p.485.non-fictionAmerican historian John Lothrop Motley (1814–77) graduated from Harvard in 1831. During 1832 and 1833 he studied in Göttingen before returning to the United States. Already the author of two novels and numerous essays, he began to plan a history of the Netherlands, but, unable to find all the source material he needed in America, he returned to Europe in 1851, this time with his family. The next few years he spent researching in Dresden, The Hague and Brussels. The result was this famous account of the foundation of the Dutch Republic, first published in 1855. Volume 2 starts with the end of Margaret of Parma's governorship and then describes the start of the Eighty Years' War, covering the period 1567–76, including the governorship of the duke of Alva and the so-called Council of Blood by which he attempted to quash the movement for Dutch independence from Spain. neterlands - history, netherlands - wars of independence

p.527.non-fictionAmerican historian John Lothrop Motley (1814–77) graduated from Harvard in 1831. During 1832 and 1833 he studied in Göttingen before returning to the United States. Already the author of two novels and numerous essays, he began to plan a history of the Netherlands, but, unable to find all the source material he needed in America, he returned to Europe in 1851, this time with his family. The next few years he spent researching in Dresden, The Hague and Brussels. The result was this famous account of the foundation of the Dutch Republic, first published in 1855. Volume 2 starts with the end of Margaret of Parma's governorship and then describes the start of the Eighty Years' War, covering the period 1567–76, including the governorship of the duke of Alva and the so-called Council of Blood by which he attempted to quash the movement for Dutch independence from Spain. neterlands - history, netherlands - wars of independence

Index, p.481.non-fictionAmerican historian John Lothrop Motley (1814–77) graduated from Harvard in 1831. During 1832 and 1833 he studied in Göttingen before returning to the United States. Already the author of two novels and numerous essays, he began to plan a history of the Netherlands, but, unable to find all the source material he needed in America, he returned to Europe in 1851, this time with his family. The next few years he spent researching in Dresden, The Hague and Brussels. The result was this famous account of the foundation of the Dutch Republic, first published in 1855. Volume 2 starts with the end of Margaret of Parma's governorship and then describes the start of the Eighty Years' War, covering the period 1567–76, including the governorship of the duke of Alva and the so-called Council of Blood by which he attempted to quash the movement for Dutch independence from Spain. neterlands - history, netherlands - wars of independence

non-fictionBorn in Belturbet, County Cavan, Ireland in 1824, McIllree was the youngest son of a large family. He achieved much after running away from home, aged just 14, to escape being sent into penury as a clergyman. By the time of his untimely death at Wodonga in 1882, McIllree had packed a lot into his life. He had sailed the high seas as an Able Seaman, toiled as a miner, run the Wodonga pound for 19 years, bought town blocks, set up a farm, a vineyard and a short- lived butchery business, served on local boards, appeared in court, leased and bought Upper Murray grazing lands, established a horse and cattle breeding enterprise at Biggara, taken horses to India for sale, and visited Aotearoa/ New Zealand’s Rotorua spas for a heart disease cure. Perhaps the most important even in his life was marrying a young Irish girl, Isabella Johnston from Belfast, at Wodonga in 1855. Their marriage produced 11 children, seven of whom have descendants living in Australia, Europe, Indonesia, Kiribati, the Philippines, and the United States of America.henry mcillree, irish immigration, mcillree genealogy, wodonga pioneers

Index, ill, p.346.non-fictionn The Accidental Guerrilla, Kilcullen takes us on the ground to uncover the face of modern warfare, illuminating both the global challenge (the "War on Terrorism") and small wars across the world: Afghanistan, Iraq, Indonesia, Thailand, East Timor, and Pakistan. He explains that today's conflicts are a complex hybrid of contrasting trends: local social networks and worldwide movements; traditional and postmodern culture; local insurgencies seeking autonomy and a broader terrorist campaign. He warns that the United States has tended to conflate these trends, blurring the distinction between local and global struggles and thereby enormously complicating our challenges. The West has continually misidentified insurgents with limited aims and legitimate grievances - "accidental guerrillas" - as members of a unified worldwide terror network. We must learn how to disentangle these strands, develop strategies that deal with global threats, avoid local conflicts where possible, and win them where necessary.guerrilla warfare, insurgencies

