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Federation University Historical Collection
Booklet - Book, Ballarat College of Advanced Education Faculty of the Visual and Performing Arts, 1988, 1988
White covered book with examples of work by Graphic Design students at Ballarat College of Advanced Education (Now Federation University).non-fictionballarat college of advanced education, design, andrew seeary, meron mcdonald, kylie mackay, andrew kennedy, julie cahir, cordelia aiello, greg mcdonald, kaye tuddenham, dianne pope, gary walters, doris daubertshauser, kate horbury, leo casey, dominique knappstein, karen owen, leanne lettieri, maria davies, maddelena plews -
Federation University Historical Collection
Letterhead, University of Ballarat Aboriginal Education Centre Letterhead, 2012, c2012
Federation University Australia was established on 1 January 2014. Formerly known as the University of Ballarat, its enabling legislation was the University of Ballarat Amendment (Federation University Australia) Act 2013. Although formally created as a University in 1994, the University of Ballarat has a lineage back to 1870 with the establishment of the School of Mines Ballarat, making it the third institution of higher learning to be established in Australia and the first to be established in regional Australia. On 1 January 1994, Ballarat University College became the University of Ballarat and in 1998 the University merged with three TAFE Institutes to become a dual sector institution with multiple campuses. On 1 January 2014, the University of Ballarat amalgamated with the Monash University Gippsland Campus to form Federation University Australia. The Gippsland Campus also had a long lineage dating back to 1928 with the establishment of the Yallourn Technical School which became a predecessor institution to the Gippsland College of Advanced Education formed in 1968. In 1990, it was renamed the Monash University College and in 1993 became the Gippsland Campus of Monash University. In 2016, Federation University Australia announced plans to take possession, over a two-year period, of Monash’s Berwick Campus in the south-east corridor of Melbourne. Federation University Australia, or FedUni, is headquartered in Ballarat and offers programs in Higher Education and Vocational Education and Training to regional Victoria and beyond. The University’s commitment to educational and social equity, teaching excellence, research distinction, environmental sustainability and regional capacity building has enabled it to develop in a way that draws on its proud heritage to inform its future. Its regional character sets a framework for the University’s priorities but does not constrain it from serving wider community interests, nationally and internationally. The name Federation University Australia was chosen to convey the scope and capacity of an expanded regional university with a federated network of campuses.A number of sheets of Aboriginal Education Centre letterhead. university of ballarat, university of ballarat aboriginal education centre, letterhead, aboriginal education centre -
Federation University Historical Collection
Letter, Letter from Department of Labour and National Service to EJ Barker Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education
Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education is a predecessor of Federation UniversityLetter from Department of Labour and National Service to EJ Barker Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education regarding a meeting of the Chamber of Manufactueringdepartment of labour and national service, ballarat institute of advanced education, bruce tanner, laurie wilkie, kevin murray, brother stewart, alan williams, jack barker, h.t. ferguson -
Queen Victoria Women's Centre
Book, Susan Sherson, Being There: Nursing at "The Melbourne" Victoria's First Hospital, 2005
It follows the intertwined history of nursing and the Royal Melbourne Hospital. Significant events, people and places. 572 pages. Orange toned cover of nurses c.1934 with handwriting overlay. White pages with black and white images throughout. Added Index booklet 32 pages attached. inside the cover handwritten inscription from the author in blue ink reads "For the Queen Vic Women's Centre, Warmest good wishes, Susan Sherson 7/2/2008"women health professionals, historic buildings, hospitals -
Federation University Historical Collection
Photograph - Black and White Photograph, Ballarat College of Advanced Education Brewing Education 1967-1992
