Mr H. Bregenzer was Secretary of the Ballarat Shire Council for the council year 1885-86Section of Original Historic Photo of councilors and staff for the year 1885-86Sepia photo of Mr. H. Bregenzer is in the middle at the bottom of collection of photos of all councilors for 1885-86. It is oval in dark grey mount edged in gold. " PRESENTED BY THE PRESIDENT G.RENNIE ESQ.TO THE BALLARAT SHIRE COUNCIL.1885-86."1885 1886, ballarat shire council, bregenzer h secretary

A reproduction solf covered book of an historic Australia Book Published in 1885australian, history

This collection of photos is of President George Rennie and councilors W.H.Uren (M.L.A.),J.P.Spiers, J.Lester, James Baird,J.Dalgleish, J.King, J.Innes, C.Edmonston and Mr. H.Bregenzer (Secretary).and is for the council year 1885-86Original Historic Photo.Collection of photos Of President George Rennie and Councilors,1885-86.Sepia in colour and set in brown frame with decorative carving and inner edge light brown.Main mount is grey with secondary mount,lighter in shade, in shape of horse shoe which contains the photos.The central photo is surrounded by a shaped gold edging.In each of the four corners are painted heads of wheat.Presented by the President G.Rennie Esq. to the Ballarat Shire Council 1885-86ballarat shire council, president 1885 1886, rennie george esq

This is a short history of the Ecklin South Primary School from 1885 to 1985. Ecklin South is 37 kilometres from Warrnambool and 25 kilometres from Port Campbell. The school was established on a five acre site in 1885 with the first teacher, Andrew Harkness. A new building was erected in 1937.This booklet is of interest because it gives the history of a school in Ecklin South, a district not far from Warrnambool. It will be useful for research. This is a soft cover booklet of 28 pages produced in-house by Ecklin South Primary School Centenary Committee members.. The cover is a buff colour with a black, grey and white sketch of the school on the front. The history of the school is type-written and there are several black and white photographs reproduced by photocopying. The booklet includes a poem, ‘Ecklin School’ by Iris Wormald and a list of the teachers from 1885 to 1985. The booklet has been stapled. Some of the pages are difficult to read. Front cover: ‘Ecklin South Primary School Centenary 1885-1985 A Brief History’ecklin south, ecklin south primary school, warrnambool

Kew achieved independence from the Boroondara Roads Board in 1860. As a new municipality, its first three leaders were designated as chairmen. On becoming a borough in 1863, its leaders were identified as mayors. The earliest photographs date from ca.1906, when the Town of Kew commissioned the noted local photographer Josiah E Barnes to produce standardised portraits of former mayors to be displayed in the Mayoral Chamber of the Town Hall. The collection also includes photographs by other well-known photographic studios such as Burlington Studios, Melba – Melbourne, Stuart Tompkins, Spencer Shier and Talma & Co. The majority of mounts identify the photographer. Eighty photographs are housed in their original frames.This portrait is one of a series of mounted and framed photographic portraits of mayors and town clerks of the former Borough, Town and City of Kew. The portraits were transferred by the City of Kew to the Kew Historical Society in March 1989. A Significance Assessment in 2018, funded by the National Library of Australia confirmed the historic, and often artistic significance of the series.Framed portrait of Cr. Henry Gray, Mayor of Kew 1885-6. The mounting and framing of the photograph follows a typical layout or style in that each is framed in dark wood, glazed, and laid down on an inscribed board. The inscription identifies the name of the mayor and the year/s that he/she served.Henry Gray, Mayor [of Kew] 1885-6mayors of kew (vic), cr. henry gray, photographers - kew (vic) - josiah earl barnes, kew (vic.) — municipal collection

