Bendigo Central Bottle Club Newsletter - James Lerk Collection, Vol. 7, No. 5 (ca. April/May 1982). Includes: Sketches of bottles - C J Glover, Union Cordial Works (D Egan) Bendigo, Reed Bros - Crystal Cordial Works, Bendigo; 3 page article on G D Guthrie and Company (Bendigo Pottery) with some illustrations; article (reprint?) re ''The Adelaide Brewery'', Lucan Street, (Messrs Pritchard & Chamberlain with biographical information re these men.

Paper with the four side labels for Red Currant Bendigo Digger Brand Jelly Crystals. The first side has a coloured picture with various fruits and a drawing of a man with pick and shovel. On each end is Red Currant. The second one is How to Make a Pint of Jelly. The third is an Analysts' Report from Dunn & Stone, Melbourne Analytical Laboratory and has the name printed in red, also the different flavours. The fourth has the name and Should Always be Kept in a Cool Drylace.business, printers, cambridge press, cambridge press collection, bendigo digger brand jelly crystals, melbourne analytical labatory, dunn & stone

Yields information about the California Gully or Thorpe St Loop from the front of an in-bound tramcar and the tramcar it is crossing at the loop.Black and white print on heavy matt photographic paper of the Bendigo 2, crossing another bogie tram at the California Gully or Thorpe St Loop, c1963. Taken from the window of the inbound tramcar. No. 2 has the destination of Eaglehawk, a front dash panel advertisements for Whitehorse Whiskey and another for ice-cream? 2nd copy - laser print - with date etc on rear - added 22/2/2010, copy from Ron Hann. Printed on Fujifilm, Fujicolour Crystal Archive for Frontier".On rear in pencil "Eaglehawk line 1963" 2nd copy has label "Reference 6/214/27" Photo by Ron Hann" and another label "Eaglehawk Route Bendigo 01.63" tramways, trams, bendigo, eaglehawk, california gully, tram 2

Yields information about the BTM Tram fleet and operations in Jan. 2012.Set of seven colour photographs taken by Carolyn or Graeme Cleak on 15/1/2012 of the depot and No. 33 in Wendouree Parade. .1 - Horse Tram with Peter Winspur walking alongside .2 - No. 8 on No. 5 road with tower truck in background .3 - No. 661 on No. 4 road .4 - No. 26 on No. 5 road .5 - No. 671 on No. 3 road .6 - No. 33 at Carlton St terminus .7 - No. 33 at St Aidans Driver terminus. Printed on Fujichrome Crystal Archive paper.On rear of each photograph is date "15.1.12" and who the photo taken by in ink.trams, tramways, btm, depot, wendouree parade, carlton st, st aidans drive, tram 33, tram 1, tram 26, tram 8, tram 671, tram 661

These items are a collection of paints etc for those artists wanting to produce lustroleum and crystoleum works of art in the late 19th century and early 20th century. These works of art using lustroleum and crystoleum which were mainly metallic paints, were produced on a variety of surfaces, including glass, wood, tapestry, china and ivory. These items have no known provenance but it is known that lustroleum and crystoleum painting were popular pastimes with women in Warrnambool in the late 19th century. There are several records of women advertising classes in lustroleum and crystoleum painting in the 1880s and 90s in Warrnambool. One was these was Annie Newcombe, an art teacher who offered classes at her studio in Timor Street in 1884.This is a metal tin with a metal catch and a hinged lid. The tin contains 10 items - four glass bottles of Lustroleum, one glass bottle of gold paint, one glass bottle of purple metallic paint, one tube of green paint, one china bowl with a lip for pouring, one dish to hold paint with a broken base and one small dish for holding paint. There is also a sheet of paper containing information on the Crystoleum Company of London advertising that they supplied photographs, price list for classes, silk frames and crystal glasses. On bottles: ‘Lustroleum Registered’ ; ‘H. Bessemer, Gold Paint’, ‘Purple’, On tube: ‘Winsor & Newton, Chrome Green, Vert Anglais, London England’ crystoleum and lustroleum painting, warrnambool, paint set, artist's paints

The spectrograph employs the principle of single crystal Bragg X-Ray Diffraction to measure wavelengths by interpolation from accepted standard lines. It is suitable for the identification and determination of the charateristic emissions of elements and thus for X-Ray spectrum analysis. The instrument was manufactured by ADAM HILGER Ltd. to the design of Professor Laby and is the best preserved instrument surviving from his research activity. A full description is given in the Hilger Pamphlet with the instrument; alternatively see duplicate in Appendix A5,A6 in Vol 2 of Laby ‘s COLLECTED PAPERS.

