Bushfire perimeter rather than bushfire area is the main control problem for firefighters on the ground. A conundrum rapidly compounded by spot fires. A small 5 ha fire can be nearly 1 km around the perimeter. That's a long way to build a control line by hand in rough bush. Dry firefighting techniques by hand were mostly confined to “knocking down” or “beating out” the flames, as well as "digging out". Digging or raking a “mineral earth” trail down to bare dirt proved most effective in forest fuels which, unlike grass, tend to retain heat and smoulder. Early tools were whatever happened to be close at hand. They were simple and primitive and included shovels, slashers, axes, hoes, beaters and rakes. A cut branch to beat the flames was often the only thing available. Farming and logging tools, developed over centuries of manual labour, and readily available at local hardware stores came into use, but little thought was given to size, weight, and balance. For years foresters experimented with combination tools. In about 1952 fire beaters and other implements were being replaced with Rakuts. However, its believed the now common Rakehoe is an Australian variation of the American McLeod Tool which was developed in 1905 by forest ranger Malcolm McLeod of the Sierra National Forest. The late Athol Hodgson advised that predecessors, Reg Torbet who had been the Chief Fire Officer for the Forests Commission from 1948-1956, along with his QLD counterpart Clive Price, went in late 1951 as Australian delegates on a 10 week fire study tour of Nth America organised by the United Nations. They came back with a couple of McLeod tools from Canada. Cam MacLeod (different spelling) had been the Head of Fire Research for the Canadian Forest Service at the time and had supplied them. The tools were ideal for deciduous forests in the eastern provinces and Clive arranged to have them manufactured in QLD. The Rakho, as it was then spelled, was first issued to FCV crews 65 years ago in 1955-56. The American Pulaski had been trialled, but never found favour with Australian firefighters.First used in 1955Rakehoe Combination of a heavy-duty six-toothed (each 9cm long) rake with a large, sturdy (25cm) hoe.bushfire, forests commission victoria (fcv)

Newspaper Clipping from "The Mail", March 30, 1993, P. 11 - written by Janine JonesCouncillor to return to duties . Ringwood Councillor Robin Gardini has vowed to return to his civic duties despite a chronic heart condition that has seen him hospitalised four times since Christmas.

The Northern District School of Nursing opened in 1950 in to address the issues around nurse recruitment, training and education that had previously been hospital based. The residential school was to provide theoretical and in-house education and practical training over three years. The students would also receive practical hands-on training in the wards of associated hospitals. The Northern District School of Nursing operated from Lister House, Rowan Street, Bendigo. It was the first independent school of nursing in Victoria and continued until it closed in 1989. The book "The First of its Kind" was published in 2015. Printed in Bendigo by "Bendigo Modern Press". Memories compiled by Peter Rosewall; who attended the last NDSN school PTS 108 between 1986 - 89.A typed letter from Norma Lunt who worked in the NDSN office at Lister House from 1952 to 1959. It includes good information about her many office duties and some lighthearted stories. The letter discusses what skills she had to learn and her other duties.Authors signaturendsn, at lister house., working in the office, 1952 - 1959

Instruction - 2 pages - duplicated foolscap sheets - headed "MMTB Engineering Department - Workshops and Running Shed Branch" - titled "Car builders duties". Details duties of workmen who undertook the repair of body defects, inspections of trams, cleaning, life guards and footboards. Dated May 1970.trams, tramways, depot, safety, workshops, tramcars, repairs, instructions, procedures