This is a port crock with No. 89 of a special edition of 150 crocks commemorating the restoration of the Old Sunbury Court House. The restoration of the old courthouse which was built in 1885 with an extension to the front and right hand side added in 1965 before the courthouse closed in 1989. The courthouse was restored and reopened in February 1993 as the Visitor Information Centre.The Sunbury Court of Petty Sessions building was built in 1885. Extensions were added in 1965 with the courthouse closing in 1989. After the closure local residents formed a committee to save the courthouse and for it to be used for the benefit of the community this was achieved and with the Shire of Bulla council help was restored and the building reopened as the Sunbury Visitor Information Centre in 1993. The Visitor Information Centre closed and shifted across the road to the Hume Global Learning Centre.A cream and brown stoneware port crock with a small handle that has a paper tag tied to the handle with raffia. There is a broken cork in the neck of the flagon."SUNBURY COURTHOUSE 1885"sunbury court house, goonawarra vineyard, shire of bulla, cossum, jeff, sunbury, george evans collection

Councilor John Lester was elected as a member of council in 1886 until 1905.He was appointed as President for three terms 1888-89, 1895-96 and 1901-02.Original Historic Photo.Sepia photo of Councilor John Lester Esq.(oval). It is set third from bottom of left side of horse shoe shaped mount in light grey and has gold edging around photo.It forms part of collection of photos of all councilors for 1885-86.Presented by the President G.Rennie Esq. to the Ballarat Shire Council 1885-86.ballarat shire council, lester john 1886 1905

Belaying pins used on the Polly Woodside, former Rona, ship now berthed on the Yarra River.The Polly Woodside was saved in the 1970s and use as a Maritime Museum until its collection was dispersed. Now one of the National Trust assets. Some Mission's volunteers were also part of the team of volunteers restoring the Polly Woodside in the 1970s.Painted: 1885 POLLY WOODSIDE 1977polly woodside, rona, yarra river, national trust, interest group

Bunde Hansen Steenholdt, a miner, lived at Linton from about 1865. He and his wife Johanne Louise Steenholdt had twelve children.Steenholdt family photograph - parents and twelve children taken in front of studio backdrop."Bunde and Johanna Steenholdt and family 1885".steenholdt family, bunde steenholdt, johanna steenholdt

Soft cover bookmunicipal employees union, history

Won by Linton Fire Brigade in 1885. (3rd prize NFBAD Ballarat). Found on Linton tip by James Wishart in the 1960s. Mr Wishart donated the water jug to LDHS shortly before his death in 1982.Large, silver-plated water jug, with hinged lid. Flower pattern etched on front and back, with inscriptions."N.F.B.A.D-Ballarat 1885-3rd Prize-Engine practice for 8 men / Won by Linton Fire Brigade / P Wishart D Cornish S Ball J Chung". "Simpson, Hall, Miller and Co. Plate 26".linton fire brigade, p. wishart, d. cornish, s. ball, j. chung, trophies, water jugs

Sports Clubs in Kew in the final decades of the 19th century and in the early 20th century were often umbrella organisations with facilities for a number of sports. Typically in Kew, this included teams in lawn bowls, tennis and croquet. The Kew Bowling Club was formed in 1880 while the privately owned Auburn Heights Recreation Club was opened in 1904. By 1998, the two Clubs decided to amalgamate at the Auburn Heights site in Barkers Road, forming the Kew Heights Sports Club. The combined club was itself taken over by the Melbourne Cricket Club in 2012 becoming MCC Kew Sports Club. In 2017 MCC Kew closed and its landholding was subsequently sold to Carey Baptist Grammar School. Both the Kew and Auburn Heights Clubs assembled important collections. These historically significant and large collections were donated to the Society in 2020. The collections include manuscripts, pictures, trophies, plans, honour boards etc. References Barnard FGA 1910, 'Sports and Pastimes' in Jubilee History of Kew Victoria: Its origin & progress 1803-1910. Nixon NV 1980, The History of the Kew Bowling Club 1880-1980. Reeve S 2012, City of Boroondara: Thematic Environmental History, p.216.The combined collections of the four sporting clubs making up the collection number hundreds of items that are historically significant locally. They are also significant to the sporting history of the greater Melbourne area and to the sports of lawn bowls and tennis in Australia in the 19th and 20th centuries. The collection illuminates two of the Victorian historic themes - 'Building community life' through forming community organisations and 'Shaping cultural and creative life' by participating in sport and recreation.Trophy commemorating the Kew Bowling Club's season 1885-86. The trophy includes a Lignum Vitae Bowl used in the 1885-6 season. It was presented to the Acting President in 1968. [The item is part of the large historic Kew Bowling Club collection (1880-1988) gifted to the Kew Historical Society in 2020].[Metal plaque] KEW BOWLING CLUB SEASON 1885-86 / PRESENTED BY WM MCLEAN ESQ / WON BY JOHN BRAIM / THE LIGNUM VITAE BOWL IS ONE OF A / PRESENTATION SET OF FOUR DONATED BY / MR KEVIN LEE - FLEMINGTON B C / TO THE ACTING PRESIDENT MR G O S GREER / ON 25TH FEB 1968kew bowling club - wellington street - kew (vic), clubs - lawn bowls - kew (vic), lawn bowls - trophies