Yields information about the Charing Cross Bendigo tram terminal, and nature of the traffic arrangements.Black and white print on heavy matt photographic paper of a view of Bendigo Charing Cross tram terminal area from western side. Has two single truckers in Pall Mall and a bogie tram. Shows the tram crossover in High St and a number of motor vehicles. Has the Ezywalkin building on the north east corner. 2nd copy - laser print - with date etc on rear - added 22/2/2010, copy from Ron Hann. Printed on Fujifilm, Fujicolour Crystal Archive for Frontier"On rear in pencil "Charing Cross 1963" 2nd copy has label "Reference 6/214/25" Photo by Ron Hann" and another label "Charing Cross Bendigo 01.63"tramways, trams, bendigo, charing cross

Yields information about the Golden Square terminus, shops and roof advertisements on the tramcar.Black and white print on heavy matt photographic paper of Bendigo 19 at the Quarry Hill terminus with the conductor attending to the trolley pole. No. 19 has roof advertisements for "You'll cook better Electrically" and "Jeffrey's Bread, a treat to eat" and the destination Nth Bendigo. In the background is Symons Diary, Milk Bar, a Peters Ice cream van and sign. 2nd copy - laser print - with date etc on rear - added 22/2/2010, copy from Ron Hann. Printed on Fujifilm, Fujicolour Crystal Archive for Frontier"On rear in pencil "19 Golden Square 1963" 2nd copy has label "Reference 6/214/29" Photo by Ron Hann" and another label "Bendigo Golden Square 01.63"tramways, trams, bendigo, golden square, tram 19

Set of four colour photographs / prints taken on either the occasion of the special tram for the Friends of the Botanic Gardens, Ballarat, 150 years of the Ballarat Botanic Gardens, September 23, 2007 or setting up the tram the previous day. All on Fujifilm Crystal Archive paper. Taken by Judith Bailey, Secretary, Friends of the Ballarat Botanical Gardens. .1 - On the tram, Jeremy Bannister, Stephen Butler .2 - on the tram with Roger Salen .3 - one of the kids who made the flowers .4 - Putting the flowers on 40 - Daniel Edwards 150 years of the gardens, friends of the botanic gardens, wendouree parade, flowers, tram 40

A book of photographs of paintings of the waterfalls of Victoria painted by Dacre Smyth.A book of photographs of paintings of the waterfalls of Victoria painted by Dacre Smyth. Each painting has the name of the waterfall, the date the painting was painted and a short poem accompanying the photograph. Commodore Dacre Henry Deudraeth Smyth, AO was a senior officer in the Royal Australian Navy, an artist and a poet. He joined the RAN in 1940, and participated in the D-Day landings and the Battle of the Coral Sea before retiring as a commodore in 1978. He served as Deputy Chairman of the Trustees of Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance and was a Life Governor of the Shrine. He became well known after his retirement for landscape and seascape painting, publishing fourteen books containing his paintings and poems. He married Jennifer Haggard in 1952, and had four daughters and a son. He died in 2008.Hardcover. Front dust cover has a photograph of a painting of Erskine Falls painted by the author. Back cover has 4 photographs of paintings of Wannon and Nigretta Falls in summer and winter. Inside cover of book, both back and front have a map of Victoria with various towns shown and the location of all the waterfalls in Victoria.Signature of the author and painter, Dacre Smyth. Artist's Acknowledgements / I am most grateful to all who helped in the production of this book:- / Alan Copeland / Allan Tuite and staff at Crystal Offset Printers for the production and printing of this book / Photography Ralph Petty / Colour Separations front & back cover Scanagraphix & Image Scan / Binding J.P. Bookbinderswaterfalls, victoria, melbourne, paintings, poem, poetry, photograph, dacre henry deudraeth smyth, royal australian navy, d-day landings, battle of the coral sea, shrine of remembrance, jennifer haggard

