Showing 28 items matching " finance industry"
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Glen Eira Historical SocietyLetter - Rosstown Railway
... ... Finance Industry...RETURN TO ROSSTOWN: RAILWAYS LAND SALES AND SUGAR BEET VENTURES IN CAULFIELD Land Sales Walking Trails Ross William Murray Transport Objects Locomotion Walking Cycling Driving Sports Country Mansions People Caulfield John Builders Construction and Demolition Workers Occupations Careers Professionals Topography Geology Landforms Horticulture Market Gardens Primary Industry Workers City of Caulfield MOOD KEE Pennington Harold Annual General Meetings Caulfield Town Hall Glen Eira City Council Carnegie Carnegie Station Rosstown Station People by Circumstance Migrants Sugar Beet Sugar Beet Mill Sugar Beet Industry Mills Factories SEA BEACH LINES Bent Thomas Parliamentary Representatives Neville Street Miller Street Lemann’s Swamp Reserve Koornang Park Cane Sugar Industry Breweries Rabbit Processing Plants Health Establishments Hospitals Food Production Establishments Abattoirs Thieves Social Problems Vagrants Theft Squatting Financial Economics Debt Finance Industry Insurance Companies Company Managers Bentleigh Ross Leila THE GRANGE Leila Road Wild Cherry Road Financial Trouble Mortgages Gisborne Street Archibald Street Riddell Parade VICTORIA RAILWAYS Glen Huntly Road Clarence Street College Street Gladstone Parade Parrell Street Aileen Avenue Seaview Street Land Subdivisions Dover Street Sussex Street Landfill Marara Road Booran Road Woodville Avenue Dorothy Avenue Ormond Park Royal Avenue Ormond Railway Station Oakleigh Road Melten Avenue Miller Street Munro Avenue Lord Reserve Neerim Road Toolambool Road The Rosstown Hotel Rosanna Street Murrumbeena Crescent Commercial Establishments The National Bank Rosstown Road Kangaroo Road Poath Road Freda Street Hughesdale Kindergarten Oakleigh Council Hughesdale Community Centre Civic Establishments Galbally Reserve Plaques Warrigal Road OUT AND ABOUT BROCHURES Orion Estate Letter Rosstown Railway ...This file contains four items: 1/A black and white photocopy of a letter dated either 07/08/1889 or 09/08/1889, from Robert Lundon to an unidentified recipient discussing an agreement reached between the author – on behalf of the recipient – and Soon Hang Hi in regard, in regards to the allotment known as Webber’s. The agreement is outlined in the letter in what appears to be Chinese characters, and includes the marks of Robert Lundon and Soon Hang Hi. File note from Joy Wu states that the calligraphy is not Mandarin or traditional Chinese. 2/Three sheets of hand-written working notes with information taken from the Victorian Government Gazette on THE ROSSTOWN AND MURRUMBEENA LAND COMPANY LIMITED, THE ROSSTOWN JUNCTION RAILWAY AND PROSPERITY COMPANY LIOMITED, and THE ROSSTOWN JUNCTION, ELSTERNWICK, AND OAKLEIGH RAILWAY COMPANY LIMITED, covering dates between 1887 and 1894. The notes concern meetings and creditors claims relevant to the companies, with reference numbers for the information source. Date and author of the notes are not recorded. 3/A black and white photocopy of the a partial map of the Rosstown Railway and surrounding area, undated. The map includes the names of landholders in the areas of Brighton, Garden Vale and Elsternwick, as well as other railway lines present in the region. 4/A fold-out map and guide of the Rosstown Rail Trail, including a brief general history of Caulfield as well as a more extensive biography of William Murray Ross and the Rosstown Railway. The map marks and describes significant sites along the trail, including photographs of some of these sites, provided by DF Jowett.documents, correspondence, webber’s, lundon robert, chinese characters, ethnic communities, signatures, text, settlements, taxes, fraser john grieves, lovell r.h., price davies, meetings, communication activities, soon hang hi, commercial events and activities, the rosstown and murrumbeena land company limited, victorian government gazette, bulmer richard, parry john, osment henry, shareholders, creditors claims, the rosstown junction railway and property company limited, finch and best, lawyers, the rosstown junction elsternwick and oakleigh railway company limited, cameron w.c., phillips p.d., garden vale, elsternwick, elsternwick railway station, rosstown, rosstown railway, thomas street, bay street, kooyong road, melbourne and brighton railway, hawthorn road, bambra road, caulfield and frankston railway, booran road, grange road, koornang road, murrumbeena road, north road, north road railway station, east brighton railway station, south road, railway routes, railway lines, railways, land transport, murphy j., caulfield, hamilton t.f., dane p., holloway, webb, ailee john, payne t.b., brodie chas, dane john, o’neil h., mccombie john, mcmillane a., smyth c.d., cooper, ebden, landholders, jeffrey j.d., gill j., balcombe a.e., cooper h., mcnab j., white j., sutherland j., greeves a.f.a., newton m.c., chamley f.b., fowler j., inglis p., grant t., stooke j., swanson g., cochrane c., adams e.b., mccombie thas, keyes robert, brighton cemetery, burials grounds and graveyards, war-ein road, were j.b., holland j., mcmahon c., winter t.l.m., dendy henry, mitchell w., jackson s., were j.e., wickham francis dawe, bryant jane, east brighton railway station, railway stations, maps, allotments, land titles, roads and streets, rosstown rail trail, city of glen eira, tourism, trains, tourism information bureaus, tours, pamphlets, elsternwick railway park, oakleigh junction, princes park, ee gunn reserve, packer park, sites, jowett d.f., weickhardt i.g., return to rosstown: railways land sales and sugar beet ventures in caulfield, land sales, walking trails, ross william murray, transport objects, locomotion, walking, cycling, driving, sports, country mansions, people, caulfield john, builders, construction and demolition workers, occupations, careers, professionals, topography, geology, landforms, horticulture, market gardens, primary industry workers, city of caulfield, mood kee, pennington harold, annual general meetings, caulfield town hall, glen eira city council, carnegie, carnegie station, rosstown station, people by circumstance, migrants, sugar beet, sugar beet mill, sugar beet industry, mills, factories, sea beach lines, bent thomas, parliamentary representatives, neville street, miller street, lemann’s swamp reserve, koornang park, cane sugar industry, breweries, rabbit processing plants, health establishments, hospitals, food production establishments, abattoirs, thieves, social problems, vagrants, theft, squatting, financial economics, debt, finance industry, insurance companies, company managers, bentleigh, ross leila, the grange, leila road, wild cherry road, financial trouble, mortgages, gisborne street, archibald street, riddell parade, victoria railways, glen huntly road, clarence street, college street, gladstone parade, parrell street, aileen avenue, seaview street, land subdivisions, dover street, sussex street, landfill, marara road, booran road, woodville avenue, dorothy avenue, ormond park, royal avenue, ormond railway station, oakleigh road, melten avenue, miller street, munro avenue, lord reserve, neerim road, toolambool road, the rosstown hotel, rosanna street, murrumbeena crescent, commercial establishments, the national bank, rosstown road, kangaroo road, poath road, freda street, hughesdale kindergarten, oakleigh council, hughesdale community centre, civic establishments, galbally reserve, plaques, warrigal road, out and about brochures, orion estate -
Stawell Historical Society Inc
Archive - Finance, Tax Returns 1926 - 1967
... Finance...Industry...Stawell Historical Society Inc 46 Longfield St Stawell grampians Tax returns North Western Woollen Mills - Norwellen Aunde now defunct Finance Industry Tax Returns Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland Tax Returns 1926 - 1967 Archive Finance ...Tax returns North Western Woollen Mills - Norwellen Aunde now defunctTax Returns Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, New South Wales and Queenslandfinance, industry -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book - Accounts Listing, Ballarat School of Mines and Industries, Ballarat, School of Mines and Industries Ballarat finance committee accounts listing from March 1970, 1971