Brewing Education started at the Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education in 1967. Neville Gower lectured in brewing from 1967 to 1992.Blue folder of material relating to the history of Brewing at Ballarat College of Advanced Education / University of Ballarat by lecturer Neville Gower. .6) Neville Gower, lecturer in brewing in the staff office on the Ballarat School of Mines campus. Geoffrey Barrell, Senior Lecturer and Head of Section had the rear office. .7) (Stanley) Meng Swee Ng in the Teaching Laboratory, Lydiard Street South, c1972 .8) Buddha Dev Moitra and Vinod Parkash Anand in the Malting Analysis Laboratory, Lydiard Street South, c1972 .9) Walk in cold room for the storage of hops, storage and bottling samples, Lydiard Street South, c1972\ .15) 1974 Graduate Diploma Class by the pilot brewing plant. Back row L-R: Neville Gower, Enrique Vazquez, Pawan Malik Front row L-R: Geoffrey Barrell, James Ichoroh, Japeth Kadzitu, Pravin Mevada, Tomas Abrajano, Devandra Kumar, Kiran Mazumbar.ballarat college of advanced education, muzumdar-shaw, brewing, brewing and malting, mazumdar, neville gower, gower, japeth david mwamure kadzitu, meng swee ng, buddha dev moitra, vinod parkash anand, enrique badaguas vasquez, jody pepper, lovella howell, eladio cimafranca, nava chandra, collins mwaba, stareko banda -
National Vietnam Veterans Museum (NVVM)
Uniform, Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps badge
Metal badge - red fabric insert backing - oval shape - crown at top and scroll at bottom - lamp design in centreRoyal Australian Army Nursing Corps - Dro Humanitateraanc, military badge -
Surrey Hills Historical Society Collection
Book, These Walls Speak Volumes : a History of Mechanics Institute in Victoria, 2015
One of the most comprehensive studies of mechanics institute in Victoria. Beginning from 1839 to the present. Arguably Victoria's oldest and most influential surviving institution. History of approx.1,000 institutes including building status, social adult education, library history, heritage listings, plus thematic essays about the Mechanic Institute movement and development. Includes: role of woman, architecture, schools of art and design and schools of mines. This is the most comprehensive study of mechanics institute in Victoria.History of approx.1,000 institutes including building status, social adult education, library history, heritage listings, plus thematic essays about the Mechanic Institute movement and development. Includes: role of woman, architecture, schools of art and design and schools of mines. This is the most comprehensive study of mechanics institute in Victoria.Signed by co-author Ken James on title page.libraries, educational and research establishments, mechanics institutes, surrey hall, (mr) ken james, (ms) pam baragwanath -
Royal District Nursing Service (now known as Bolton Clarke)
Certificate - Photograph, colour, Melbourne District Nursing Society certificate of employment, 08.07.1913
This Certificate was presented to Trained nurse, known as 'Nurse' in those days, Nettie Osborne on completion of six months employment with Melbourne District Nursing Society (MDNS). This is the only example of a MDNS Nurses certificate in the RDNS collection. In 1913 the MDNS Nurses had their board and residence, uniforms, bicycles and laundry expenses provided. Newly employed Nurses were paid £50 a year for her first six months. At the end of a year her salary was increased by £5, and later she earned £60 a year. .Following the founding of the Melbourne District Nursing Society (MDNS) in February 1885 to care for the sick poor in Melbourne, subsequent meetings were held to form a Committee and to draw up a Code of Rules of the Society. It was decided that only nurses who had attended a Hospital Nurses Training School and were fully qualified would be employed by the Society. After interviewing several candidates, it was on the first of May 1885 when the first Trained nurse, known as 'Nurse' in those days, Mrs. Ferguson, was employed by MDNS with a salary of £100 per annum. She was employed for three months initially, but this was soon extended, "on the understanding she will make arrangements to live in the more immediate vicinity of her district". A Doctor agreed to assist the Nurse with advice at any time. In rotation, a member of the Superintendence Sub-Committee supervised the Nurse’s visits and could assist to alleviate some poor social conditions they found. A second Nurse, Mrs. Joanna Cannon was employed by MDNS six months later, with a trial period of six months which was extended. They were the stalwarts of the Society in the early years, Nurse Cannon remaining with the Society for four years and Nurse Ferguson for five years, though both had a short break due to illness through the heaviness of the work. Nurses salaries were reduced to account for the cost of uniforms, and then when establishments were rented by the Society and the Nurses could now live in the Nurses Home. The Nurses worked in the now CBD, ie from Spencer Street to Spring Street and from Victoria Parade to Flinders Street. From its inception the Society