Sphalerite or sphaelerite is named from the Greek word for 'treacherous' or 'deceiver' as specimens can vary widely in appearance, making them hard to visually identify. It is a zinc sulfide with the chemical composition (Zn,Fe)S, the most important ore of zinc. Specimens of sphalerite can contain iron as a substitute for up to 25% of the usual zinc present, as well as trace elements of gallium, cadmium, geranium and indium. Small amounts of arsenic and manganese may also be detected. Sphalerite is found in igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. It forms when carbonate rock encounters acidic, zinc-bearing fluid. It often forms in veins or in fissures of the existing rock, with colours and crystal shapes dependent on the composition of the the combining elements. It forms isometric crystal shapes including cubes, tetrahedrons, octahedrons, dodecahedrons. This specimen was collected in approximately 1852, in Broken Hill, NSW, as an adjunct to the Geological Survey of Victoria. It was donated to the Museum in 1868. Victoria and other regions of Australia were surveyed for sites of potential mineral wealth throughout the 19th Century. The identification of sites containing valuable commodities such as gold, iron ore and gemstones in a locality had the potential to shape the development and history of communities and industries in the area. The discovery of gold in Victoria, for instance, had a significant influence on the development of the area now known as 'the goldfields', including Beechworth; the city of Melbourne and Victoria as a whole.The specimen is significant as an examples of surveying activity undertaken to assess and direct the development of the mineral resource industries in Victoria and Australia, as well as the movement to expand human knowledge of earth sciences such as mineralogy and geology in the nineteenth century.A pipe-shaped specimen of sulfide-mineral zinc ore displaying patches of black, brown, beige and gold colouring. The main item has associated broken pieces. geological specimen, geology, geology collection, burke museum, beechworth, mineralogy, indigo shire, geological survey, sphalerite, sphaelerite, zinc ore, broken hill, nsw, victoria, galena, fluorite, chalcopyrite, lead, cadmium, gallium, germanium, indium, iron

Object. Cardboard advertising fan from REED Bros Bendigo. Circle of cardboard 21 cms diameter with piece of dowel stapled to lower section to form a handle (25 cm x 1 cm). Reversible picture of a Chinese man printed on one side in upright picture the man is frowning. 180 degrees turn and the man is smiling.Printed on the reverse side ''REED BROS'', BENDIGO. Pure Fruit flavours in Aerated Waters and Cordials and Crystal Hop Beer. Turn this fan upside down and note the smile of satisfaction of the user of REED Bros Cordials.ephemera, mementoes, reed bros advertising fan

Yields information about the City Loop and Sturt St buildings terminus, passengers and the tram liveries in 1963.Black and white print on heavy matt photographic paper of a view looking from Lydiard St, down Sturt St towards Grenville St with many motor cars in the street and trams parked in City Loop, c1963. Has cars parked on the median strip and given the number, a working day. At least four trams in the loop. In the background is the Neptune sign and the Dickins Food store. 2nd copy - laser print - with date etc on rear - added 22/2/2010, copy from Ron Hann. Printed on Fujifilm, Fujicolour Crystal Archive for Frontier"On rear in pencil "Sturt St 1963", 2nd copy has label "Reference 6/113/11 Photo by Ron Hann" and another label "Ballarat 01.63"tramways, trams, sturt st, city loop, grenville st

Gunther Jahnke graduated in 1980. Trevor Adams graduated in 1978. Subsequently he was employed by ALCOA Australia, and by 2000 was general manager at the Portland (Vic.) plant..1) Two men, one wearing a leather jacket .2) Three men at a metallurgical apparatus .3) A handwritten note by Brian Sunter, relevant to the above photo..3) A. A group of Metallurgy students from Ballarat CAE working on equipment designed for melting metals and alloys under high vacuum conditions. (From left to right Athol Shelton, Gunther Jahnke, Trevor Adams) B. Metallurgy students operating a control panel for equipment designed to analyse crystal structure. (From left: Gunther Jahnke, Trevor Adams) alumni, brian sunter, gunther jahnke, trevor adams, athol shelton, student activity, metallurgy