... It shows projects that were being undertaken at the institution at the time and gives us an historical perspective on project costs and the type of work being done ballarat school of mines account listings finance committee j. mckenzie g. low m.j bennett n. crosbie william adams and company ballarat courier australian institute of mining and metallurgy Finance committee Accounts listing from March 1970 brown book with red spine and label on the front School of Mines and Industries Ballarat finance committee accounts listing from March 1970 Book Accounts Listing Ballarat School of Mines and Industries, Ballarat ...School of Mines is a predecessor of Federation UniversityThis book lists the accounts payable of the School of Mines in the 1970's and 80's giving us an understanding of the operations of the School of Mines in that era and of the people involved with the institution at that time. It shows projects that were being undertaken at the institution at the time and gives us an historical perspective on project costs and the type of work being donebrown book with red spine and label on the front Finance committee Accounts listing from March 1970ballarat school of mines, account listings, finance committee, j. mckenzie, g. low, m.j bennett, n. crosbie, william adams and company, ballarat courier, australian institute of mining and metallurgy -
Eltham District Historical Society IncPhotograph, Watson's Eltham Hotel, Maria Street, Eltham, c.1900
... finance it, the story goes, handed it over to Mr Wallace, who finished the job, and received the first licence. The building was constructed of hard basaltic blue stone, quarried in the Eltham district, and partly of bricks made at Eltham. At that time the town owned not only an hotel, but a flour mill, a brewery, a brickworks, and other important industries...finance it, the story goes, handed it over to Mr Wallace, who finished the job, and received the first licence. The building was constructed of hard basaltic blue stone, quarried in the Eltham district, and partly of bricks made at Eltham. At that time the town owned not only an hotel, but a flour mill, a brewery, a brickworks, and other important industries ...Christoher Watson's Eltham Hotel, cnr Maria Street (Main Road) and Pitt Street, Eltham. Christopher Watson in centre (bareheaded). Reproduced on p60 of 'Pioneers & Painters' The hotel was constructed in the 1850s immediately following the discovery of gold in Victoria. The original founder, a Mr Warren. engaged a builder named Wallace, to erect the hotel, and being unable to finance it, the story goes, handed it over to Mr Wallace, who finished the job, and received the first licence. The building was constructed of hard basaltic blue stone, quarried in the Eltham district, and partly of bricks made at Eltham. At that time the town owned not only an hotel, but a flour mill, a brewery, a brickworks, and other important industries. The hotel was carried on for the benefit of the first owners for over 30 years and was then purchased by Mr Chris Watson. The hotel was in the early days a well-known resting place for the gold diggers during the gold rush at Woods' Point. A new hotel was erected on the same site by Mr H. Watson in 1925.This photo forms part of a collection of photographs gathered by the Shire of Eltham for their centenary project book,"Pioneers and Painters: 100 years of the Shire of Eltham" by Alan Marshall (1971). The collection of over 500 images is held in partnership between Eltham District Historical Society and Yarra Plenty Regional Library (Eltham Library) and is now formally known as the 'The Shire of Eltham Pioneers Photograph Collection.' It is significant in being the first community sourced collection representing the places and people of the Shire's first one hundred years.Digital imagechristopher watson, eltham, hotel, main road, maria street, pioneers and painters, pitt street, shire of eltham pioneers photograph collection, watson's hotel -
Eltham District Historical Society IncPhotograph, Watson's Eltham Hotel, Maria Street, Eltham, c.1900
... finance it, the story goes, handed it over to Mr Wallace, who finished the job, and received the first licence. The building was constructed of hard basaltic blue stone, quarried in the Eltham district, and partly of bricks made at Eltham. At that time the town owned not only an hotel, but a flour mill, a brewery, a brickworks, and other important industries...finance it, the story goes, handed it over to Mr Wallace, who finished the job, and received the first licence. The building was constructed of hard basaltic blue stone, quarried in the Eltham district, and partly of bricks made at Eltham. At that time the town owned not only an hotel, but a flour mill, a brewery, a brickworks, and other important industries ...Christoher Watson's Eltham Hotel, cnr Maria Street (Main Road) and Pitt Street, Eltham. Christopher Watson in centre (bareheaded). Reproduced on p60 of 'Pioneers & Painters' The hotel was constructed in the 1850s immediately following the discovery of gold in Victoria. The original founder, a Mr Warren. engaged a builder named Wallace, to erect the hotel, and being unable to finance it, the story goes, handed it over to Mr Wallace, who finished the job, and received the first licence. The building was constructed of hard basaltic blue stone, quarried in the Eltham district, and partly of bricks made at Eltham. At that time the town owned not only an hotel, but a flour mill, a brewery, a brickworks, and other important industries. The hotel was carried on for the benefit of the first owners for over 30 years and was then purchased by Mr Chris Watson. The hotel was in the early days a well-known resting place for the gold diggers during the gold rush at Woods' Point. A new hotel was erected on the same site by Mr H. Watson in 1925.Early photo of Eltham Hotel which has been on site in various forms since mid 1800sSepia photograph mounted on cardInscribed on back: "Property of Mr Albert Watson, 53 Yarra St, Heidelberg. Christopher Watson (bare headed) Given to Marion Huggett December 1977 c.1900 son of Watson Snr behind cart"christopher watson, eltham, eltham hotel, main road, maria street, pioneers and painters, pitt street, shire of eltham pioneers photograph collection, watson's hotel -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.Document - Bendigo Chamber of Commerce and Industries Minutes and Membership Records, 1977-1985
... Black Foolscap Lever Arch File containing typed records of the Bendigo Chamber of Commerce and Industries. loose leaf template pages. Dated from May 9, 1977 - September 9, 1985. Includes Minutes, Finance reports, Annual reports and member lists....Upon the merger, Bendigo Business Council continued the functions of both the Chamber and CVBN by providing advocacy, networking and events to members and partners. history bendigo bendigo chamber of commerce collection Chamber of Commerce and Industries Black Foolscap Lever Arch File containing typed records of the Bendigo Chamber of Commerce and Industries. loose leaf template pages. Dated from May 9, 1977 - September 9, 1985. Includes Minutes, Finance reports, Annual reports and member lists. ...The Bendigo Chamber of Commerce and Industry was constituted in 1886 with the vision to be the single voice for the business community across greater Bendigo. ‘Be.Bendigo’ is the trading name of the organisation ‘Bendigo Business Council’ which was formed in 2008 as a merger between two Bendigo business organisations: The Bendigo Chamber of Commerce and Central Victorian Business Network (CVBN). Upon the merger, Bendigo Business Council continued the functions of both the Chamber and CVBN by providing advocacy, networking and events to members and partners.Black Foolscap Lever Arch File containing typed records of the Bendigo Chamber of Commerce and Industries. loose leaf template pages. Dated from May 9, 1977 - September 9, 1985. Includes Minutes, Finance reports, Annual reports and member lists.history, bendigo, bendigo chamber of commerce collection, chamber of commerce and industries -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.Document - MCCOLL, RANKIN AND STANISTREET COLLECTION: WEST AUSTRALIAN MINING AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW, 1943
