in the reconstruction of past wind flow conditions and can provides clues to weather and climate changes in the past. Interestingly ventifacts have also been found on the surface of Mars. They were a threat to the NASA rover due to the sharp angles of the facets, created by the Martian wind over the course of millions of years. These Martian ventifacts act like weathervanes for past wind and weather patterns on the red planet in a similar manner to those found on earth.The Geological Survey of Victoria was instigated in response to the Victorian Gold Rush which began around 1851 in the Beechworth, Castlemaine, Daylesford, Bendigo and Ballarat areas. The survey was conducted by Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn from his arrival in December 1852 until his resignation in 1869and during this time he trained many notable geologists, e.g. Aplin, Wilkinson, Daintree, who went on to other State survey senior positions. This specimen was among those donated to the Burke Museum in 1868.A hand-sized solid mineral specimen in shades of dark and light browns with light lines visible in all configurations and a groove on configuration 2.light lines visible in all configurations and a groove on configuration 2burke museum, beechworth, geological, geological specimen, ventifact, antarctic region, antarctic, alfred richard cecil selwyn, alfred selwyn, wind direction, wind strength, abraders, wind flow, climate change, reconstruction of wind flow conditions, weather change, mars

Galena is the natural compound of lead and classed as a sulphide, it crystallises in a cubic pattern and its chemical formula is PbS. Galena is a primary source of both lead and silver. This specimen of Galena comes from Broken Hill. Broken Hill has one of the world’s largest and most significant deposit of ore for the production of lead. Mining of Galena at Broken Hill began with the staking of land by Charles Rasp in 1883. By the following year, in 1884, Rasp and six others had formed Broken Hill Mining Company. Broken Hill Mining Company eventually evolved into BHP group limited and is currently the largest mining company in the world and the largest company in Australia. There is archaeological evidence from artefacts discovered in Turkey that humans have been extracting lead from galena by the process of smelting since at least 6500 BCE. This specimen also has quartz on the top surface which is frequently discovered alongside Galena. This mineral specimen is of historic significance as a sample of Galena extracted from Broken Hill during the 19th century. Mining for Galena in Broken Hill begin in 1883 by Charles Rasp and evolved into the world’s largest mining company – BHP Group Limited. Broken Hill is one of the world’s most significant deposits of ore for the production of lead. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.A flat, hand-sized, grey sulphide specimen that is the natural compound of lead with a quartz formation on the top surface. Existing Label: GALENA / (with quartz) / Locality: Broken Hill / N.S.W 120 x 70 x 29geological specimen, geology, geology collection, burke museum, beechworth, galena, galena quartz, quartz, charles rasp, broken hill mining company, bhp group limited, bhp, lead, ore, lead sulphide, sulphide, silver, broken hill

This specimen was recovered from Broken Hill, NSW. It was given the name Mangan Hedenbergite in 1819 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in honor of Mr. Anders Ludvig of Hedenberg who was the first to define hedenbergite as a mineral. Hedenbergite, belongs in the pyroxene group having a monoclinic crystal system. The mineral is extremely rarely found as a pure substance. Mangan Hedenbergite is a manganese bearing variety of Hedenbergite. Manganese is the world’s fourth most used mineral after iron, aluminium, and copper primarily because it has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications. Globally, the steel industry is the primary user of manganese metal, utilizing it as an alloy to enhance the strength and workability of steel and in the manufacture of tin cans. Manganese is a key component of certain widely used aluminium alloys and, in oxide form, dry cell batteries used in electric vehicles. These batteries are in high demand. Another potential use for manganese may as an additive to help coat and protect a car’s engine. Manganese is also used for non-metallurgical purposes such as plant fertilizers, animal feed, and colorants for bricks. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.A hand-sized mineral specimen in shades of silver and blackmanganese, open cut mine, manganese ore processing, bell bay, tasmania, northern territory, steel industry, zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline batteries, tin cans