Rawleigh's Ready Relief was advertised for checking and relieving head colds and catarrh. W. T. Rawleighs Co Ltd was a Canadian firm who expanded their food manufacturing business to Australia in 1928. In 1934 they purchased land in Dawson Road, Brunswick and built a five storey brick and reinforced factory. The building was still standing in 2022.Clear glass bottle with white plastic screw on lid. Paper wrap around label printed in green, black and pinkFRONT: Rawleigh's Ready Relief as an aromatic inhalation Net 30 ml W. T. Rawleigh Co Ltd. 60 Dawson St. Brunswick Victoria, 3056. LEFT SIDE: Active Constituents % w/w Alcohol 57.571, Camphor Crystals 4.789, Menthol Crystals 10.200, Menthol Liquid 5.100, Oil of Lavender 50% 18.124 Oil of Pinus Pumilous 0.786, Oil of Eucalyptus 0.180, Musc Ambrette Solution 0.20, Dist. Water 3.00. Reg. Vic 18810 E2012 RIGHT SIDE: Directions: Place drop or tow on folded handkerchief. Inhale gently, then gradually deepen inhalation. At night put a few drops at end of pillow. Not recommended for children under three years. Keep tightly closed. Store in cool place.medical, rawleighs co ltd, brunswick

Selwynite is a fine-grained, compact green rock made primarily of chromian muscovite (fuchsite) and diaspore. Corundum and fuchsite can occur together in the form of massive aggregates or nodules. Often, copper carbonates are found as earthy films or tiny crystals in joint planes. The mineral name honours the late A. R. C. Selwyn, founding Director of the Geological Survey of Victoria. The particular specimen, a mottled green stone suitable for carving was recovered and found in Heathcote, Victoria, Australia. The rarity and qualities of this mineral attracted commercial mining, which was not successful, but traces of the mine shafts still exist today, and it is still highly valued by mineral collectors.Selwynit is considered to be one of the rare forms of rock because it is composed of phosphate minerals containing zirconium. This is an extremely rare combination found in nature. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.A fine grained rock composed of mainly of chromian muscovite (fuchsite) diaspore and corundum.geological specimen, geology, geology collection, burke museum, beechworth, mineralogy, heathcote, mineral collectors, selwynite, green rock, rock specimen

RMIT University's first ceremonial mace was commissioned by Professor David Beanland, Vice-Chancellor, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 1992, and designed by Ian Wong, a lecturer in Industrial Design. It was the result of a collaborative effort, with staff from industrial design, gold & silversmithing, sculpture, engineering, applied physics, and optical technology working on its production. Materials used include carbon fibre, optical fibres, computer chips, honeycomb aluminium, gold, titanium and crystal. This design drawing shows how the University's distinctive pixel log (that conveys a sense of being at the forefront of technology) was incorporated into the design of the top element of the mace. Michelle Novacco, 2017Sketches of designs for RMIT ceremonial maceSigned bottom right corner, 'IAN WONG / iw / 1992 'ceremonial mace, industrial design

Yields information about the operation of the horse tram by the BTM in May 2012.Set of five colour photographs taken by Carolyn Cleak on 13/5/2012 of the operation of the horse tram and setting up the tent at Gardens Loop. .1 - turning the horses with No. 18 behind .2 - waiting at the loop with passengers boarding - Len Millar and Richard Gilbert in the photograph. .3 - ditto with Neil Lardner on top deck .4 - Setting up the tent - Graeme Cleak, Neville Hesketh, Peter Winspur, Alan Snowball and Richard Gilbert. .5 - ditto Printed on Fujichrome Crystal Archive paper. High Res image added 20-8-2016 of .1On rear of each photograph is date "13.5.12" and who the photo taken by in ink.trams, tramways, btm, horse tram, gardens loop, tram 1, tram 18

A cigarette lighter is a portable device used to generate a flame. It consists of a metal or plastic container filled with a flammable fluid or pressurized liquid gas, a means of ignition, and some provision for extinguishing the flame. A spark is created by striking metal against a flint, or by pressing a button that compresses a piezoelectric crystal (piezo ignition), generating an electric arc. In naphtha lighters, the liquid is sufficiently volatile, and flammable vapour is present as soon as the top of the lighter is opened. Butane lighters combine the striking action with the opening of the valve to release gas. The spark ignites the flammable gas causing a flame to come out of the lighter which continues until the top is closed - naphtha typeA brass cylindrical cigarette lighter with ring to attached to a chain cigarettes, tobacco, cigaretter lighters, safety matches, moorabbin, brighton, cheltenham, pioneers, early settlers