... Articles on Municipal Finance, Port War Radio, W.A. Mining Industry, Ore Deposits, Rand Gold Producers. ...Articles on Municipal Finance, Port War Radio, W.A. Mining Industry, Ore Deposits, Rand Gold Producers. ...Documents: September 1943 issue of the West Australian Mining and Commercial Review Magazine - 32 Pages plus cover. It has a photo of the Australian Prime Minister, Hon John Curtin P.C. and the cost is 9d dated September, 1943. The back cover is advertising for Goodyear V-Belt Drivers. Articles on Municipal Finance, Port War Radio, W.A. Mining Industry, Ore Deposits, Rand Gold Producers. Advertising for Mobil Oil, Fibrolite, Bromet Alloy Tungsten Carbide, Steel Machinery Covers, Dept.., of Industrial Development, Hume Steel Ltd, State Saw Mills etc.MCCOLL RANKIN AND STANSISTREETorganization, business, gold mining magazine, mccoll rankin and stansistreet -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageAnimal specimen - Whale Vertebrae, Undetermined
... industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Whalebone The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The bone of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as whalebone. Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone during the 17th, 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries was an important industry providing an important commodity. Whales from these times provided everything from lighting & machine oils to using the animal's bones for use in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and many other everyday items then in use.Whale bone Vertebrae with advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whale bones, whale skeleton, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips, whaleling industry, maritime fishing, whalebone -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageAnimal specimen - Whale Jaw Bone, Undetermined
... industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone during the 17th, 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries was an important industry providing an important commodity. Whales from these times provided everything from lighting & machine oils to using the animal's bones for use in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and many other everyday items then in use.Whale jaw bone one side, long & curved with advanced stage of calcification off white to grey.None.warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whale bones, whale skeleton, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips, whaleling industry, maritime fishing, whalebone -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageAnimal specimen - Whale Rib Bone, Undetermined
... industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone during the 17th, 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries was an important industry providing an important commodity. Whales from these times provided everything from lighting & machine oils to using the animal's bones for use in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and many other everyday items then in use.Whale rib bone with advanced stage of calcification as indicated by brittleness. None.warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whale bones, whale skeleton, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips, whaleling industry, maritime fishing, whalebone -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageAnimal specimen - Whale bone, Undetermined
... industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone piece. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageAnimal specimen - Whale bone, Undetermined
... industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone piece. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageAnimal specimen - Whale bone, Undetermined
... industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone piece. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageAnimal specimen - Whale bone, Undetermined
... industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070. Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone vertebrae. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageAnimal specimen - Whale bone, Undetermined
... industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone in two pieces. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whale bones, whale skeleton, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageAnimal specimen - Whale bone, Undetermined
... industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. ...Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Baleen, or "Whalebone" The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The "bone" of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as "whalebone." Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone was an important commodity, used in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and toys.Whale bone vertebrae. Advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.Noneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips, whalebone -
Stawell Historical Society Inc
Archive - Finance, Papers
... Stawell Historical Society Inc 46 Longfield St Stawell grampians Rural Finance Land Titles Sales Smith St Sth Standard association of Australia Licence Morias Pty Ltd Agreement Agreement between R.Maxwell & North Western Woollen Mills Melbourne Wool Brokers Authority to buy. Norwellen Industry ...Rural Finance Land Titles Sales Smith St Sth Standard association of Australia Licence Morias Pty Ltd Agreement Agreement between R.Maxwell & North Western Woollen Mills Melbourne Wool Brokers Authority to buy.norwellen, industry -
National Wool MuseumBook, NSW Western Land Board: list of western land leases 1909
... National Wool Museum 26 Moorabool Street Geelong geelong-and-the-bellarine-peninsula NSW Western Land Board: list of Western Land Leases, 1909 land enclosure pastoral industry - settlement sheep stations - history nsw western land board land enclosure pastoral industry - settlement sheep stations - history Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Co Ltd annotations NSW Western Land Board: list of western land leases 1909 Book Book ...NSW Western Land Board: list of Western Land Leases, 1909Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Co Ltd annotationsland enclosure pastoral industry - settlement sheep stations - history, nsw western land board, land enclosure, pastoral industry - settlement, sheep stations - history -
Vision AustraliaPhotograph - Image, QBIC and Vision QLD Staff images from the 1990s, 1997-1999
... These include: Pat Finnimore (Board Director 10/98), Geoff Melvin (Board Lawyer), Peta Nagle (Director, 1998), Sue Camps (Manager Employment Placement Service, July 1998), Margaret Ford (Finance Manager, various) and Branka Codasic (Accounts Officer, various), general staff offices, Tracey Millwood (1997), Peter Lynam (CEO Vision QLD, various dates) and Kevin O'Mahoney (Manager - Aid for the Blind Incorporated, March 1998), Glen (Cleaner/Gardener, 1997), David McKenzie (Development Manager, 1998), John Johnson (Sales Manager, 1996), Dene Vilkins (Project Co-ordinator and Assistant Manager, March 1996), Nigel Irwin (Client Services Manager, various), Carolyn Kalymnios (Canteen manager), Bray Waterman (Production Manager), Michael Thorn (Production Worker) and MIchael Box (Vision QLD client, 1997). Vision QLD QBIC Industries ...Images taken of staff during the late 1990's. These include: Pat Finnimore (Board Director 10/98), Geoff Melvin (Board Lawyer), Peta Nagle (Director, 1998), Sue Camps (Manager Employment Placement Service, July 1998), Margaret Ford (Finance Manager, various) and Branka Codasic (Accounts Officer, various), general staff offices, Tracey Millwood (1997), Peter Lynam (CEO Vision QLD, various dates) and Kevin O'Mahoney (Manager - Aid for the Blind Incorporated, March 1998), Glen (Cleaner/Gardener, 1997), David McKenzie (Development Manager, 1998), John Johnson (Sales Manager, 1996), Dene Vilkins (Project Co-ordinator and Assistant Manager, March 1996), Nigel Irwin (Client Services Manager, various), Carolyn Kalymnios (Canteen manager), Bray Waterman (Production Manager), Michael Thorn (Production Worker) and MIchael Box (Vision QLD client, 1997).42 col. photographs of staff membersvision qld, qbic industries, geoff melvin, pat finnimore, peta nagle, sue camps, margaret ford, branka codasic, tracey millwood, peter lynam, kevin o'mahoney, david mckenzie, john johnson, dene vilkins, nigel irwin, michael box, carolyn kalymnios, bray waterman, michael thorn -