Part of Old Lintonian collection ; No. 94.Sepia photograph of a group of seven men standing behind five men seated, all in uniform and caps, with a book on table in front."Linton fire brigade / 1885 / This photo from late James Nelson".linton fire brigade, old lintonian collection

Large hard covered bookvictoria, history

Large hard covered bookvictoria, history

Paper poster promoting the new invention, A Gatling Gun'. Exhibited at the International Inventions Exhibition on the 16 May 1885 in South Kensington London.Several versions of the Gun are shown: The Gatling Gun item 3 10 Barrel Gatling Gun with Acck's positive feed Item 4 Rapid firing Nondenfekk shell Gun item 5 The Holchhler Gun item 6 The Gardner Gun

WARRNAMBOOL MECHANICS’ INSTITUTE Warrnambool's Mechanics' Institute (or Institution as it was sometimes called) was one of the earliest in Victoria. On 17th October 1853, a meeting was held where it was resolved to request the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony to grant land for the erection of a Mechanics' Institutes building. A committee was formed at the meeting and Richard Osburne chaired the first meeting of this committee. The land on the North West corner of Banyan and Merri Streets was granted but there were no funds to erect the building. The Formal Rights of the Warrnambool Mechanics' Institute's encompassed its aims and these were officially adopted in1859; "This Institution has for its object the diffusion of literary, scientific, and other useful knowledge amongst its members, excluding all controversial subjects, religious or political. These objects are sought to be obtained by means of a circulating library, a reading room, the establishment of classes, debates, and the occasional delivery of lectures on natural and experimental philosophy, mechanics, astronomy, chemistry, natural history, literature, and the useful and ornamental arts, particularly those which have a more immediate reference to the colony." The Warrnambool Mechanics' Institute opened its first reading room in November 1884 in the National School building at the corner of Banyan and Timor Streets. The Institute was funded by member subscription, payable on a quarterly, half-yearly or yearly basis. Samuel Hannaford, the Manager of the Warrnambool Bank of Australasia, was the first Honorary Secretary of the Mechanics' Institutes, and an early President and Vice-President. He also gave several of the early lectures in the Reading Room. Another early Secretary, Librarian and lecturer was Marmaduke Fisher, the teacher at the National School. Lecture topics included The Poets and Poetry of Ireland', 'The Birth and Development of the Earth', 'The Vertebrae - with Remarks on the pleasures resulting from the study of Natural History' and 'Architecture'. In 1856 the Reading Room was moved to James Hider's shop in Timor Street, and by 1864 it was located in the bookshop of Davies and Read. In the 1860's the Mechanics' Institute struggled as membership waned but in 1866, after a series of fundraising efforts, the committee was able to purchase land in Liebig Street, on a site then called Market Square, between the weighbridge and the fire station. A Mechanics' Institute building was opened at this site in August 1871. The following year four more rooms were added to the main Reading Room and in 1873 the Artisan School of Design was incorporated into the Institute. The same year Joseph Archibald established a Museum; however, it deteriorated when he was transferred to Bendigo in 1877. In 1880, with Archibald's return to Warrnambool, the Museum was re-established, and in 1885 a new building was built at the back of the Institute to accommodate the re-created School of Design, the Art Gallery and the Museum. In 1887 the Museum section was moved to the former courthouse in Timor Street (for some time the walls of the building formed part of the TAFE cafeteria but all is now demolished)). In 1911 the Museum was transferred back to the original building and the management of the Mechanics' Institute was handed over to the Warrnambool City Council. The Museum and Art Gallery became one and housed many fine works of art, and the Library continued to grow. The building was well patronised, with records showing that at the beginning of the 20th century there were between 500 and 800 visitors. During World War One the monthly figures were in the thousands, with 3,400 people visiting in January 1915. The Museum was a much - loved Institution in Warrnambool until the contents of the Museum and Art Gallery were removed to make room for the Warrnambool City Council Engineers' Department. The contents were stored but many of the items were scattered or lost. When the original building was demolished the site became occupied by the Civic Centre, which included the new City Library. (The library was temporarily located in the old Palais building in Koroit Street.) In the process of reorganisation the Collection was distributed amongst the community groups: -The new City Library took some of the historical books and some important documents, historic photographs and newspapers. -The Art Gallery kept the 19th Century art collection and some of the artefacts from the museum. -The Historical