David Buckley Bridgwood: born 1852 England. Commenced ministry in 1884. Married Adeline Williams, daughter of the Rev. Spencer Williams of Launceston on 22 March 1888. 1884 Warragul; 1885 Prahran; 1886 Murtoa; 1887 Flemington; 1888 Wangaratta; 1889 Sandhurst; 1892 Hobart; 1895 New Town; 1897 Westbury; 1900 Geelong West; 1902 Geelong; 1903 St. Arnaud; 1904 Sale; 1905 Moonta; 1908 Crystal Brook; 1911 Koolunga; 1914 Woodville; 1916 Redruth; 1920 Gumeracha; 1924 Supernumerary Gumeracha; Chairman of District 1897 - 1899, 1904, 1913. Died 1941, buried Mitcham S.A. B & W gloss, studio portrait of the Rev. D. Buckley Bridgwood with his wife Adeline and daughter Florence.methodist, minister, buckley bridgwood, adeline bridgwood, florence bridgwood

Olivine is mostly found on the Earth's surface in igneous rocks that are dark-coloured. It is common at divergent plate boundaries and at warm spots, such as volcanic areas. It crystalises and forms during the cooling of magma. Olivine is used in refractory sand, bricks, and gemstones. Olivine has been found on a number of meteorites, which might have originated from large asteroids or the mantle of a now-destroyed planet. This olivine crystal is thought to originate from Mount Noorat, with speculation that it could have originated from Mount Shadwell. Mount Noorat is a dormant volcano cone located in the Newer Volcanics Province of Victoria. Mount Noorat belongs to the Kirrae Wuurong people, who used the Mount as a place for meetings and gatherings prior to European settlement. Contact was first made between European settlers and the Indigenous people in 1841. The Mount has mostly been used for cattle and sheep grazing. Mount Shadwell is a well-known source of olivine and is the highest of a gathering of volcanic cones. The New Volcanic Province is located in South East Australia and covers 15000 square kilometres. It contains 400 explosive vents and small shield volcanoes. The last eruption is thought to have occurred 5000 years ago at Mount Gambier and Mount Schank. This olivine crystal has been identified as a volcanic bomb, which is a molten rock which was pushed out and ejected into the air when a volcano reupts. A rock needs to be larger than 65 mm in diameter to be classified as a volcanic bomb. This olivine volcanic bomb and its locality is historically and socially significant. The olivine was found in the Newer Volcanic Province, an area which contains over 400 dormant volcanoes. This olivine is one part of a volcanic bomb, which would have ejected when magma erupted out of a volcano. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.A solid iron-magnesium silicate mineral with shades of green and brownburke museum, beechworth, geological, geological specimen, olivine, igneous rock, volcanic, gemstones, volcanic bomb, meteorites, asteroids, plantes, mount noorat, mount shadwell, indigenous, kirrae wuurong people, newer volcanics province, victoria, european settlement, eruption

Nicholas Caire was born on Guernsey in the Channel Islands in 1837. He arrived in Adelaide with his parents in about 1860. In 1867, following photographic journeys in Gippsland, he opened a studio in Adelaide. From 1870 to 1876 he lived and worked in Talbot in Central Victoria. In 1876 he purchased T. F. Chuck's studios in the Royal Arcade Melbourne. In 1885, following the introduction of dry plate photography, he began a series of landscape series, which were commercially successful. As a photographer, he travelled extensively through Victoria, photographing places few of his contemporaries had previously seen. He died in 1918. Reference: Jack Cato, 'Caire, Nicholas John (1837–1918)', Australian Dictionary of Biography.An original, rare photograph from the series 'Views of Victoria: General Series' by the photographer, Nicholas Caire (1837-1918). The series of 60 photographs that comprise the series was issued c. 1876 and reinforced a neo-Romantic view of the Australian landscape to which a growing nationalist movement would respond. Nicholas Caire was active as a photographer in Australia from 1858 until his death in 1918. His vision of the Australian bush and pioneer life had a counterpart in the works of Henry Lawson and other nationalist poets, authors and painters.Views of Victoria (General Series) No.26 / 'Bend of the River Watt' / Albumen silver photograph mounted on boardOn Reverse: 'The present illustration represents a scene on the River Watt, and is situated in the valley between Mount Juliet and Mount Monda. The immediate neighbourhood abounds with scenery of the wildest and most romantic character. The River here is as clear as crystal, owing, no doubt, to its bed being composed of rock and pebbles. The banks on either side are studded with foliage so dense as to render access to the neighbourhood almost impracticable.’nicholas caire (1837-1918), australia - landscape photography