Vision AustraliaPhotograph - Image, 2000 QBIC Industries, 2000
... Images taken of staff at QBIC Industries in 2000, including Tracey Millwood, Marlene Austin, Wayne Ford, Keith Smith, Jeanette Matthias (finance and admin manager),Sue Camps, Henry Chichowski and Craig Gardner, as well as the QBIC frog box and showroom wall....Vision Australia 454 Glenferrie Road Kooyong melbourne Images taken of staff at QBIC Industries in 2000, including Tracey Millwood, Marlene Austin, Wayne Ford, Keith Smith, Jeanette Matthias (finance and admin manager),Sue Camps, Henry Chichowski and Craig Gardner, as well as the QBIC frog box and showroom wall. ...Images taken of staff at QBIC Industries in 2000, including Tracey Millwood, Marlene Austin, Wayne Ford, Keith Smith, Jeanette Matthias (finance and admin manager),Sue Camps, Henry Chichowski and Craig Gardner, as well as the QBIC frog box and showroom wall.14 col. photographs of staff members1 - Tracey Millwood, 2000 2 - Employment officer Marlene Austin at keyboard demonstrating large print, 3/00 3 - Staff storeman Wayne Ford, 2000 4 - Craig Gardener, Storemanqbic industries, tracey millwood, marlene austin, wayne ford, craig gardner, keith smith, henry chichowski, sue camps, jeanette matthias -
Wodonga & District Historical Society IncBook - Time Running Out: Shaping Regional Australia's Future, Australia. Parliament. House of Representatives. Standing Committee on Primary Industries and Regional Services, 2000
... Industries and Regional Services. The foreword to the Committee's report states that the title 'Time running out' reinforces the urgent need to firstly acknowledge the deficiencies in infrastructure that exist throughout regional Australia and secondly, the need to remedy that lack of infrastructure. Action is needed to ensure that many regional communities don't just survive but learn to thrive once again. Chapters focus on major issues of leadership and local skills; policy, planning and coordination; and finance ...This report is the result of and inquiry into infrastructure and the development of Australia's regional areas by the House of Representatives, Standing Committee on Primary Industries and Regional Services. The foreword to the Committee's report states that the title 'Time running out' reinforces the urgent need to firstly acknowledge the deficiencies in infrastructure that exist throughout regional Australia and secondly, the need to remedy that lack of infrastructure. Action is needed to ensure that many regional communities don't just survive but learn to thrive once again. Chapters focus on major issues of leadership and local skills; policy, planning and coordination; and finance and investment. Other chapters focus on particular sectors or issues including advanced telecommunications; information technology; transport (roads, rail, shipping, airports); energy (electricity, gas, renewable energy); education; water resources; and health.non-fictionThis report is the result of and inquiry into infrastructure and the development of Australia's regional areas by the House of Representatives, Standing Committee on Primary Industries and Regional Services. The foreword to the Committee's report states that the title 'Time running out' reinforces the urgent need to firstly acknowledge the deficiencies in infrastructure that exist throughout regional Australia and secondly, the need to remedy that lack of infrastructure. Action is needed to ensure that many regional communities don't just survive but learn to thrive once again. Chapters focus on major issues of leadership and local skills; policy, planning and coordination; and finance and investment. Other chapters focus on particular sectors or issues including advanced telecommunications; information technology; transport (roads, rail, shipping, airports); energy (electricity, gas, renewable energy); education; water resources; and health.infrastructure regional australia, regional planning australia -
National Wool MuseumBook - Wool Pages: A Directory of the Sheep and Wool Industry, Eighth Edition, The Australian Wool Showcase Inc, 2004
... Finance, Wool Craft, Wool Organisations / Associations, Wool Products. Wool Organisations Directory Rural Equipment Manufacturing Tourism Wool Craft Wool Products Education front: [printed] WOOL PAGES / Directory 2004 / Compiled by Australian Wool Showcase / australian wool / innovation / limited Eighty eight page booklet showing an image of sheep on the cover, with printed text. Book Wool Pages: A Directory of the Sheep and Wool Industry ...Contents include Education, Processing and Manufacturing, Rural Equipment, Services, Rural Tourism, Sheep, Trade / Commerce / Finance, Wool Craft, Wool Organisations / Associations, Wool Products. Eighty eight page booklet showing an image of sheep on the cover, with printed text.front: [printed] WOOL PAGES / Directory 2004 / Compiled by Australian Wool Showcase / australian wool / innovation / limitedwool, organisations, directory, rural equipment, manufacturing, tourism, wool craft, wool products, education -
Unions Ballarat
A super history : how Australia's $1 trillion+ superannuation industry was made, St Anne, Christine, 2012
... Getting the show on the road Holdens and Rolls Royces A woman's job The business of super Lear jets and cuff-links The greatest victory of all The Howard years The politics of super Other people's money A time to imagine and innovate Pertinent to financial and social history. btlc ballarat trades hall ballarat trades and labour council finance superannuation money retirement history actu australian council of trade unions pensions superannuation funds old age pensions trade unions alp australian labor party howard, john Front cover: title and author name. Paper; book. Red and brown cover, with drawings of various persons. A super history : how Australia's $1 trillion+ superannuation industry ...An historical account of the creation of the superannuation system in Australia. The author has interviewed some of the pioneers of the system. Table of contents: A few good men Chicago racket or dream of the romantics? Getting the show on the road Holdens and Rolls Royces A woman's job The business of super Lear jets and cuff-links The greatest victory of all The Howard years The politics of super Other people's money A time to imagine and innovatePertinent to financial and social history.Paper; book. Red and brown cover, with drawings of various persons.Front cover: title and author name.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, finance, superannuation, money, retirement, history, actu, australian council of trade unions, pensions, superannuation funds, old age pensions, trade unions, alp, australian labor party, howard, john -
Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.Photograph, Luke Group, 1959
... finance from Singer Brass Founders. The company became Luke and Singer. The three factories on site were Luke Manufacturing - stainless steel products and hospital equipment, Luke and Singer - a non-ferrous foundry producing components for industry such as nuts and cutlery, and Concentric Engineering - machinery components. ...finance from Singer Brass Founders. The company became Luke and Singer. The three factories on site were Luke Manufacturing - stainless steel products and hospital equipment, Luke and Singer - a non-ferrous foundry producing components for industry such as nuts and cutlery, and Concentric Engineering - machinery components. ...K.G. Luke had a foundry in Queen's Parade, Melbourne which made badges and manufactured items for the Armed Forces during the First World War. He bought 40 acres of cherry orchard in Mitcham in 1952 from a Miss Cook, then went to England and attracted finance from Singer Brass Founders. The company became Luke and Singer. The three factories on site were Luke Manufacturing - stainless steel products and hospital equipment, Luke and Singer - a non-ferrous foundry producing components for industry such as nuts and cutlery, and Concentric Engineering - machinery components. Later the manufacture of refrigeration and air conditioning was added at the rear of the complex. A small aerial photograph and 2 A4 photocopies of the K.G.Luke Group of companies in 1959. The factory site is divided into three groups with Whitehorse Road situated at the bottom of the photo and Cook Road Mitcham to the left. Notes at ND6245luke manufacturing, k.g.luke group, luke and singer, concentric engineering, wheatland, vic, manufacturing industry, foundries, engineering industries -