Society has some items -The State Museum has some items -Some items were destroyed -Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village has old newspapers, Government Gazettes, most of the Mechanics' Institute Library, ledgers and documents connected to the Mechanics' Institute Library, some framed and unframed artworks and some photographs. The Warrnambool Mechanics' Institute Library book collection is deemed to be of great importance because it is one of the few collections in an almost intact state, and many of the books are now very rare and of great value. WARRNAMBOOL PUBLIC LIBRARY The Warrnambool Mechanics’ Institute (WMI) was formed by a voluntary community group in 1863, within six years of Warrnambool’s beginnings, and its Reading Room opened in 1854. The WMI operated until 1963, at which time it was one of the oldest Mechanics’ Institutes in Victoria. Mechanics’ Institutes offered important services to the public including libraries, reading rooms and places to display and store collections of all sorts such as curiosities and local historical relics. In 1886 a Museum and Fine Arts Gallery were added to the WMI and by the beginning of the 20th century, there was also a billiards room and a School of Art. By this time all Mechanics’ Institutes in country Victoria had museums attached. Over the years the Warrnambool Mechanics’ Institute Library was also known as the Warrnambool Public Library the Warrnambool Library and the Free Library. Early funding from the government was for the “Free Library”. The inscription in a book “Science of Man” was for the “Warrnambool Public Library”, donated by Joseph Archibald in 1899. Another inscription in the book “Catalogue of Plants Under Cultivation in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens 1 & 2, 1883” was presented to the “Warrnambool Library” and signed by the author W.R. Guilfoyle. In 1903 the Warrnambool Public Library decided to add a Juvenile Department to library and stock it with hundreds of books suitable for youth. In 1905 the Public Library committee decided to update the collection of books and added 100 new novels plus arrangements for the latest novels to be included as soon as they were available in Victoria. In July 1911 the Warrnambool Council took over the management of the Public Library, Art Gallery, Museum and Mechanics’ Institute and planned to double the size of the then-current building. In 1953, when Mr R. Pattison was Public Librarian, the Warrnambool Public Library’s senior section 10,000 of the 13,000 books were fiction. The children’s section offered an additional 3,400 books. The library had the equivalent of one book per head of population and served around 33 per cent of the reading population. The collection of books was made up of around 60 per cent reference and 40 per cent fiction. The library was lending 400 books per day. In 1963 the Warrnambool City Council allocated the site of the Mechanics’ Institute building, which included the Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery, for the new Municipal Offices and the Collections were dispersed until 1971. The Warrnambool Library took over the Mechanics’ Institute Library’s holdings on behalf of the Warrnambool City Council. Since the closure of the Warrnambool Mechanics’ Institute the exact location and composition of the original WMI books and items have become unclear. Other materials have been added to the collection, including items from Terang MI, Warrnambool Court House and Customs House. Many of the books have been identified as the Pattison Collection, named after the Librarian who catalogued and numbered the books during his time as Warrnambool Public Librarian in the time before the Mechanics’ Institute closed. It seems that when Warrnambool became part of the Corangamite Regional Library some of the books and materials went to its head office in Colac and then back to Warrnambool where they were stored at the Art Gallery for quite some time. Some then went to the Warrnambool Historical Society, some stayed at the Art Gallery and some were moved to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village. The various stamps and labels on the books held at Flagstaff Hill show the variety of the collection’s distribution and origin. The books in the collection at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village date from the 1850s to the late 1950s and include rare and valuable volumes. Many of the books are part of the “Pattison Collection” after the Warrnambool’s Public Librarian, Mr R. Pattison. Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly 1885 Vol 1 Publisher: Government Printer Melbourne Date: 1885 Further Information: John Ferres Government PrinterPaste down front end paper has a sticker from Warrnambool Mechanics Institute and Free Library flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, book, pattison collection, warrnambool library, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, ralph eric pattison, corangamite regional library service, warrnambool city librarian, mechanics’ institute library, victorian library board, warrnambool books and records, warrnambool children’s library, votes and proceedings of the legislative assembly 1885 vol 1