This bank cheque originated from the Bank of Australasia, Melbourne branch. It was issued on 3rd December 1885 to a person surnamed Slater for £71.11.5 (seventy-one pounds, eleven shillings and five pence). The parallel lines are called Cheque Crossed and mean that only Slater and no one else could receive the payment and that it would have been paid into Slater's bank account, not exchanged for cash. The embossed dots signify that the cheque amount was also paid to be the bearer of the cheque. Slater would have visited the bank to deposit the money into his or her own account. The cheque was printed by Sands & McDougall, a long-standing Melbourne printing and stationery company. It was then Stamped at the bank with its own unique number before it was issued to the customer. From its previously perforated edges, it is presumed that the cheque was part of a page of cheques, likely to be contained within a book of similar cheques ready for use. The Bank of Australia was incorporated by Royal Charter of England in March 1834. It had its Australian beginnings on 14th December 1835, opening in Sydney. The Acting Superintendent of the bank at that time was David Charters McArthur. He was Superintendent from 1867-to 1876. The Melbourne branch opened on 28th August 1838 in a two-roomed brick cottage on the north side of Little Collins Street, where two huge mastiff dogs were used at night to guard the bank. The government also provided an armed military sentinel. Due to the bank's rapid growth, a new building for the Melbourne branch was opened in 1840 at 75 Collins Street West. By 1879 the bank had been upgraded to a magnificent two-storey building on the corners of Collins and Queens Streets, with the entry on Collins Street. In 1951 the Bank of Australasia amalgamated with the Union Bank to form the Australia and New Zealand Bank, now known as the ANZ. Then in 1970, the ANZ merged with both the ES&A and the London Bank of Australia to form the ANZ Banking Group Limited. The ANZ Banking Group Ltd kindly donated a variety of historic items from the Bank of Australasia. BANK of AUSTRALASIA, WARRNAMBOOL – In 1854 Warrnambool had two banks, the Union Bank and the Bank of Australasia. Later, completely different bank businesses opened; in 1867 the National Bank of Australasia, then in 1875 the Colonial Bank of Australasia. The original Warrnambool branch of the Bank of Australasia was established in July 1854, and operated from a leased cottage on Merri Street, close to Liebig Street. The bank next bought a stone building previously erected by drapers Cramond & Dickson on the corner of Timor and Gibson Streets. Samuel Hannaford was a teller and then Manager at the Warrnambool branch from 1855 to 1856 and the Warrnambool Council chose that bank for its dealings during 1856-57. In 1859 Roberts & Co. was awarded the contract to build the new Bank of Australasia branch for the sum of £3,000. The land was on a sand hill on the northeast corner of Timor and Kepler Streets and had been bought in 1855 from investor James Cust. The new building opened on May 21, 1860. The bank continued to operate there until 1951 when it merged with the Union Bank to form the ANZ Bank, which continued operating from its Liebig Street building. Warrnambool City Council purchased the former Bank of Australasia building in 1971 and renovated it, then on 3rd December 1973 it was officially opened as the Art Gallery by Cr. Harold Stephenson and Gallery Director John Welsh. The Gallery transferred to the purpose-built building in Liebig Street in 1986 and the old bank building is now the Gallery club. Staff at the Bank of Australasia in Warrnambool included the following men but others were also involved: Samuel Hannaford, Teller then Manager from 1855-1856; W H Palmer, Manager from January 1857 until November 1869 when the Teller Basil Spence was promoted to Manager; H B Chomley, Manager from April 1873 and still there in 1886; A Butt, Manager in 1895-1904; J R McCleary Accountant and Acting Manager for 12 months, until 1900; A Kirk, Manager 1904; J Moore, staff until his transfer to Bendigo in December 1908; J S Bath was Manager until 1915; C C Cox, Manager until April 1923; Richard C Stanley, Manager 1923 to April 1928. The bank cheque has significance through its association with the Bank of Australasia. The early Australian bank was established in 1834 by Royal Charter and opened in Sydney, Australia, in Sydney in 1835. The bank had many Australian offices in November 1877, particularly on the east and south coasts. Victoria had 45 percent of all Offices. The bank cheque is significant as an early example of financial management of money and money exchange or transfer.Bank cheque of the Bank of Australasia, Melbourne branch. The rectangular paper has three sides that have been perforated. It is printed in blue with bank's Insignia of a heraldic shield of sheep hung by their waists and ships in full sail. Embossed Stamp Duty mark. Embossed dots. Handwritten black ink details Dated 3rd Dec 1885. Printed in Melbourne by Sands & McDougall. Diagonal parallel lines are across the cheque. Printed: "Bank of Australasia, MELBOURNE (75 COLLINS ST. WEST)." "454,358" "Sands & McDougall, Melbourne" Embossed stamp: Symbol of Crown above double oval lines " - STAMP DUTY" "ONE PENNY" Embossed dots forming test "7 PAID T2" Handwritten: "3rd Dec. [188] 5" "134 - Slater" "Seventy one pounds 11/S 5p" "£71.11.5" Signature: (undecipherable) flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, bank cheque, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, bank of australasia, boa, union bank, australia & new zealand bank, anz bank, bank note, melbourne, slater, sands & mcdougall, chrssed cheque, embossed dots, paid cheque

Possibly made for a 9 RAR reunion. Owner "Frank CHAMBERS" Vietnam, 9 RAR. ,Flag mounted on a timber dowel. Flag - brown polyester fabric, illustrated in colour, yellow, green, grey, brown and red, the regimental crest of 9 RAR.Printed on fabric - yellow and black print. "IX/ DUTY FIRST/ ROYAL AUSTRALIAN REGIMENT"flags, vietnam, 9 rar, frank chambers