''Memories of the late Mrs Lucy Hill'' A series apparently published over the pseudonym of ''Joch'' in the Bendigo Advertiser (ca. 1973) with a variety of article Headings e.g. Bendigo Mining Fields; The Quartz King - and Quartz Crystal; The last cab home; Court Highlight. These are obviously drafts prior to publication. Mention in attached page (News Letter) that Mr and Mrs Hill published in the Bendigo Advertiser in a column titled ''In the Spotlight''. Attached page also is a short 'biography' of Mrs Hill (nee Lucy Robotham), wife of Mr W T Hill titled ''Success of Bendigo Poetess'' (may be extract from Bendigo Advertiser??)person, individual, lucy hill, journalist, advertiser, aunt evelyn, the centenary song, gravel hill state school, in the spot light, an unexpected achievement, bendigo.

Large plastic doll standing 80cm tall. Red hair in two plaits tied with faded satin ribbons. Her eyes close when laid down on her back and legs are jointed at the hips. She is wearing an ankle length blue and silver satin dress with long sleeves and blue and white sequinned braid at the neck and sleeve edge. Underneath the dress is a pale blue taffeta petticoat with a white satin and lace trim and bloomers of the same material trimmed with white satin bows and faux crystal drops. She is barefoot and her feet are cracked and broken. Her face and hands have several marks.toys, dolls, plastic

Yields information about the Victoria St terminus, passengers and the tram liveries in 1963.Black and white print on heavy matt photographic paper of No. 20 at the Victoria St terminus, c1963. Tram has the destination of Gardens, a Cook with Electricity and Ilford Film roof advertisements and one for dancing at the Civil Hall on the front dash panel. A number of ladies, including one using a walking stick, walking away from the tram. The Meagher's Hotel is in the background, with the names DA and FC Dowd on the wall and an advertisement for Melbourne Bitter. 2nd copy - laser print - with date etc on rear - added 22/2/2010, copy from Ron Hann. Printed on Fujifilm, Fujicolour Crystal Archive for Frontier"On rear in pencil "20 Victoria St 1963" 2nd copy has label "Reference 6/113/10 Photo by Ron Hann" and another label "Ballarat 01.63"tramways, trams, victoria st, hotels, tram 20

Tourmaline specimens are members of a crystalline silicate mineral group based on boron but influenced by elements including aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. Specimens present a wide variety of colours and forms according to the specific mix of these elements. Tourmalines are semi-precious gemstones with many applications, including commercial jewellery production. The word 'tourmaline' derives from the Sinhalese term for the carnelian or red-shaded specimens, "tōramalli". This specimen has been classified by geologists as 'Black Schoalou/Tourmaline in quartz'. Schoalou may equate to a common black-hued type of Tourmaline associated since around 1400 with mines in Saxony, Germany near a village called Schorl (today's Zchorlau). If this specimen is part of the 'Schorl' species of tourmaline it is a member of the most common group of Tourmalines, a divalent sodium ion influenced group accounting for 95% of specimens. On assessment, it was noted that the crossed lines (XIs) of this tourmaline have been fractured and rehealed by the quartz matrix in which the tourmaline rests. This item is significant as an example of its type of gemstone and the geological processes leading to its formation. A solid medium-sized piece of Black Schoalou/Tourmaline in a cream and peach coloured quartz matrix. Existing label: Black Schoalou / Tourmaline in / quartz. / Tourmalines XIs have / been fractured and / rehealed with / quartz / C. Willman / 15/4/21 /geological specimen, geology, geology collection, burke museum, beechworth, indigo shire, north-east victoria, tourmaline, quartz, boron, crystals, minerals, gemstones, semi-precious, black schoalou, zchorlau, schorl