Wright’s Coal Tar Soap was a popular brand of household soap, manufactured by William Valentine Wright from 1867. The yellow soap was antiseptic, designed to cleanse the skin thoroughly. It was originally named Sapo Carbonis Detergens, which remains a registered trademark. The product was developed from ‘liquor carbonis detergens’, the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke. The liquid was made into an antiseptic soap for treating skin diseases. William Valentine Wright was born in 1826 at Aldeburgh, Suffolk. He was a wholesale druggist and chemist who had a small business, W.V. Wright & Co., at 11 Old Fish Street Hill, City of London, where he first sold the soap. In 1863 Wright moved his firm to small premises at 50 Southwark Street, Southwark, London, and not long afterwards M. Sellers and Mr Charles Noel Layman joined the partnership. The company's name changed to Wright, Layman & Umney, when Charles Umney (1843–1909) was taken into the partnership on June 17, 1876, after the death of M. Sellers. William Valentine Wight 1877. Rob Umney, great-great-grandson of Charles Umney, provided further details about the firm, adding that in the late 1960s, the Wright’s Coal Tar Soap business was taken over by LRC Products Ltd who sold it to Smith & Nephew in 1994. The current owners of the brand, Simple Health and Beauty Ltd are based in Solihull and the soap is called Wright's Traditional Soap ‘With coal tar fragrance’. The coal tar has been replaced with tea tree oil. There were concerns that ingredients in coal tar could cause cancer when a person is exposed to very high concentrations, such as in roofing and road paving. In January 2025 the current manufacturers still produce the Wright's Coal Tar Soap.The flier states that Wright's Coal Tar Soap was sold throughout the United Kingdom and Colonies, which includes Australia. The soap is representative of the many consumer goods sold at pharmacies and chemist shops across the world, such as Sambell and Son, who operated a pharmacy in Fairy Street, Warrnambool in the 19th century. The paper flier is rectangular and has printed text and a logo. The top right corner has stamped punch marks. It promotes Wright's Coal Tar Soap, made by Wright, Layman & Umney Ltd. England.Punch mark; "1176"flagstaff hill, maritime museum, wright's, coal tar soap, soap, bathing, antiseptic, washing, personal hygiene, london, southwark, chemist, pharmacist, colonies, wright's coal tar soap, sapo carboni detergens, punch marks, england, soap tablet, babies soap, nursery soap, advertising, poster, flyer, wright, layman & umney ltd., w.t. wrifght & co., soap bar, soap cake

Black bound book with silver writing on spine. Dust jacket has collage of photographs on front, spine is black with white writing on it.non-fiction'Mercy trains - Australian Army Ambulance trains during World War II recounts the hitherto untold story of trains provided by Australia's State railway departments to convey the tens of thousands of the armed force's sick and wounded needing transportation across the continent. Conceived as large-scale ambulances to evacuate battle casualties suffered on Australian soil in the event of a landing by enemy forces, their role changed when Australia was spared the trauma of invasion. Instead, the trains becam mobile hospitals: their task to convey invalids from all allied (and enemy) forces to medical centres throughout the nation. One major assignment was to bring south from Queensland casualties evacuated from the battlefields of Papua-New Guinea, whose numbers reached crisis proportions at the close of 1942 and into early 1943. The trains were operated by United States Army personnel for twelve months, one in New South Wales and one in Queensland. Author Jim Harvey spent three years searching through Army (both Australian and U.S.) and railway department files and what he found was a story of demanding military, a penny-pinching government prepared to endanger the lives of train staff rather than permit necessary improvements, some railway operating problems, fires, more than a fair share of floods, a bombing attack, examples of a generosity from caring local communities, a dexicated staff of doctors, nurses, medical orderlies and cooks, supported at all times by sympathetic railwayment of all grades.' [from inside front dust jacked]australian nurses, world war two, wwii, ww2, papua new guinea, pacific theatre, homefront, australia

Imprisioned and tortured by the South Vietnamese soldiers, sentenced to death by the Viet Cong, Le Ly Hayslip quickly learnt how to survive in wartorn Vietnam. Escaping to the United States, she thought whe was swapping hell for heaven.south vietnamese soldier, viet cong, le ly hayslip, tortured, rescued prisoners

Australia, in 1962 committed 30 Army instructors to train the emerging Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) with the aim of enhancing a military alliance with the United States of America. The training task continued for 10 years and involved 990 Australians and 10 New Zealanders as the war escalated. This account reflects the experience of an unlikely member of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) who became the last Australian Warrant Officer to srve with the highly regarded 1st ARVN Regiment.vietnam war 1961 - south vietnam, vietnam war, 1961-1975 - participation, american, australian army training team vietnam (aattv), 1st arvn regiment, john (jack) peel, new zealand, 2nd battalion

Gruman Avenger. One of a collection of 25 model aircraft made by Brian Anthony DOWD The Grumman TBF Avenger is an American torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine CorpsSmall brown and camouflage plane with black and red spots on wings. Yellow, white, blue & red circles on sides.NF W8142model airplanes, gruman avenger.