In conversation with Mr Tibbett we found out that he obtained this particular unit at an auction in Sydney and brought it home with the intention of one day getting it going again. 'One day' never seemed to come, so he decided to let us have it for our display, rather than jjust collecting dust in his shed.This unit is again of a different manufacturer and construction, highlighting the versatile nature of charcoal producer gas and its applications. A commercially made cast iron unit with a solid round hopper/boiler on a steelframe base. It has a pressure-cooker lid and a car type radiator. Solid built, but rust affected in partsMake: Tysons Cross Draught Model: Official 30hp Heavy Duty Serial: 1368

The 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles was raised as a regiment of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps on 1 May 1948 with Headquarters in Melbourne and squadrons in Sale, Benalla/Wangaratta and Albury. In 1955 Regimental Headquarters moved to Wangaratta and a second squadron was located at Albury. The Sale squadron transferred to 4th/19th Prince of Wales’s Light Horse. In 1977 8/13 VMR Regiment was reduced to an independent squadron A Squadron 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles and in 1991 was linked with 4th/19th Prince of Wales’s Light Horse forming the VMR Squadron of that regiment.Black and white photograph of two servicemen at Albury Drill Hall, one in RAAF uniform and the other in 8/13 VMR uniform. Part of a collection of photographs collected during the life of the regiment and passed to the Heritage Collection when it was formalised in the early 1980s." Anzac Day Duties. John Larkin, ex F/Sgt. AG/ Alan Young."

Book with DVD � A Time To Honour - is souvenir book issued at USA 50th Anniversary Commemorations, Hawaii June 2017A detailed commentary of the Vietnam War, albeit, from the American perspective.Hard Back copy of book issued at USA 50th Anniversary Commemorations, Hawaii, 2017; includes relative DVD: 120 circumference.Title: Vietnam War, 50th Commemorations. A Time To Honour. Stories of Service, Duty and Sacrifice.vietnam, vietnam war, diamond valley vietnam veterans sub branch, usa

Printed leaflet of four pages setting out working conditions of men employed on main roads by the Country Roads Board. Two copies.Text: " Duties and Responsibilities / OF / PATROL MEN / EMPLOYED ON MAIN ROADS BY THE / COUNTRY ROADS BOARD. "country roads board, employment

A large journal with hard covers of soft suede leather, brown, with very faded scrolled borders. The internal pages are one week to an opening, marked Diary of Duties and Occurrences at the Ballan Police Station, with the left page for Police Duty and the right page for Horses. The pages are ruled into columns with various headings.Ballan Police Stationballan - police station, police daily records

John Oxley was a shoe and butchers’ knife manufacturer, who was listed in Whitecroft UK in 1822 . By 1825, he was based in Hollis Croft. John apparently died in about 1837. He had two sons – George (1808-1879) and James (1811-1881) who took over the business. George moved to Indianna, USA and in 1868 James continued to manufacture 'Cooks’ and palette knives and steels" Oxley’s trade mark was a butcher’s knife crossed with a sharpening steel (and the letters ‘JO’). The firm stayed in the family until 1960. Early settlers were self reliant and repaired their own equipment for kitchen,dairy, farm, horses, carts using various tools . This strong steel knife is typical of the type used by early settlers in Moorabbin Shire c1900Heavy duty curved steel knife with a wide blade encased in 2 thick leather straps secured with steel rivets Blade ; James Oxley with Trade Mark - a butcher’s knife crossed with a sharpening steel (and the letters ‘JO’). scratched into leather handle ; J EVANSknives, sheffield steel, oxley james ltd. , leatherworkers, saddles, horses, bootmakers, shoes, boots, builders, carpenters, early settlers, market gardeners, blacksmiths, tools, building equipment, hammers, moorabbin shire, bentleigh, mckinnon, highett, cheltenham,mcewan james pty ltd, melbourne, bunnings pty ltd,

Note written on part of a telegram form and signed by Eliza J. Berti. Has a green 1d duty stamp attached.business, stockbroker, kelly & alsop, kelly & alsop collection - eliza j berti

Recd of Court King of the Forest 40£ on account of Medical services. H L Atkinson. Green duty stamp attached.H L Atkinsonsocieties, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - receipt, court king of the forest, h l atkinson

Receipt for seven pounds nine shillings dated 10.9.1928. Paper receipt. with 2d duty stamp. London Stores Ltd. Melbournecostume, male uniform, civilian, london stores melbourne. receipt.