During prestige, long distance train journeys some carriages had air-conditioning, and the majority of passengers had to brave unheated carriages. To offer some comfort during the winter months, the non-air-conditioned carriages were provided with footwarmers. These were metal containers roughly 100 mm thick and 300 mm wide, and about 750 mm long, which were filled with salt crystals (concentrated crystalline hydrated sodium acetate). The footwarmers were covered by sleeves of thick canvas, and two footwarmers were usually placed in each compartment of non-air-conditioned carriages. To activate the chemicals, the footwarmers were heated almost to boiling point. This was done by removing the canvas sleeves and placing the footwarmers in a large bath of very hot water. After they had been heated, they were removed from the bath and the sleeves refitted. They were then ready to be placed in the carriages. The McLaren patent foot warmer was used on railways in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia as well as South Africa and New Zealand. It was during the 1901 royal visit by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall that these foot warmers were first used in New Zealand in the royal carriage. Before railway carriage heating was introduced, McLaren patent foot warmers were placed on the floor of New South Wales government railway carriages from 1891 to provide a little passenger comfort. The rectangular steel container worked a bit like a hot water bottle but instead of water contained six and a half kilograms of loosely-packed salt crystals, (concentrated crystalline hydrated sodium acetate). This was permanently sealed inside the container with a soldered cap. After the foot warmer was heated in vat of boiling water for about one and a quarter hours the crystals became a hot liquid. (The melting point for sodium acetate is 58 degrees). There was a whole infrastructure of special furnaces set up at stations for the daily heating of foot warmers. By 1914 the Victorian railways had 4,000 foot warmers in service and by 1935 there were 33 furnaces at principal stations to heat them. After about 10 hours the container was picked up by the handle and given a good vertical shake which helped the cooled liquid reform into a solid mass of hot crystals. Staff or sometimes passengers shook them en route when the foot warmers began to get cold. However, as they were heavy this was only possible by fit and agile passengers. At the end of the journey the containers were boiled again for reuse on the next trip. Sodium acetate railway foot warmers were introduced in Victoria in 1889, Adelaide to Melbourne express in 1899. "Shaking up" on this service took place at Murray Bridge and Stawell on the tip to Melbourne and at Ballarat and Serviceton on the trip to Adelaide. The use of foot warmers began to decline in New South Wales from the 1930s with the first trial of carriage air-conditioning in 1936, steam heating from 1948 ad LP gas heating from 1961. By the early 1960s the main services using foot warmers were the overnight mail trains. info from : http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=67564#ixzz4UBNzVf6t Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial There was a whole infrastructure set up at stations for the daily heating of foot warmers in special furnaces. In Victoria alone in 1935 there were 33 heating works.Historic - Victorian Railways - Carriage Heater - Foot warmerA rectangular-shaped stainless steel casing with a welded seam down the back and welded ends. There is a handle at one end for carrying and shaking. Inside the foot warmer are two baffle plates and three trays to contain the sodium acetate. There was a cast-iron ball in each internal compartment. puffing billy, victorian railways, carriage haeter, foot warmer, passenger comfort, station furnace, railway ephemera, early heating methods

Pen and ink sets were common household and business items in the 19th century and up to the mid 20th century (prior to the introduction of ballpoint pens). They would have been placed on a writing desk or table. The items here are attractive ones and would have been a relatively expensive purchase.These items are connected to the Toleman family from Warrnambool and may have been used by the donor’s father who was an accountant. These are four items:- .1 An oblong glass dish, partly rounded at the ends and with a criss-cross pattern on the base. Inside the dish, towards the ends, are two ridges for holding four pens or pencils. .2 An oblong polished black stone tray with a curved front and a ridge for holding a pen. On the oblong section are two square metal bases with four side clips on each to hold the inkwells. These metal pieces are attached to the black tray with metal screws. .3 & .4 Two glass (crystal?) cubes with a hollow inside for holding ink. The tops of the cubes are metal with circular openings. The lids are metal with metal hinges and polished black stone topshistory of warrnambool, writing implements and associated items, household items from the past