Melbourne Tram MuseumDocument - Report, Public transport Unions, "Metplan - Industry Unions - Briefing Paper No. 3 - Tram System Extensions", "Metplan Discussion Paper", 1987 to 1988
... industry is heading over the 15 years project life period. document looks at the Docklands Light Rail in London and bus services through the Central district of Melbourne. .2 - "Metplan Draft Document - January 1988" - 5 pages - prepared by Martin Gray - December 1987 - looking at training, working conditions, employment security, station staff and service delivery and job opportunities. .3 - "Metplan Discussion Paper" - 3 sheets - gives an overview of the suburban system, union's role, what could be done, electrification, rail cars, station development, dual voltage systems. .4 - "Metplan Discussion Paper" - table looking at the various measures, percentage changes, Metplan issues, services, finance and extension options. ...Melbourne Tram Museum 8 Wallen Road Hawthorn melbourne Trams tramways PTC Metplan Unions Buses Tramways Public Transport Suburban And Underground Set of four photocopied documents, A4 sheets, stapled in top left hand corner concerning the development and adoption of Metplan, a Metropolitan Public Transport Industry Plan - see Reg Item 1186 for a discussion paper. .1 - "Metplan - Industry Unions - Briefing Paper No. 3 - Tram System Extensions" - March 1988 - 16 sheets - one of series of four documents to give Public Transport Unions where the industry is heading over the 15 years project life period. document looks at the Docklands Light Rail in London and bus services through the Central district of Melbourne. .2 - "Metplan Draft Document - January 1988" - 5 pages - prepared by Martin Gray - December 1987 - looking at training, working conditions, employment security, station staff and service delivery and job opportunities. .3 - "Metplan Discussion Paper" - 3 sheets - gives an overview of the suburban system, union's role, what could be done, electrification, rail cars, station development, dual voltage systems. .4 - "Metplan Discussion Paper" - table looking at the various measures, percentage changes, Metplan issues, services, finance and extension options. ...Set of four photocopied documents, A4 sheets, stapled in top left hand corner concerning the development and adoption of Metplan, a Metropolitan Public Transport Industry Plan - see Reg Item 1186 for a discussion paper. .1 - "Metplan - Industry Unions - Briefing Paper No. 3 - Tram System Extensions" - March 1988 - 16 sheets - one of series of four documents to give Public Transport Unions where the industry is heading over the 15 years project life period. document looks at the Docklands Light Rail in London and bus services through the Central district of Melbourne. .2 - "Metplan Draft Document - January 1988" - 5 pages - prepared by Martin Gray - December 1987 - looking at training, working conditions, employment security, station staff and service delivery and job opportunities. .3 - "Metplan Discussion Paper" - 3 sheets - gives an overview of the suburban system, union's role, what could be done, electrification, rail cars, station development, dual voltage systems. .4 - "Metplan Discussion Paper" - table looking at the various measures, percentage changes, Metplan issues, services, finance and extension options. See also Reg item 2809 for a August 1988 paper and 345 for a detailed report.trams, tramways, ptc, metplan, unions, buses, tramways, public transport, suburban and underground -
Moorabbin Air Museum
Document (Item) - Mr RM Ansett Proposed Subjects for Enquiry Whilst Abroad and Certain Basic Statistics of Ansett Transport Industries Limited June 1948
... This document lists subjects such as bus production, airline operations, road, hotels, motels, holiday camps, agency arrangements, Kaiser-Frazer, chemical industry, coin machines, advertising, finance...Moorabbin Air Museum Moorabbin Airport 12 First Street Moorabbin melbourne This document lists subjects such as bus production, airline operations, road, hotels, motels, holiday camps, agency arrangements, Kaiser-Frazer, chemical industry, coin machines, advertising, finance Mr RM Ansett Proposed Subjects for Enquiry Whilst Abroad and Certain Basic Statistics of Ansett Transport Industries Limited June 1948 Document Mr RM Ansett Proposed Subjects for Enquiry Whilst Abroad and Certain Basic Statistics of Ansett Transport Industries Limited June 1948 ...This document lists subjects such as bus production, airline operations, road, hotels, motels, holiday camps, agency arrangements, Kaiser-Frazer, chemical industry, coin machines, advertising, finance -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Administrative record - Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria (CEPA) Central Council Correspondence, 1983
... Finance. Small primary producers who purchase less than 1,000 litres of diesel fuel per year are not eligible for the diesel fuel rebate, while larger producers are eligible. 8504.39aax From John Cain, Victorian Attorney General, This document outlines the main legal principles regarding trespass 8504.39aay Seven pages. This document is a discussion paper from the Minister of Agriculture regarding egg industry...Finance. Small primary producers who purchase less than 1,000 litres of diesel fuel per year are not eligible for the diesel fuel rebate, while larger producers are eligible. 8504.39aax From John Cain, Victorian Attorney General, This document outlines the main legal principles regarding trespass 8504.39aay Seven pages. This document is a discussion paper from the Minister of Agriculture regarding egg industry ...The Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria was active by the 1930s, engaging in industry management and lobbying.The Commercial Egg Producer's Association (CEPA) had branches in Bendigo, South Bendigo, Eaglehawk, Wedderburn, Murrabit and Euroa.CEPA Commercial Egg Producer's Association (Bendigo Region) correspondence, for the year 1983. This item includes the following documents: 8504.39a The Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria contacted the office of David Kennedy, M.L.A., regarding eggs purchased by VicRail. 8504.39b From David Kennedy MLA to CEPA re representation. 8504.39c This letter from the Minister of Agriculture to the Secretary of the Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria addresses the following key points:Acknowledgement of Correspondence:The Minister thanks the Association for their letter regarding the Discussion Paper on the proposed Egg Industry Stabilization Bill. 8504.39d This formal letter from the Minister of Agriculture communicates the following: The Governor in Council has officially appointed the Chairman, Deputy Chairman, and two additional Members to the Victorian Egg Marketing Board.The appointments are for various terms of office.The letter follows up on earlier communications regarding these appointments. A statement detailing the specifics of the appointments is included with the letter. 8504.39e From the Minister of Agriculture - outlines the upcoming Victorian Egg Marketing Board's appointment process and communication regarding the Chairman's position. 8504.39f This document is a formal letter from the Minister of Agriculture requesting nominations for qualified producers to be appointed to the Victorian Egg Marketing Board. Expiration of Current Terms:The terms of Mr. P. J. Carter and Mr. D. J. Foster as producer members will expire on 30 June 1983. 