Curtis Commando C46. One of a collection of 25 model aircraft made by Brian Anthony DOWD The Curtiss C-46 Commando is a twin-engine transport aircraft. It was used as a military transport during World War II by the United States Army Air Forces and also the U.S. Navy/Marine Corps. The C-46 served in a similar role to its Douglas-built counterpart, the C-47 Skytrain. Large white minature model plane with blue stripe down the sides. Flying Tiger Linemodel airplanes, curtis commando c46.

Aeronica C3. One of a collection of 25 model aircraft made by Brian Anthony DOWD The Aeronca C-3 was a light plane built by the Aeronautical Corporation of America in the United States during the 1930s. Khaki bi-wing plane with yellow wings & tail. Red nose & wheels. Has red, white & blue stars on top wing. U.S. Army underneath bottom wing.model airplanes, aeronica c3.

Avenger. One of a collection of 25 model aircraft made by Brian Anthony DOWD The Grumman TBF Avenger is an American torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine Corps Green plane with white & blue circles on wings & sides, yellow band around tail. Yellow nose.CU-670model airplanes, avenger.

Berliner Joyce OJ2. One of a collection of 25 model aircraft made by Brian Anthony DOWD The Berliner-Joyce OJ was an American biplane observation floatplane developed by the Berliner-Joyce Aircraft for the United States Navy during the early 1930s.Minature model plane with khaki body, yellow wings, cream tail & fin. Red, white & blue stars on wings.U.S Army 34model airplanes, berliner joyce oj2.

The East is the Republic of South Vietnam, half a truncated nation, recently freed of colonial control. The West is the United States, most powerful nation in the world. vietnam war - 1961-1975, saigon, us military

The East is the Republic of South Vietnam, half a truncated nation, recently freed of colonial control. The West is the United States, most powerful nation in the world. vietnam war - 1961-1975, saigon

What path led Americans to Vietnam? Why and how did the United States become involved in this conflict.tet offensive, vietnam war, 1961-1975 - military intelligence, french indochina war

This box of pastels was donated to the Wodonga & District Historical Society by Betty L. Barberis (nee Barton), a prominent artist. They were given to her by Mr Colin Findlay, the teacher at Upper Gundowring Primary School from 1930 to 1939. His students at that school and many others used these pastels each day. Reeves’ “Greyhound” business was originally established by William Reeves who opened his first shop near St Paul’s Cathedral in London, England in 1766. The greyhound crest was later adopted as their emblem, taken from the coat-of-arms of the extinct Ryves family of Dorset. It consisted of a black-seated greyhound spotted with gold. After William’s death, the business was carried out by his brother, in partnership with various businessmen. They sold a wide range of art supplies in England and their trade extended to supplying drawing instruments and stationery products to the East India Company in the early 1800s. In the 1920s the Greyhound Colour Works at Enfield became known especially for its famous Greyhound pastels. Reeves Greyhound products were also being made in Melbourne, Australia. They were marketed widely through schools in all States from the 1920s onwards. Reeves continues to be a huge brand both in the United Kingdom and internationally, placed in over 70 countries worldwide including America, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Africa and Australia.These pastels are significant because they were widely used in Victorian Schools and were donated to our Collection by a prominent local artist.A cardboard box with a corrugated cardboard to store 12 pastels. The pastels are held in a cardboard tray insert.REEVES' 'GREYHOUND" PASTELS (REGISTERED) Directions for use Non-INJURIOUS Made in Australia On each pastel: REEVES GREYHOUND reeves greyhound pastels, primary school art supplies, education 1930s, upper gundowring primary school, betty l. barberis