White-backed plastic board with blue writing and displaying the SAS emblem. Lists tours of duty of squadrons 3, 1 and 2.sas squadrons service

Photo taken of a BDHS display at the CHHA fair at the Ballarat Drill Hall, October 1995The photo is a historical record of the eventColour photo of a display stand of the war years, taken at the 1995 Central Highlands Historical Association fair, with Virginia Dyson on duty.CHHA 1995 History Fairfair, chha, display, bdhs

Knee pads were used by State Rivers and Water Supply Commission staff for crawling through pipes from Dales Road to Brierly Basin around the 1980's.Suede leather knee pads, filled with heavy duty foam, velcro strips attached to front for easy way of fastening tiesknee pad

Heavy duty SHER dual speed electric drill with a 3/8 inch chuck, chuck key, electric lead and plug.SHER POWERMATIC Duel Speed Drill|220-250 Volts - Made in Australia 1.75 Amps. ( & other information)trades, carpentry, mechanics, tools

Trench life WW1 a Propaganda image purports to show a bunch of 'jolly good chaps'Black and White PostcardOn Reverse: With a swinging Back-to-Billets step, these Anzacs are leaving trench duty for their well-earned rest.anzacs

From the estate of Elsie Cooke. Elsie Cooke was a librarian in Orbost for many years. She was the daughter of John Cooke early Brodribb settler. Elsie Cooke lived all her life in Gippsland,. She was born at Brodribb in 1895 and died in 1970, Elsie Cooke lived at Bruthen for a short time and, in 1937, moved to live with her aunt, Miss Jean Munro. Miss Cooke was Librarian at the Mechanics Institute for many years. Kindness and consideration for other were Miss Cooke’s attributes and she endeared herself to all who knew her. She was a loyal member of the Presbyterian Church and a stalwart of the Ladies’ Guild, an energetic worker for the Municipal Auxiliary and a member of the Red Cross. (ref. Mary Gilbert) Pocket watches were the most common type of watch from their development in the 16th century until wristwatches became popular after World War I. Pocket watches were either stem-wound or key-wound. The very first pocket watches, since their creation in the 16th century, up until the third quarter of the 19th century, had key-wind and key-set movements. On a key-wind watch the mainspring is wound by turning a key which usually fits through a hole in the back inner-lid of the watch case. This item is a key wind watch. A silver lady's pocket watch. There are two keys attached with brown tape. The case has engraved patterns on the top and bottom. There is a small ring for attaching a chain. It opens at the back for winding.46792 anchor lion indecipherable mark (could be a duty stamp) scratched -1864 6 M.S.watch sterling-silver cooke-elsie

Items relate to George Frederick Pierce DCM. Refer Cat No 4136P for his service details, award and death. Part of the collection of William (Bill) Thomason, refer Cat No 4136P for more items..1) Four page folding card, front has an embossed map of Australia, central in gold a scroll, Rising Sun, crown and a wreath. Inside has a short poem headed by “Greater love hath no man than this”, next page a brief sympathy message, under in ink an entry by hand. A small string holds the pages together. .2) yellowish envelope with black edging, mail stamps and a 1 penny red stamp. Envelope dated 21 Nov ....... .1) On the front “ Duty - Valour - Honour”. Inside in ink from, ”Mr and Mrs F Stevens"sympathy, cards, military

Percival Sylvester LANYON NR V 14661 enlisted 21 May 1941 Aged 45, Discharged 5 June 1944 Rank PTE. UNit 3 Garrison Bde. Heavy copper medallion and chain. At the top of the chain is a solid rod, 5 rings in the chain. Medallion is gold colour, top has the Rising Sun Badge covered with a saluting soldier. Two rifles go from his waist to the ground. A blue enamel across the medallion. Centre has a small shield with a concave recess in its centre. A wreath up from the bottom on both sides, bottom has a boomerang.Front. “DUTY. BRAVELY. DONE. P.S. LANYON in the boomerang Back is stamped “presentation from Bendigo” ww2, bendigo, medallion thankyou

.1 - Instruction - three A4 pages stapled in top left hand corner titled "Manager's Office Duties", lists each task for a depot manager to undertake - Monday to Friday. Document not dated. .2 - set of two A4 documents - listing the Admin Officer's Duty for weekday early shift and weekday's middle shift. Document not dated.trams, tramways, depots, depot instructions, instructions, depot masters