8504.39g The Victorian Egg Marketing Board shared a report on an experimental trial conducted in Gippsland focusing on Brown Eggs, with plans to discuss findings with producer organizations soon 8504.39h This document is a formal invitation from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board to representatives of the Commercial Egg Producers Association of Victoria. The Board requests a meeting to discuss several important industry issues: Egg Pricing and Cost of Production PoliciesReview and discussion of current pricing strategies and production costs affecting the Victorian egg industry.Hen Quotas for 1983/84Consideration of quota allocations for egg-laying hens in the upcoming year.Future Policy for Brown Egg Marketing Evaluation and planning for marketing brown eggs, including insights from recent marketing trials. 8504.39i This document is a formal letter from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board to the Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria. The Board is sending two copies of a sales presenter to the Association for distribution to executives and members. The sales presenter is intended for the retail trade in Victoria.The sales presenter contains all relevant information about the upcoming "Plant-a-Herb" promotion. The Board expects this material will help the Association's executives by consolidating all details in one place.The letter is signed by Selwyn M. Hall, Deputy General Manager, and dated 25th February 1983. 8504.39j The Chairman of the Victorian Egg Marketing Board is circulating information about tenderizing spent hens to industry stakeholders. The letter is addressed to Mr. K. Fitzgibbon, Secretary of the Commercial Egg Producers Association.The purpose is to encourage discussion among producers to potentially gain advantages from this information. 8504.39k This document is a formal letter from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board to the Commercial Egg Producers Association, proposing a meeting to discuss recent industry developments. 8504.39l Various Circulars from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board for during the year 1983 8504.39m The Victorian Egg Marketing Board is inviting the Commercial Egg Producers Association to a meeting to discuss egg pricing.The meeting is scheduled for Thursday, 26th May at 3:30 p.m.The Association may send up to four delegates. 8504.39n Here are the key points from the letter by the Victorian Egg Marketing Board regarding the proposed brown egg marketing scheme 8504.39o This document is a formal invitation from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board for a cocktail reception 8504.39p This letter from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board to the Secretary of the Commercial Egg Producers Association outlines the agenda for an upcoming board meeting scheduled for May 26, 1983. 8504.39q Victorian Egg Marketing Board Meeting Darft Summary of Discussions, May 1983 8504.39r This document is a formal communication from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board addressing concerns about egg cartons not fitting larger eggs. 8504.39s This document is a formal letter from the Department of Agriculture Victoria addressing the staffing and support for the poultry industry in the Bendigo district. The Department acknowledges Mr. Evans' valuable work as a poultry officer.Mr. Evans has been promoted to Assistant Principal Officer, Poultry Industry Services, and will continue contributing to the industry, eventually relocating to Melbourne. 8504.39t The document is a formal response from the Poultry Farmer Licensing Review Committee regarding a complaint about illegal hen quota transfer and egg trade matters. 8504.39u This document is an invitation and agenda overview for the 1983 Annual Conference of the Victorian Farmers & Graziers Association (VFGA) Egg Producers Group. 8504.39v The document is a formal letter from the Crystal Egg Company addressing industry concerns and operational updates. 8504.39w The document is a formal letter from Crysta Egg Company to the Commercial Egg Producers Association proposing a new system for grading fee increases. 8504.39x The Chrystal Egg Company has held extensive discussions with egg producers about increasing grading charges, as the last increase was in November 1981.The timing and size of the increase were considered, with efforts to minimize the impact on producers, especially due to drought-related feed price increases.The introduction of a sliding scale for service fees, effective July 11th, 1982, means larger consignments will have lower per-dozen fees, while smaller consignments will pay higher rates. 8504.39y The document is a formal letter from the Crystal Egg Company addressing operational challenges related to egg collection and grading schedules 8504.39z Crystal Egg Company letter. The document addresses concerns and recommendations regarding dockage and cartage subsidies for egg producers in Victoria, Australia, specifically focusing on the Bendigo franchise zone. 8504.39aa From Egg Farmers of Victoria: Various News Circulars for the year 1983 8504.39ab This document is a formal communication from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board regarding the distribution of a discussion paper on grading floors to egg producers and related organizations. 8504.39ac The document outlines the Victorian Egg Marketing Board's considerations and plans regarding egg education and donations to schools 8504.39ad The document outlines plans by the Egg Farmers of Victoria to improve egg production forecasting 8504.39ae Victorian Egg Marketing Board - Office of the Chairman - The document provides detailed surplus figures by grade (in thousands of dozens) for the last three months of the 1982/83 period 8504.39af Egg Farmers of Victoria letter - The Board is addressing inefficiencies and unnecessary costs related to egg dockage, specifically unnecessary double handling and excessive cartage of eggs. 8504.39ag This document is a formal letter from a Member of the Legislative Council (Mr. Dunn, M.L.C., Member for North Western Province) to Mr. K. Fitzgibbon, Secretary of the Commercial Egg Producers Association of Victoria. The National Party is open to discussing issues raised in the Minister of Agriculture's Discussion Paper on the Egg Industry with the Association. 8504.39ah The Minister of Agriculture, Eric Kent, responds to a letter from Eddie Hann, Deputy Leader of the National Party, regarding a submission by the Commercial Egg Producers' Association. The submission concerns dockage issues and was sent to the Victorian Egg Marketing Board following their discussion paper. 8504.39ai This document is a formal letter from Bruce Reid, a Victorian politician, addressed to Mr. K. Fitzgibbon, Secretary of the Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria. Bruce Reid confirms receiving a letter and a submission from the Commercial Egg Producers' Association regarding the Victorian Egg Marketing Board's "Dockage Discussion Paper 8504.39aj The document discusses pooling return economy airfare costs for delegates attending an Australian Council of Egg Producers meeting in Sydney.The pooling is based on airfares effective as of October 3, 1983 8504.39ak From the Australian Council of Egg Producers - The document announces the establishment of a Senate Select Committee on Animal Welfare in Australia, outlining its purpose and structure 8504.39al Australian Council of Egg Producers outcomes from the poultry welfare meeting 8504.39am Australian Council of Egg Producers General Meeting Minutes October 1983 8504.39an Australian Council of Egg Producers Objectives and Purposes 8504.39ao This document is a formal letter from David Kennedy, Member for Bendigo in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, addressed to Mr. K. Fitzgibbon, Secretary of C.E.P.A. Acknowledgement: David Kennedy thanks Mr. Fitzgibbon for sharing his organization's views on a discussion paper regarding egg industry stabilization.Enclosure: Kennedy includes a letter from Eric Kent, Minister of Agriculture, which discusses a proposed review of transport subsidies for the egg industry. 8504.39ap Notice of The Central Council annual meeting is scheduled for Friday, 17th June 1983 at 1:00 p.m. at City Hall, Bendigo. 8504.39aq This document is a formal letter nominating candidates for two producer vacancies on the Victorian Egg Marketing Board. 8504.39ar The document is a formal letter from the Victorian Egg Marketing Association addressed to the Minister of Agriculture, Hon. Eric Kent. The Association is responding to notification that the current Chairman's term for the Victorian Egg Marketing Board will expire on June 30, 1983. 