was at the forefront of health care. They liaised with Doctors and provided high quality trained nursing care; educated their patients in the curing and prevention of disease; teaching the importance of cleanliness, fresh air and good nutrition, both by verbal instruction and demonstration, even supplying soup and milk when needed. At that time they walked the streets and lane ways amid the slums of inner Melbourne carrying their nursing bag containing lotion, ointments, powders, liniment, bandages, dressings, a case of spirits, and the Nurse's own clean apron, soap and small towel. They supplied equipment on loan, such as earthenware hot water bottles, splints, urinals, bed pans, bed cradles, feeding mugs, and air-cushions as well as providing blankets and clean bed linen, and nightdresses as necessary. They provided nursing care to a range of people, often in destitute situations, some lying on rags on the floor as they had no bed, others with just a bed and maybe a thin blanket, a chair and nothing else. Their ages ranged from babes, children, adults to the elderly. The Nurses gave medications as ordered, dressed wounds e.g. to the injured, and surgical cases, and to those with leg ulcers; attended to patients with ‘surgical ailments’ such as ‘hip disease’; gave care to those with acute illnesses such as bronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, measles, and scarlet fever, as well as those with chronic illnesses such as consumption (tuberculosis), heart disease, arthritis, cancer, debility, neuritis and paralysis. As the work increased a third Nurse was employed but this was arduous work, particularly in the heat of summer and many nurses only remained with the Society for several months. A Trained Midwife was employed in August 1893. The work was arduous, particularly in the heat of summer. Permission to use bicycles was given to the Nurses in 1898 and the Society decided to purchase their own in 1903. A business man offered ‘new free wheel’ bicycles at £13 each which included maintenance for one year. Bells and wooden frames were added, at a cost of £5 per frame, so the Nurses could carry extra equipment. Nurses’ bags were strapped to the handlebars. Soup was made for those in need 2-3 times a week and if patients could not arrange to have it collected the soup was delivered by the Nurses on their bicycles. The use of bicycles caused a change in uniform, with white pith helmets, and veils covering them and tied under their chin, now being used; straw hats were worn in summer. Over the years the Nurses complained that their veils became wet in the rain and asked for a change of uniform but this did not occur until 1921. Bicycles continued to be used in inner areas until 1945. Public transport was also used over the years, in conjunction with a Motor Auxiliary from 1929 to 1971. MDNS began with its own small fleet of vehicles in the early 1950s which gradually expanded into a full fleet.The coloured Certificate is made of white paper attached to a buff card forming a boarder. It is in gold print on the white background which has a thin gold border. In large bold script are the words "Melbourne District Nursing Society" In between the words "District" and "Nursing" is a red Maltese cross which extends above and below the writing. Underneath this, in smaller capital letters, are the words "For Nursing Sick Poor In Their Own Homes"/. Below this in bold script are the words "This is to Certify that"/. Under this, written in black handwriting, is "Nurse Nettie Osborne"/; below this in script is "has acted in the capacity of District Nurse", then in black handwriting the words "Six Months"/. The next two lines read "having fulfilled her Duties to the satisfaction of her Committee, /"and appreciation of her Patients". The Certificate is signed in black by Mary Leeper, Vice President; Kate Hood; Hon. Treasurer; C.M. Tatham Hon. Secretary, and has Date; 8th July 1913 in black handwriting. On paper attached with tape to the back of the Certificate, is a copy of a photograph of two unidentified people. [Possibly Nettie and her husband]. Some small marks, and in one area a small area of cracking is seen on the white background of the certificate.certificates, mdns, melbourne district nursing society, rdns, royal district nursing service, nurse nettie osborne -
Ringwood and District Historical Society
Booklet, Ringwood Lodge No. 382, History of the Ringwood Lodge No. 382, 1925 to 1985, 1985
A History of the Ringwood Lodge No. 382, 1925 to 1985.|Compiled by the Masonic Lodge No. 382 by M.E. Chivers, H.F. Lambert did the typesetting, and B.H. Whitaker and A. Sommerville helped in history and layout. The Ringwood Historical Research Group provided the early photos.A History of the Ringwood Lodge No. 382, 1925 to 1985.; Blue covered booklet - 40 pages of print and photographs. +Additional Keywords: Chivers, M.E. / Lambert, H.F. / Whitaker, B.H. / Sommerville, A.A History of the Ringwood Lodge No. 382, 1925 to 1985 -