Streets and drains were the basic infrastructure problems for Kew in the 1880s. Decent streets and drains were fundamental to the quality of life of the residents. Without drainage, streets became muddy, boggy and sometimes impassable. Pools and puddles of stagnant water became smelly. The run off water, mixed with human and animal wastes, because there was no sewerage, became a health hazard. Streets and drains then became what were known as 'a nuisance'. Kew suffered from bouts of typhoid fever during the 1880s. Derrick Street was a private street on the margin of the business district of Kew and a well-used thoroughfare. We hear first about Derrick Street when the ratepayers applied to Council to have the street 'taken over' in January 1881. The Council agreed, after much debate, but ratepayers had to pay half the costs. The argument of the majority of the Council was that there was an established policy that ratepayers of private streets either had to hand over the street fully-formed or pay half the costs if Council did the work. It was felt that to make an exception for Derrick Street would create a precedent for ratepayers of other private streets. On the other hand the ratepayers, and a minority of Council, believed that there were extenuating circumstances in the case of Derrick Street. They believed that the costing by the Borough Surveyor was excessive. They felt the Council was partly responsible for the state of the street due to a channel on Bulleen Road, which deposited sand in the street. The Council had also put in some kerbing at the entrance to the street. Finally, the ratepayers believed that the street had become an important and convenient thoroughfare in Kew, and thus should be an exception to the policy on private streets. In the end a decision was delayed to allow the ratepayers to drain and form the street themselves. And there the matter stood till September 1882, when Miss Reilly complained about rubbish on a block of land in Derrick Street. So, in October 1882 the Council agreed to take over and form the street with the ratepayers paying half the costs. The ratepayers did not want to pay, so the argument continued in Council into 1883. There was a standoff for a further 18 months, until the problem could no longer be ignored. In October 1884 the Inspector of Nuisances and the Health Officer reported that Derrick Street was a health hazard as there was no drainage outlet for waste water. These reports changed the status of the problem of Derrick Street. It became an issue of public health, and thus the Council, acting as the Local Board of Health, had power to prepare plans and order the ratepayers to drain the street and pay all the costs, or let the Council do the work and charge ratepayers half the costs of the works. By April 1885, the time for ratepayers to complete the works themselves had expired, so the Council proceeded with the work and required ratepayers to pay for their share of the costs. All ratepayers had paid by the end of April except Mr Whiddycombe, who refused to pay. Mr Whiddycombe was warned to pay in October 1885. Legal action was taken against him in November. The Council lost the case on technical grounds. The Council, acting as the Local Board of Health, relaunched the legal action and won. The last we hear of Derrick Street is that seven day’s notice was given to Derrick Street ratepayers to pay for the drainage works in May 1887. We presume that Mr Whiddycombe paid. (Research: Andrew Frost)Rare and historic publication issued by the Board of Health in the Borough of Kew in 1885 to residents of Derrick street regarding the need for proper drainage for the purpose of improving public health.Printed formal notice sent by the Board of Health of the Borough of Kew to landowners in Derrick Street, Kew. The notice advised the owners that they were required to form and drain the street according to the levels and specifications approved by the Board. The letter was sent on January 23rd 1885, and signed by the Inspector of Nuisances.borough of kew -- greater melbourne (vic.), council notices -- public health, derrick street -- kew (vic.)