This meticulously hand crafted ship model is one of the most intricate and challenging projects for a ship modeller to create. Jim Williams took up the challenge, choosing to make all of the components by hand, following a plan of the ship rather than purchasing a pre-made kit. He even made his own tools specifically for working with this model. The “Sovereign of the Seas” 1637-1697 - The magnificent ship “Sovereign of the Seas” was ordered by Charles I of England, who desired a giant Great Ship to be built. It was built by Peter Pett under the guidance of his father Phineas, the King's master shipwright, and launched with 102-guns at Woolwich Dockyard on 13th October 1637, as the Navy’s second three-decker first-rate ship. It was the most extravagantly decorated warship in the Royal Navy, bought with the help of a special 'Ship Money' tax imposed by the King. Soon afterwards the ship was remodelled and cut down to a safer and faster ship. Over the ship’s lifetime it was renamed “Commonwealth”, then in 1650 it became simply “Sovereign” then again after a rebuild in 1660 it was named “Royal Sovereign”. By 1642 the ship’s armament had been reduced to 90 guns. In 1651 Sovereign was made more manoeuvrable by reducing the upper works. It served throughout the wars of the Commonwealth and became the flagship of General Robert Blake. It was involved in all of the great English naval conflicts fought against the United Provinces and France and was referred to as 'The Golden Devil' by the Dutch. By 1660 the armament was changed attain to 100 guns. After the English Restoration, it was rebuilt as a first-rate ship of the line, with flatter gun decks and 100 guns, and most of the carvings were removed. During the First Anglo-Dutch War, in a secret session on 21 October 1652, the States-General of the Netherlands announced reward money for the crews of fire ships that succeeded in destroying enemy vessels; the Sovereign was singled out with an extra prize of 3000 guilders to sink or ruin it. Although repeatedly occupied by the Dutch, the Sovereign was retaken every time by the British and remained in service for nearly sixty years as the best ship in the English fleet. The Sovereign was in regular service during the three Anglo-Dutch Wars, surviving the Raid on the Medway in 1667. After a second rebuild in 1685 the Sovereign was relaunched as a first-rate ship of 100 guns, before taking part in the outset of the War of the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV of France, venturing into the Irish Sea, and later participating in the Battle of Beachy Head in 1690 and the Battle of La Hougue. At this time she was more than fifty years old. It was the first ship in history to fly ‘royals’ above the topgallant sails and a top gallant sail on the jigger-mast. The Sovereign eventually became leaky and defective with age and was laid up at Chatham when, on 27th January 1697, the famous ship caught fire, burning to the waterline. Jim Williams, the model’s maker - Jim (James Bernard) Williams was born in 1888 at The Forth in Scotland. He lived in Tasmania for some time and enlisted to fight in France in WW1. After the war he moved to Warrnambool, Victoria, where he worked at the Cramond & Dickson clothing store until the Great Depression in the 1930’s. He was later employed at Fletcher Jones Menswear, where he worked for 27 years until just before his death in 1959. Jim was a passionate ship model builder. He worked on his model ships between 1930 and 1955, including The Endeavour and The Sovereign of the Seas, which was one of the most intricate historic ship models to build. He had a table set up in a bay window and worked on them on and off using a jeweller's eye glass on the finer pieces. Jim’s long-time employer, Fletcher Jones, knew of Jim’s hobby and skill as a ship model builder and requested Jim to describe the model, Sovereign of the Seas, with the view of putting it on display. When the model was finished there was a full article and photo in The Standard newspaper. Jim described his work on the ship mode “Sovereign of the Seas” in correspondence to his then employer, Fletcher Jones. The document gives us an insight into his skill, patience, and regard for replicating the details of the original ship. Some of the details are: "In making the model the time taken to make certain items might be of interest. For instance "The Great Lantern" on the stern, four weeks, a similar time for the figurehead of St George & the Dragon. "The lower shrouds three to each side about six weeks & the rigging as whole several months. There are nearly 300 blocks and pulleys ranging from nearly 1 / 16 inch in diameter. Dead eyes were bored with 3 to 5 holes. To do this needles of different sizes, set in handles & ground to wedge ends were used. Glass cut and ground to shape were used windows. All gun-port covers (74) hinged. "All guns and anchors made of wood. Nothing for the model was purchased ready-made; everything hand made." Jim’s family donated the ship model along with many associated tools, accessories and papers. The model represents the Sovereign of the Seas. The Royal Navy ship of the line launched in 1637 has a significant British maritime heritage. These days the Sovereign of the Seas still remains one of the most intricate historic ship models to build, representing to the model enthusiast a true challenge to the art of model shipbuilding. The model of Sovereign of the Seas in Flagstaff Hill's collection is an exemplary example of a ship model built and hand crafted from a plan with the making of every item on the model, not a model kit with prefabricated parts. It was made by a local Warrnambool man Jim Williams as a leisure activity in the mid 20th century. The hobby and craft of ship model making has resulted in visual representations of the changes in maritime technology and advances in world-wide navigation. Ship model of HMS Sovereign of the Seas, a 17th century British warship. The handmade model is in wooden framed, airtight glass case. All components were hand crafted. Many of the tools used were made by the model maker, Jim Williams. An inscribed plaque is within the case. Inscribed on plaque "SOVEREIGN OF THE SEAS / 102 GUNS - 1634"flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, model ship, vessel sovereign of the seas, jim williams, james bernard williams, the forth tasmania, freda williams, heather williams, phyllis bowditch, fletcher jones staff 1936, 17th century sailing ship, cramond and dickson, sovereign of the seas, royal sovereign, sovereign, charles 1, ship model