Federation University Historical Collection
Document, R.T. Morrell, Letter from R.T. Morrell Business Manager of Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education, 20th July 1971
Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education is a predecessor of Federation University Typed letter from R.T. Morell Business Manager of Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education regarding travel allowance for Mrs L.M. Jardineballarat institute of advanced education, r.t. morrell, mrs l. m. jardine, travel allowance -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book, Handbook of the Law relating to State Education and State School Teachers, 1905s
this book attempted to collect and place under convenient headings the various acts dealing with State Education and State School Teachers.Brown soft covered book of 74 pages relating to law relating to State Education and State School teachers.education, state schools, education acts, school property, attendance, truency, free education, employment, teacher registration, teacher training -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Photograph, Sister J Bertram nursing baby, Original 1942, copy 1989
WW2 internment camp, Tatura. AANS. Sister Bertram worked in the Camp Hospital, delivering babies amongst other duties.AANS J. Bertram nursing baby. Standing in front of corrugated Army hut, Camp 1.internment camps, tatura internment camps, internment camp hospitals, internment camp hospital staff, aans j. bertram, sister bertram -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book, Ballarat College of Advanced Education Annual Report, 1986, 1986
Ian Gordon was president of the Ballarat College of Advanced Education in 1987.Blue soft covered book. Contents include: Introduction of Nursing; Introduction of Bachelor of Applied Science (Physical Education); Staff retirements - Phil Day, Alf McKenzie, Michael Powell, Ron Jellef, Graham Holmes, Margaret Bowman, Alison Lanigan, Peter McCarthy; Staff Appointments - Alwyn Willians, Peter Arditto, Graham Ambrose, trevor Hastings, Andrew Keay, Beverley Sparks, Barry Davis, Brian West, Keith Moore, Sue Moore, Norm Dorricott, Ambrose Ransley, Patrick Feury, Jillian Hawkins, Craig Morrison, Marrianne Crawford, Jean Reeveballarat college of advanced education, bcae, mt helen, mount helen, annual report -
Stawell Historical Society Inc
Book, Dorothy Brumby, Great Western Primary School, Celebrating 150 Years of Education 1867 - 2017, 2017
This Booklet was compiled for the celebrations of the 150th Year of Education at the Great Western Primary School NO. 860., held on 13th, 14th, and 15th October 2017 Green Stripe over colour photo Great Western School No.860 below which is a green stripGreat Western Primary School Celebrating 150 Years of Education 1867 - 2017stawell education -
Ringwood and District Historical Society
Book, J.A. Baines, History of Ringwood State School 2997. Compiled by Headmaster Mr J A Baines (Copy 1)
Red covered scrap book with photos, one of two copies compiled by headmaster Mr J.A. Baines as a history of Ringwood Primary School No.2997. +Additional Keywords: Baines, J.A. Ringwood Primary SchoolHistory of Ringwood State School 2997. Compiled by JA Baines for Centenary of State Education, 1872-1972 (Ringwood SS 1874-1970) -
Federation University Historical Collection
Certificate, Department of Education, Victoria - Junior Technical Certificate, December 1964
Alexander McDonell was the director of Education from 1960-1965.Certificate printed on beige paper. Signature of Director of Education: A McDonell Student's name: Stephen Harold Strickland Certificate number: 130437 Date -
Charlton Golden Grains Museum Inc
Postcard, Jones Series No 6 BUSH NURSING HOSPITAL, CHARLTON VIC
Jones Series No 6 BUSH NURSING HOSPITAL, CHARLTON VIC.charlton, health, bush nursing hospital -
Federation University Historical Collection
Plaque, Graduates of Year 2002 Bachelor of Nursing (Postregistration) Hong Kong, 2002
University of Ballarat is a predecessor of Federation UniversityThis plaques demonstrates the relationship between the University of Ballarat (now Federation University) and Hong Kong and the length of this relationship.Glass surrounded plaque presented to the University of Ballarat by the 2002 Graduates of Bachelor of Nursing (Postregistration) Hong Kong.university of ballarat, hong kong, bachelor of nursing, postregistration, graduates of year 2002 -
Federation University Historical Collection
Photograph - Laminated, University University Chinese Nursing Cohort?, 1997
Laminated photograph of staff and students on stairs outside a building. The are probably University of Ballarat nursing students in Chinachina, nursing, alumni -