An annual publication (sixteenth year of publcation) by F. Watmuff, Printer and Publisher, Melbourne. It includes a listing of events in a calandar format ("on this day"), Australian seasons, calendar, carters and boatmen's fares, cab fares, weather, gardener's calendar, dates of eclipses, popualation, holidays, Mayors of Melbourne, travellers guides and morePhotocopy. 32 pages1885, almanac, travellers guide, victoria

The Victoria Government Gazette 1885 1 Vol 69flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, book, the victoria government gazette 1885 1 vol 69, the victoria government gazette, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village

The Victoria Government Gazette 1885 2 Vol 70flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the victoria government gazette 1885 2 vol 70, the victoria government gazette

Victorian Local Forces Helmet Plate and Forage Cap badge Circa 1885

Bella Guerin was born on 23 April 1858, at Williamstown, Victoria. She studied at home to matriculate in 1878, and then gained her Bachelor of Arts from the University of Melbourne in 1883, becoming the first woman to graduate from an Australian university; she followed this with a Master of Arts in 1885. She taught at Loreto Convent, Ballarat, urging the establishment of higher education scholarships to produce ‘a band of noble thoughtful women as a powerful influence for good’. She married an elderly poet, Henry Halloran, who died shortly afterwards leaving her with a young son, Henry. She returned to teaching and from the mid-1890s frequented suffragist circles. A second marriage in 1909 to George D’Arcie Lavender was also short lived. Bella Guerin was vice-president of the Women’s Political Association from 1912–14 and co-authored Vida Goldstein’s 1913 Senate election pamphlet. However, dual membership of the non-party feminist camp and the Labor Party was prohibited by the latter in 1914, so from that date she campaigned for the Victorian Socialist Party and the Women’s Socialist League, speaking out on a range of controversial issues. She led the Labor Women’s Anti-Conscription Fellowship during the 1916 referendum campaign. In 1918, as vice-president of the Labor Party’s Women’s Central Organising Committee, she caused controversy by describing Labor women as ‘performing poodles and packhorses’ who were used for fundraising but under-represented in policy decisions—and she was right. Bella died in Adelaide on 26 July 1923 of cirrhosis of the liver and is remembered for her idealism, her oratory skills and her commitment to equity for women. Duplicate photograph of Julia Margaret (Bella) Guerin the first woman graduate of The University of Melbourne, B.A. 1883, M.A. 1885, The original is held by Melbourne University Archives. bella guerin, bella halloran, julia margaret guerin, university of melbourne, graduation, feminist, university women

Black and white photograph Written on back of photograph: "C of E Fair- stall holders, 1885.

Victorian Government Gazette 1885.Cloth cover with red leather spine & corners, very worn at extremities. Cloth lifted in places, leather corners torn. Foxing to front and rear pages. Fair condition.Nilvictoria, government, gazette

Written on backing sheet, "C of E, East Ringwood - Assistants at Bazaar 1885".

Image of a Charles Conder painting on front of soft covered book titled The Artists' Camps: Plein Air Painting In Melbourne 1885-1898. FOREWORD by Margaret Plant - Department of Visual Arts, Monash University. The paintings of the 'Heidelberg school" are the best loved group of works in Australian art. The affection is linked in the national mind with a recognition that the authentic Australian landscape had been discovered and colonial bonds broken. The painting activity of the 1880s and 1890s was by no means confined to Heidelberg. Helen Topliss painstakingly presents the variety of sites around Melbourne, in the bush and on the coast, reconstructing their original character and the history of their accessibility. The major figures are well known — Roberts, McCubbin, Streeton and Conder — but there were a number of 'minor' artists associated with the various painting spots that have been too long neglected. A research programme is here initiated in the hope that some of these figures might be more fully returned to us. The restoration of the sites provokes a more extensive roll-call of artists involved in the plein air phenomenon. Various expressions of nationalism in the late nineteenth century have been accorded attention: the painters contributed in varying degrees. But it is, finally, the quality of the painting, the freshness, the particularity of nuance, the calculated aesthetic angles that have governed response and inspired affection. The elegant relaxation themes of many of the paintings have in fact been overlooked in the intellectualization of the quest for 'national identity'. The orchards and the beaches, the ladies promenading a la mode on the beach at Mentone or in the grasses of Box Hill are as important to our artistic tradition and social history as the shearers of rams.