A complete set of 8 blueprints from “Popular Mechanics Magazine”, Chicago. The blueprints are on a royal purple coloured paper with white print. Each print displays labelled diagrams to assist the hobbyist to assemble the ship model “Sovereign of the Seas”. The designer is Harold T. Bodkin. Distinct fold creases divide the documents into quarters. There is some silverfish damage leaving holes, however, all instructions are visible. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, maritime village, maritime museum, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, shipwreck coast, great ocean road, model ship, vessel sovereign of the seas, jim williams, james bernard williams, the forth tasmania, freda williams, heather williams, phyllis bowditch, fletcher jones staff 1936, 17th century sailing ship, cramond and dickson, sovereign of the seas, royal sovereign, sovereign, charles 1, fletcher jones, warrnambool breakwater, popular mechanics magazine

An imaginary gathering of the nine Australian Ships which at different times served the United Nations Forces fighting the North Koreans and Chinese during the Korean War of 1950-53. The item belonged to Clarence Stanley FLENTJAR R38429 who enlisted in the Royal Australian Navy. He served on HMAS Cerebus, Tobruk and Melville and a veteran of the Korean War. The Korean War was a war fought between North Korea and South Korea from 25 June 1950 to 27 July 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea.North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United Nations, principally the United States. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.Black frame with cream mount containing a screen print on silk depicting 9 naval ships and 4 airborne aircraft at sea Australia's Navy in the Korean War 1950-53 An imaginary gathering of the nine Australian Ships which at different times served the United Nations Forces fighting the North Koreans and Chinese during the Korean War of 1950-53. The aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney, in the centre, is being screened in close order by (clockwise from top centre) the frigates Condamine, Culgoa, Shoalhaven and Murchison, and the destroyers Tobruk, Warramunga, Anzac and Bataan. Airborne overhead are Firefly and Sea Fury aircraft from HMAS Sydney. White Plaque - mounted on glass - C S FLENTJAR 38429 HMAS Tobruk D37 Korea 1951-1952ran, korean war, hmas tobruk, hmas cerebus, hmas melville