Northern District School of Nursing. Managed by Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Education kit - Miniature Doll Collection, Nursing Through the Ages
Fourteen Miniature Models of Nurses from Primitive Era to 1980's. They were Dean Nancy Long's idea and she had them made. They were used for "Careers" information when visiting High Schools. In 1972 when the uniforms changed from traditional to more modern trend they created interest for prospective trainee nurses. Each has a frame and a name tag in Roman script Collection of fourteen miniature Dolls. These dolls were used as a teaching aid at the Northern District School of Nursing.Titles of Dollsnursing uniforms, educational equipment, careers -
Federation University Historical Collection
Booklet, Ballarat College of Advanced Education Library Guide, c1985, c1985
Ballarat College of Advanced Education is a predecessor institution of Federation University Australia. Yellow covered cover containing inserts relating to the Ballarat College of Advanced Education Library at Mount Helen. The artwork is by Henry Moritz of the Faculty of Arts.mt helen library, e.j. barker library, ballarat college of advanced education, library, librarians, law collection, audio-visual collection, deakin collection, geology collection, catalogues, microfiche catalogue, card catalogue, inter-library loans, film, loans, reciprocal borrowing, counter reserve, technical services, weeding, cataloguing, library policies, donations, library plan, periodicals, dewey decimal classification -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Journal - Serials, Department of Pacific and Southeast Asian History, Australian National University, Aboriginal History - Volume 10. 1-2 1986, 1986
A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.207 P.; bibs.; tables; ports.; footnotes; 25 cm.A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.government policy-aborigines, australia-race related. | missions-australia-aborigines-attitudes and treatment., | aborigines, australia-social security. | native police-victoria-history1838., | aborigines-gippsland-1860-1890-missions relations. | rowley, charles dunford (1906ð1985) | social identity - aboriginality | law - administrative law - commonwealth | social welfare | government policy - assimilation - 1926-1950 | government policy - assimilation - 1951-1971 | social behaviour - social control | social welfare - government - unemployment benefits | body - decoration - body modification | dance | death - mortuary / funeral ceremonies | death - mortuary / funeral ceremonies - mortuary objects - poles | sites - mortuary sites and cemeteries | weapons - spears | -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Journal - Serials, Department of Pacific and Southeast Asian History, Australian National University, Aboriginal History - Volume 07. 1-2 1983, 1983
A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.228 P.; refs. bibs. tables; maps; ports.; 25 cm.A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.aboriginal australians -- periodicals. | ethnology -- australia -- periodicals. | child welfare - child / parent separation - stolen generations | social welfare - wards of state | social welfare | social welfare - government | government policy - assimilation | family | child welfare | child welfare - adoption and fostering | government policy - commonwealth | government policy - self determination - 1993-2004 | occupations - pastoral industry workers | race relations - violent - massacres, murders, poisonings etc. - to 1900 | politics and government - political action - petitions | cooper, william (1861ð1941) | victoria. aborigines welfare board | victoria. board for the protection of aborigines | victoria. ministry of aboriginal affairs | mclean report | music - vocal - origins | language - kriol - pidgins and creoles - torres strait creole | -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Journal - Serials, Department of Pacific and Southeast Asian History, Australian National University, Aboriginal History - Volume 04. 1-2 1980, 1980
Articles on various aspects of Australian History articles: Mudlunga ceremony; Malangi-?ustralian currency design; Aboriginal Boxers-eastern Australia; Aborigines-army service -Northern Australia; Native Labourers Protecxtion ?ct - Qld.;231 P.; footnotes; bib.; ports; tables; 25 cm.Articles on various aspects of Australian History articles: Mudlunga ceremony; Malangi-?ustralian currency design; Aboriginal Boxers-eastern Australia; Aborigines-army service -Northern Australia; Native Labourers Protecxtion ?ct - Qld.; aboriginal australians -- periodicals. | ethnology -- australia -- periodicals. -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Journal - Serials, Department of Pacific and Southeast Asian History, Australian National University, Aboriginal History - Volume 09. 1-2 1985, 1985