8504.39as The document is a formal letter from CEPA to the managing director of the Crystal Egg Company, addressing concerns about proposed fee increases. 8504.39at The document is a letter from K. Fitzgibbon, Secretary to the Victorian Egg Marketing Board, expressing opposition to the introduction of brown eggs into the market. 8504.39au To the Minister of Agriculture. CEPA opposes the Victorian Egg Marketing Board's plan to introduce brown eggs in August 1984. 8504.39av The executive meeting minutes of the Commercial Egg Producers Association of Victoria, held on June 10, 1983, focused on discussing proposed principles for an Egg Industry Stabilization policy. 8504.39aw CEPA Half Yearly Conference Nov 1983 Minutes 8504.39ax The document outlines proposed principles and regulations for stabilizing and managing the egg industry, focusing on licensing, quotas, exemptions, and industry funding. 8504.39ay CEPA Annual Conference June 1983 Business Paper 8504.39az CEPA Central Council Executive Meeting Minutes July 1983 8504.39aaa This document is a formal letter from John Bourchier, MP, addressing concerns raised by the Commercial Egg Producers Association regarding diesel rebate policies. The government currently does not plan to change its diesel rebate program, despite concerns from egg producers. 8504.39aab From the Crystal Egg Company letter:Grading Charges and Inflation 8504.39aac This document is a formal response from the Poultry Farmer Licensing Review Committee to a query about alleged illegal hen quota transfers 8504.39aad From the Department of Agriculture Victoria. This departmental letter addresses the staffing and support for the poultry industry in Victoria, focusing on the Bendigo District Centre. 8504.39aae This document outlines the handling and fee policies for Class B egg consignments from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board. 8504.39aaf This document is a formal letter from the Minister of Agriculture to David Kennedy MLA; addressing concerns from the Commercial Egg Producers' Association regarding hen quota transfers and regulations in the egg industry. 8504.39aag This document from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board outlines key industry standards and policies regarding egg handling and regulatory compliance 8504.39aah This document from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board outlines procedures and fees related to egg grading and consignments 8504.39aai This letter from the Minister of Agriculture addresses concerns about interstate egg marketing between Victoria and New South Wales. 8504.39aaj Four page circular 29/83 This document is an invitation and agenda for an egg industry meeting organized by the Victorian Egg Marketing Board, scheduled for April 6, 1983. The meeting focuses on maximizing profits through the production of larger eggs and addresses key industry topics 8504.39aak Notice of CEPA Annual Meeting May 1983 8504.39aal This document is a circular from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board, dated June 3, 1983, discussing dockage costs and egg transport logistics for the 1982/83 period. 8504.39aam The document is a formal statement by the directors of the Commercial Egg Producers' Association Co-operative Limited regarding the financial year ending March 31, 1983 8504.39aan Minutes of the CEPA Annual Conference 17 June 1983 8504.39aao This document is a formal letter from The Federation Insurance Limited to policyholders, outlining important amendments to the Workers' Compensation Act and the resulting responsibilities for employers. 8504.39aap Egg Farmer of Victoria four page newsletter June 1983 8504.39aaq Hand Written Letter to the Victorian Egg Marketing Board titled "Dockage Discussion Paper" from Joan Heard, Secretary CEPA 8504.39aar 11 pages The document proposes legislative reforms to consolidate and modernize the regulation of Victoria's poultry and egg industries. Poultry Industry LegislationConsolidation of LawsCombines the Poultry Processing Act and Broiler Chicken Industry Act into a single Act for streamlined administration. 8504.39aas This document outlines plans by the Egg Farmers of Victoria to improve egg production forecasting through enhanced data collection and computer modeling 8504.39aat This document is a formal letter from the Egg Farmers of Victoria to the Commercial Egg Producers Association regarding production forecasting 8504.39aau This document is a formal letter to the Victorian Egg Marketing Board, along with their relply; expressing concerns from the Bendigo and South Bendigo branches of the C.E.P.A. regarding the company's publicity and sales strategies for microwave oven demonstrations. 8504.39aav Minutes of the Half yearly CEPA Conference 24 Nov 1983 8504.39aaw This document is a letter from John Brumby, Federal Member for Bendigo, to the Minister for Finance. Small primary producers who purchase less than 1,000 litres of diesel fuel per year are not eligible for the diesel fuel rebate, while larger producers are eligible. 8504.39aax From John Cain, Victorian Attorney General, This document outlines the main legal principles regarding trespass 8504.39aay Seven pages. This document is a discussion paper from the Minister of Agriculture regarding egg industry stabilization policies and legislative considerations. The paper is intended to gather feedback from stakeholders in the egg industry on issues related to stabilization policies before drafting new legislation. 8504.39aaz Information sheet. The Central Victoria Group Apprenticeship Scheme is a non-profit organization designed to address the decline in apprentice numbers by providing a flexible, shared apprenticeship model for employers in Central Victoria. 8504.39aaaa This document is a notice for the upcoming meeting of the Coliban Water Investigation Committee, and previous minutes. Tuesday, December 7, 1982 Time: 8:00 p.m.Location: City Hall, Bendigo 8504.39aaab This document is a notice for the upcoming meeting of the Coliban Water Investigation Committee, and previous minutes. Tuesday, Feb 8, 1982 Time: 8:00 p.m.Location: City Hall, Bendigo 8504.39aaac This document is a notice for the upcoming meeting of the Coliban Water Investigation Committee, and previous minutes. Tuesday, Jan 27th 1982 Time: 8:00 p.m.Location: City Hall, Bendigo 8504.39aaad This document provides the essential daily nutrient requirements for laying hens consuming 115 grams of feed per dayegg producer's information, correspondence, cepa, commercial egg producers' association -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.Administrative record - Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria (CEPA) Central Council Correspondence, 1985
... industry by 1989. Since 1937, transport costs for moving eggs from grading floors or depots to market or processing plants have been covered by an equalization fund, financed by a levy on all eggs produced.In 1984/85, subsidies totaled $710,000 (1.44 cents per dozen); by 1985/86, this was estimated at $800,000 (1.6 cents per dozen). ...industry by 1989. Since 1937, transport costs for moving eggs from grading floors or depots to market or processing plants have been covered by an equalization fund, financed by a levy on all eggs produced.In 1984/85, subsidies totaled $710,000 (1.44 cents per dozen); by 1985/86, this was estimated at $800,000 (1.6 cents per dozen). ...The Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria was active by the 1930s, engaging in industry management and lobbying.The Commercial Egg Producer's Association (CEPA) had branches in Bendigo, South Bendigo, Eaglehawk, Wedderburn, Murrabit and Euroa.CEPA Commercial Egg Producer's Association (Bendigo Region) correspondence, for the year 1985. This item includes the following documents: 8504.41a 8504.41a Egg Farmers of Victoria 1984-1985 Report 26 pages 8504.41b This document is an official invitation from the Victorian Egg Marketing Board, dated July 2, 1985, addressed to Mr. K. Fitzgibbon. Meeting Location and DateThe Board's August meeting is scheduled for August 21, 1985, at the Bendigo Municipal Offices, as the area is expected to be free of quarantine issues by then. 8504.41c The Board postponed the Bendigo meeting due to farm quarantines, which was later confirmed as a responsible decision. 