These type of cigarette silks were included in WD & HO Wills cigarette packets to induce women in particular to take up smoking.|The Word 'Cartophilic?|It is believed that this unusual word was coined in the 1920s by Col. Bagnall, an Englishman, who was the father of the hobby of cigarette card and trade card collecting. It is thought to be a combination of a Latin word, 'carto' meaning 'card and the Greek word 'philic', meaning 'love'.- lover of cards. The term originally related to the collection of the two types mentioned, however, our Society has included postcards in the range of items collected by our members.|The Cigarette Card|The cigarette card began its evolution in the United States of America, in the early 1880s as a plain piece of cardboard used by tobacconists to protect the cigarettes which were sold in that era, not in packets, but loosely. A purchaser would buy his cigarettes then wrap them in paper around the small piece of cardboard, which acted as a stiffener. In fact, for many decades, cigarette cards were known as 'stiffeners' in the USA.|The card depicting 'The Marquis of Lome' is reputed to be the first known cigarette card issued. This is thought to have been in 1879. It did not take long for an enterprising entrepreneur to recognise the advertising potential of the cigarette card, and, very soon, the cards began displaying popular images, often in sets. This had the effect of youngsters, wishing to complete their sets, harassing their fathers to buy a specific brand of cigarettes. The kids who collected cards in the days when they were being issued in the cigarette packets, would hang around outside the local tobacconist's shop, pestering the men who had just bought a packet of cigarette, with the cry: 'can I have the cig can mister?'|It is a proven fact that, here in Australia during the 1930s, at least one set had one card deliberately withheld and issued very sparingly. This card is No. 86 (Mrs Jack Crawford) in the Carreras 'Turf Personality Series'. Thus, in a set of reasonably easy cards to get, this one card is a constant source of frustration for the collector, and as such, commands a premium when it comes to price. It is not hard to imagine the young collector nagging his to Dad to keep buying 'Turf' cigarettes to enable him to finish the set.|From small beginnings the cigarette card soon gave rise to a booming industry in itself. Artists and writers were|employed to produce the cards, which were miniature works of art and served as little encyclopaedia's for the children of the day. By the 1930s cards were being issued in the countless millions. It has been stated, in one book on the history of cards; that 450 million sets of a series produced and issued by the prolific issuer of cards in the United Kingdom, WD & HO Wills. As each set contained 50 cards you would need a calculator with a very long result window to see the answer to how many cards of that series were in circulation.|Australia's involvement would appear to have its beginnings with the English and American firms who shipped their tobacco products here and the cards of American Tobacco Company (ATC) are found in great numbers in early Australian collections; many featuring Australian subjects, e.g. 'Australian Parliament a 1901 issue. Earlier U.S. sets depicting Australians included Goodwin & Co's, so called. 'Australian Series' with cricketers and Australian Rules footballers who were on the sporting scene during the 1880s. The caption of one of theses cards reads:|'W.Hannysee. Captain Port Melbourne Football Club' which enables us to pinpoint the year of issue to either 1889 or 1890.|On the Australian scene the first local manufacturer who issued cards seems to have been The National Cigarette Company of Australia Proprietary Limited, whose 'Tally Ho' packets contained cards from a series of thirteen featuring the touring 'English Cricket Team 1897-8' Of the few Australian manufacturers who issued cards, only two companies issued more the two sets.|Undoubtedly the cards issued by the Melbourne firm Sniders & Abrahams (later Sniders & Abrahams Pty Ltd) are the 'jewels in the crown' of Australian card issues. They issued some thirty-three series, with numerous sub-series and allied issues such as metal badges, metal football shields, celluloid flags etc., which ensured that the hobbyist had a vast range from which to collect. Sporting themes – football, cricket, horse racing – dominate, indicating the Australians' love of sport and the outdoors was as strong in those earlier times as it is today. Military, animals and birds themes were also to the fore, with a touch of culture being provided by 'Shakespeare', 'Dickens', actresses and even classical 'Statuary'. Humour was not forgotten with 'Cartoons and Caricatures', 'Naval and Cricket (double meaning) Terms' and the 'Jokes' series. Art and history were covered by the artist, S.T. Gill's 'Views of Victoria in 1857' while the stereoscopic 'Views of the World' expanded the collectors' knowledge of the world as a whole.|The Sniders & Abrahams series began in 1904 and by 1919 the company was in decline and was eventually taken over by G.G. Goode & Co. Ltd. This company produced one set only, the highly collectable 'Prominent Cricketer Series' issued in 1924. During the early to mid-1920s, J.J. Schuh Tobacco Pty Ltd issued eight series, again containing the popular subjects of sport and war. At least two provincial tobacconists, Lentens of Bendigo and Baillies of Warrnambool, issued private football series. The last series of cards issued by a truly Australian firm was Dudgeon & Arnell's '1934 Australian Cricket Team'.|The Australian market was not neglected by the English companies with WD & HO Wills, Godfrey Phillips and Ogdens all making their contributions. By far the most active issuer was the long-established company Wills, whose 'Cricketers' of 1901 heralded the flood of Australian series, which continued into the mid-thirties.|The onset of the 1939-45 World War sounded the death knell of the cigarette card and very few post-war issues were made, certainly not here in Australia.|The Trade Card|The Trade Card is a non-tobacco item used by manufacturers to promote and advertise their products, in the same way that cigarette cards were. It is uncertain exactly when they were first produced, but in the USA, non-collectable cards were issued by firms in the early 1800s. These were more akin to a latter day 'business card'. It was not until the 1850s, when coloured and pictorial cards were issued to advertise and promote products that the Trade Card|became a collectable item. Many beautiful lithographic cards were produced in this early era and they are very mu sought after by collectors. By the 1870s the issues of Trade Cards became more prolific and it is from this era that more cards are seen.|Again, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact date of the first Australian Trade Card and it may be that the highly collectable and extremely rare 'American Candy Co's' - 'Pure Caramels' Australian Rules football card, issued i 1891, is the earliest series. This confectionery firm was located in Fitzroy, a Melbourne suburb. To date only two subjects have been seen.