A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.240 P.; footnotes; appendices; maps; ports.; bibs.; 24 cm.A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.aboriginal australians -- periodicals. | ethnology -- australia -- periodicals. | animals - birds - brolgas | stories and motifs - emu | indigenous knowledge - botany | indigenous knowledge - zoology | language - change | language - linguistics - language classification | language - linguistics - phonology and phonetics | language - semantics | language - texts and translations - aboriginal to non-aboriginal language | crime - bushrangers and outlaws | law enforcement - police - native police | law enforcement - police trackers | indigenous peoples - pacific | language - kriol - pidgins and creoles - torres strait creole | -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Journal - Serials, Aboriginal History Inc, Aboriginal History - Volume 28. 2004, 2004
A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.iii-iv; 281 P.; footnotes; refs.; ports.; tables; 25 cm.A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.aboriginal australians -- periodicals. | ethnology -- australia -- periodicals. | government policy - state and territory - new south wales | sex relations - child sexual abuse | employment - conditions - slavery and indentured labour | race relations | -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Journal - Serials, Aboriginal History Incorporated, Aboriginal History - Volume 31. 2007, 2007
A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History. The article on Aboriginal burials discusses the findings of various early explorers; anthropologists and observers on the burials and practices associated with death in south-eastern Australia.iii-vi; 214; 7 articles; notes and docs. .6; reviews 181-188P.A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History. The article on Aboriginal burials discusses the findings of various early explorers; anthropologists and observers on the burials and practices associated with death in south-eastern Australia.aboriginal australians -- periodicals. | ethnology -- australia -- periodicals. | aboriginal burials - south-eastern australia., | grave artifacts - aboriginal burials south-eastern australia., | death rites and practices - aboriginals - south-eastern australia., | treaty - aboriginal australians - history. -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Journal - Serials, Aboriginal History Inc, Aboriginal History - Volume 25. 2001, 2001
Special Section: 'Genocide'? Australian Aboriginal history in international perspective. A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.iiv-iv; 300 p.; footnotes; refs.; 25 cm.Special Section: 'Genocide'? Australian Aboriginal history in international perspective. A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.aboriginal australians -- periodicals. | ethnology -- australia -- periodicals. | yorta yorta - native title claim., | stolen generations - aborigines, australia., | genocide - aborigines, australia. | race relations - violent - genocide | race relations - violent | history, | child welfare - child / parent separation - stolen generations | -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Journal - Serials, Aboriginal History Inc, Aboriginal History - Volume 27. 2003, 2003
A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History. The drawings on bark referred to in this edition are the subject of a legal claim by the Djadja Wurrung people for the return of the U.K. works to Victoria.iiv-ix; 300 p.; footnotes; refs.; ports.; maps.; ill.; 25 cm.A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History. The drawings on bark referred to in this edition are the subject of a legal claim by the Djadja Wurrung people for the return of the U.K. works to Victoria.aboriginal australians -- periodicals. | ethnology -- australia -- periodicals. | bark drawings-victoria, loddon and murray tribes., | kerr, john hunter-acquisition and exhibition of bark drawings., | race relations - violent | government policy - initial period and protectionism | -
Koorie Heritage Trust
Journal - Serials, Aboriginal History Inc, Aboriginal History - Volume 29., 2005, 1977
A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.iiv-vi; 178 p.; ports.; footnotes; refs.; map.; A series of articles by leading writers on Aboriginal History.aboriginal australians -- periodicals. | ethnology -- australia -- periodicals. | race relations | politics and government - political action - activism | politics and government - political action - civil rights | government policy - initial period and protectionism - 1901-1925 | government policy - assimilation - 1926-1950 | social identity - aboriginality | social identity - mixed descent