|Another early set was 'Flags', issued by F.H.Fauldings & Co. It featured testimonials of seven English cricketers who toured Australia with the 1894/5 Test team. Fauldings was an Adelaide based firm which manufactured medicinal toiletries, soaps and oils, using the distinctly Australian eucalyptus oil. During the 20th century a multitude of Australian businesses issued trade cards, with confectionery manufacturers such as Hoadleys, Allens, Sweetacres and Australian Licorice producing the majority of them. Again sporting themes dominated with the ever popular Aussie Rules football cards being the most numerous. Cricket issues ran a close second.|Apart from sporting cards, almost every subject imaginable was covered by the Trade Card, making it the most diverse and interesting branch of cartophilly. In contrast to the Cigarette Card, which had its demise prior to the Second World War, the Trade Card is still alive and well.|We all are aware of the long running 'Birds of Australasia' series put out by Tuck-fields Tea and 1 doubt if there is a kitchen drawer in Australia that has not got one or two of these informative and attractive cards floating about in it. These cards were first produced in the early 1960s and are still being inserted in that company's packets of tea. Such is also the case with Sanitarium Health Foods, manufacturers of the well known Weetbix, who began issuing cards, with a wide range of subjects, in the early 1940s and continue to do so.|The 1940s and 1950s saw the two breakfast food giants, Kornies and Weeties dominating the card scene. Kornies footballers were in production fora decade from 1948 to 1959. Four years later in 1963, we saw the start of four decades of Scanlens bubble-gum card issues, both football and cricket. In the mid 1990s, with the end of the Scanlens/Stimorol cards, the Trading Card came on the scene. These cards do not fit under the umbrella of the Trade Card, having been produced and marketed purely as a 'collectable' with no connection whatsoever to any product, which of course is necessary for an item to be classified as a Trade Card.|The earliest British postcard was issued in 1870 and was designed to send short messages; the stamp was printed on the card, therefore it did not require an envelope. It was considered by many to be lowering the postal standards because the texts were no longer private. However the cards were a great success as on the first day of issue in 1870, half a million passed through the London postal centre.|The first illustrated postcards are said to be those introduced by a French stationer in 1870. He realized that French troops fighting in the Franco-Prussian War needed to be able to send short messages to their families and designed a 'postcard' to suit the purpose. As many of the soldiers were illiterate they decorated their cards with sketches of their many activities at the front rather than writing; thus creating a picture postcard. Private enterprise soon saw the great financial possibilities of this new easy and attractive way of communication by post; also sending a postcard cost less than postage for letters. It was correctly assumed that postcards were likely to overtake letter writing in many instances.|Between 1875 and 1882 every state in Australia introduced official postcards, N.S.W. first and Tasmania last. Each state produced a simple type of postcard with a pre printed stamp allied to that state. The stamp side stated 'The Address Only To Be Written On This Side'; the reverse side sometimes carried a simple illustration or decoration with space fora short message, each state extolling their own state's virtues. In 1901, with the advent of Federation, the new Government became responsible for all postal services in Australia and produced postcards for sale in every state. With several mail deliveries each day in most towns, postcards were used for many purposes. One 1906 postcard, with an illustration of fruit, was sent from Mrs X in the morning to her greengrocer ordering her fruit and vegetables to be delivered that afternoon. Another lady asks her charlady to 'come this afternoon'.|Australian private enterprise also began selling pictorial postcards, most companies using the very experienced German printing works who were the worlds best in the field of lithography and fine detailed colour-printing. Many of these beautiful German cards still exist today, 100 years later. Australia did have a few fine printers but they were in the minority. Black and white postcards printed in Australia in the early 1900s were often of good quality e.g. postcards printed by 'The Bulletin', illustrating the works of 'The Bulletins' top artists.|Between c1903-09 The Melbourne company Osboldstone and Atkins etc. printed coloured reproductions of 46 J.A. Turner bush/rural life paintings, which were generally of good quality and became hugely popular and still sought after today. Like thousands of homes in Europe, Britain and U.S.A., many Australia homes had albums of cherished postcards, which were given pride of place for visitors to see and enjoy.|Postcard collecting remained popular but was changing with the times. About 1912 the Australian photographer George Rose of Melbourne began to produce topographical B/W real photographic postcards covering most of Australia and other photographers began to do likewise. These cards soon found their way into collections as well.|WWI and the horrors of war suddenly changed the world; postcards were still in great demand but the subject matter was far more serious. Thousands of postcards from the trenches in European war zones arrived in Australia to be included in family albums. Propaganda and recruitment messages were produced to encourage enlistment. Australian postcard producers began to create cards decorated with gum leaves, boomerangs, wattle etc., which were designed for sending to Australian troops serving overseas. Very few 'pretty' cards were available, as access to the Gentian printing works was no longer possible and exporting of postcards from Britain was very limited. By the end of WWI people had other more serious problems to contend with and the avid postcard collecting hobby declined, fold greetings took over and topographical photographic postcards became a small but steady income for the producers and newsagents etc. in every town.|Fortunately many of these old postcards still exist and are avidly collected by a new generation or postcard collectors. The Australian Cartophilic Society Inc. is one of four postcard/cigarette card organizations in Australia. They are, N.S.W. Post Card Collectors Society; Queensland Card Collectors' Society Inc. and West Australian Card Collectors|Society, and across the Tasman there is a New Zealand Postcard Society.|References:|Picture Postcards of the Golden Age A Collector's Guide by Toni & Valmai Holt. Picture Postcards in Australia 1898 - 1920 by David CookBox of Cigarette Silks ( 10 ) depicting animal motifs, which were placed in cigarette packets as an incentive for women in particular to smoke.|WD & HO Wills|Produced 1911 - 1917personal effects, smoking accessories, recreations, collections

The soldiers are pictured at Camp Pell, Royal Park Melbourne where a large military camp was located during World War 2. On the right is Naki Raftopoulos who served with the Australian Civilian Military Forces during World War 2. During the period of the second world war, Ithacans who were unnaturalised were recruited into the Civilian Military Forces as 'Allied Aliens' and served the war effort on the home front. Naturalised Ithacans saw active service. Royal Park was used as a temporary army camp during both world wars. Following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbour and the entry of the United States into World War II, the camp was used to house some of the 250,000 Americans stationed in Australia. A black and white photograph of two soldiers standing behind a fallen tree trunk at a camp and shaving.army

The photo is taken in Pretoria South Africa. One of the subjects is Orthon Moraitis.A sepia studio photograph of a head and shoulders portrait of two men dressed in suits. Written on the back and translated from the Greek: ORTHON MORIATIS/ PRETORIA S.AFRICA/ 20.7.1934.orthon moriatis, south africa

A photograph of the original members of the Daughters of Penelope, a chapter of AHEPA formed in the 1950s. Pictured bBack L- R: Dorothy Lucas, Royal Stratou, Maria Mangos, Sia Athanis, Poppy Sikiotis. Front L-R: Anna Stratou, Margaret Marmaras, Nina Black, Katina Canis, Olive Coligas AHEPA is Greek organisation that encourages the retention of Greek language and culture. It is the largest Hellenic Association in the world with chapters in the United States, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Australia and New Zealand. It was established in 1922 by Greek Americans to protect Hellenes from prejudice and discrimination. AHEPA was founded in Australia in 1934.A black and white photograph of ten ladies dressed in formal evening attire standing in a room.

The following information was written on the back in Greek and translated into English: Johannesburg 28 April 1940: My dear cousin Rene, hello. I am well and wish the same to you. I am pleased to send you a photo as a memento. I wish you a Happy Easter, regards to your husband, my cousin Kosta. With much love I send regards, your cousin Spyros Mavromatis. The portrait style photograph was sent to Rene (Ekaterini) Sikiotis (nee Varvarigos). Rene in Australia in 1926 at the age of 16 to join her parents Ioannis and Giannoula Varvarigos who had migrated in 1914. Rene married Kosta Sikiotis and had two children, Efthalia (Leah) and John. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many Ithacan Greeks migrated to the British colonies of Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and Canada, as well as the United States of America. A studio photograph of two men. One is seated on a chair and the younger one is standing beside him.

Ill, maps, p.82.non-fictionIn 1948 Britain, France and the United States of America found themselves opposed to their former wartime ally, the Soviet Union, over matters regarding control of the capital of the defeated Nazi German regime. When the Soviets imposed a blockade of the city, the Allies had no option but to begin flying in the necessities of life for the two million inhabitants of the zones under their administration. Thus began the first large-scale humanitarian airlift in history. When Britain turned for support to its Dominion partners, the transport element of the Royal Australian Air Force had recently ceased flying a regular courier service for Australian occupation forces involved in garrisoning another defeated Axis power of World War II, Japan - this role having been handed over to a commercial airline. By September 1948 an unnumbered Australian squadron had joined other RAAF transport crews already engaged as part of the massive allied undertaking. To the Americans the fifteen-month-long operation was codenamed Vittles, while the British called it Plainfare. But to the Royal Australian Air Force personnel involved, the Berlin Airlift was known as Pelican. Here the story is told of the events that made the airlift necessary, what the undertaking entailed and the part that Australians played in it, as well as the outcome and achievements of Operation Pelican.cold war - history, berlin airlift 1948-1949