8504.41d The document is a formal response from the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs to the Commercial Egg Producers Association regarding poultry industry services in northern Victoria. 8504.41e Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The Central Council of the Commercial Egg Producers Association of Victoria is asked to submit a panel of at least three and not more than five qualified growers for consideration. 8504.41f Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The Governor in Council has made new appointments to the Victorian Egg Marketing Board.Details of these appointments are provided in an enclosed statement (not included in the summary). 8504.41g Here are the key points from the Crystal Egg Company letter addressing complaints from the Commercial Egg Producers Association of Victoria:Response to Complaints:The company disputes all points raised in the association's letter, stating there are no grounds for the complaints.The author expresses confusion about the complaints and suggests direct communication (phone or in-person) to resolve issues quickly. 8504.41h Egg Farmers of Victoria. The document outlines correspondence regarding legislative changes and quota levy arrangements for the Victorian egg industry 8504.41i From Egg Farmers of Victoria; the document outlines proposed amendments to the Marketing of Primary Products Act, focusing on the egg industry in Victoria. 8504.41j The document details the new Producer Agent Contracts for egg producers, outlining two contract types and their key requirements 8504.41k The document is a formal letter from the Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria addressed to Mr. David Kennedy, M.L.A. The Association asks Mr. Kennedy to arrange a meeting with the Minister for Agriculture, Mr. Evan Walker, to discuss issues related to transporting country eggs to Melbourne.Proposal for Egg Board Composition: 8504.41l Letter to the Egg Farmers Association of Victoria's letter. The Association opposes the Board's recommendation to phase out dockage subsidies, viewing it as discriminatory against country egg producers and those outside metropolitan areas.They argue that industry costs should be shared equally across all sectors; also Concerns About Public Health Statements 8504.41m Letter to Bruce Reid MLC regarding the Egg Industry Stabilization Amendment Act 1985 8504.41n Letter to David Kennedy MLA regarding the Egg Industry Stabilization Amendment Act 1985 8504.41o Letter to Bernie Dunne MLC regarding the Egg Industry Stabilization Amendment Act 1985 8504.41p To Evan Walker MLC The document is a formal letter expressing protest and concern regarding the misrepresentation and misuse of confidential correspondence about the Egg Farmers of Victoria's 5-year plan. 8504.41q To the Egg Farmers of Victoria. The document is a formal letter expressing concern and protest over the misrepresentation and misuse of correspondence related to the Egg Farmers of Victoria's 5-year plan. 8504.41r This document is a formal letter to the General Manager of Egg Farmers of Victoria, addressing clarifications and proposed changes to marketing and quota schemes for egg producers in Victoria and New South Wales. 8504.41s This document is a formal letter from the Secretary of CEPA, dated July 30, 1985. The key points are:The letter notifies members about a resolution regarding the incorporation of the Association. 8504.41t Disappointment with Egg Farmers of Victoria Board's Actions Producers. 8504.41u The document is a formal letter from the secretary of CEPA to the manager of Crystal Egg Co., highlighting several concerns about the company's egg grading service 8504.41v Notice of Annual Conference Announcement. The Central Council of the Commercial Egg Producers' Association will hold its Annual Conference.Date and Time: Wednesday, 19th June 1985 at 6:00 p.m.Location: R.S.L. Hall, Kangaroo Flat. 8504.41w Notice of AGM Meeting Date and Time:Thursday, 27th June 1985 at 7:00 8504.41x This document is a formal letter from K. Fitzgibbon, Secretary of CEPA, addressed to Mr. C. L. Jefferson, Secretary of the Egg Farmers of Victoria. Request for Meeting:The association is requesting a deputation with the entire Board of the Egg Farmers of Victoria in Melbourne.The purpose of the meeting is to discuss proposed changes affecting the egg industry. 8504.41y CEPA is submitting nominations for the Producer Member position on the Victorian Egg Marketing Board.T hree candidates are nominated: Peter Carpeneeer: Retiring member, served the past two years, praised for his representation, nominated for another term. Ron Robins: From Harcourt. Gary Robertson: From Lockwood South. The letter is addressed to Mr. E. Walker, Minister of Agriculture, and sent by K. Fitzgibbon, Secretary of the association. 8504.41z The document is a letter from the Commercial Egg & Producers Association of Victoria addressed to Mr. Michael John, M.L.A., congratulating him on his recent election to Parliament. 8504.41aa This document is a congratulatory letter from the Commercial Egg Producers Association of Victoria to Ken Wright, marking his election to Parliament. 8504.41ab This document is a congratulatory letter from the Commercial Egg Producers Association of Victoria to David Kennedy, marking his election to Parliament. 8504.41ac This document is a formal letter from the Secretary of CEPA to the Minister for Agriculture. The key points are:Request for Meeting. The association is seeking a meeting with the Minister for Agriculture at the earliest convenience. The main topic is to discuss the future of the poultry industry in the state. 8504.41ad This document is a formal letter from K. Fitzgibbon, Secretary of CEPA addressed to Mr. C. L. Jefferson, Secretary of the Egg Farmers of Victoria. Request for Meeting:The association is requesting a deputation (meeting) with the entire Board of the Egg Farmers of Victoria in Melbourne. 8504.40ae The document is a letter from the Bendigo Branch of the Commercial Egg Producers Association of Victoria expressing concern about proposed changes to Department of Agriculture services for the poultry industry. Key points include. The letter opposes the recommendation to transfer Greg Parkinson (a poultry industry officer) to Melbourne and review Bendigo's poultry services after 12 months. 8504.41af This document is a membership directory for the C.E.P.A. Bendigo Branch, listing members' names and addresses. Contains a table of members with their names, addresses, and membership numbers. Some members are noted as 'Life Members', indicating special status (e.g., D.T. Dixon, J.D. Oakes). 8504.41ag The document records the executive meeting of the Commercial Egg Producers Association of Victoria held on April 25, 1985 8504.41ah The Central Council Executive Meeting held on 30th May 1985 Minutes 8504.41ai The executive meeting minutes of the Commercial Egg Producers' Association of Victoria, April 1985 8504.41aj CEPA Annual Conference Minutes June 1985 8504.41ak Egg Farmers of Victoria Newsletter, four pages, March 1985 8504.41al This document outlines proposed quality standards and sampling procedures for egg freshness, focusing on Haugh Units, to be included in a 5-year plan 8504.41am Notice of Annual CEPA Meeting June 1995 8504.41an This document is an invitation from the Commercial Egg Producers Association (CEPA) to its members in the Bendigo and South Bendigo branches. Monthly MeetingsMeetings are held on the second Monday of each month at the R.S.L. Hall, Kangaroo Flat, at 8:00 p.m. 8504.41ao This document contains a series of correspondence between the South Bendigo Branch of the Commercial Egg Producers Association, government officials, and members of parliament regarding the aftermath of a fowl plague outbreak in Victoria, Australia. There was significant concern among egg producers about delays in receiving compensation for losses due to the fowl plague outbreak. 8504.41ap This document is a formal letter from the Commercial Egg Producers' Association Co-operative Limited, dated October 7, 1985. The letter informs the recipient about the status of subscription payments. It confirms that two members, Popple E. and Somerville R., have paid their subscriptions through the Co-operative.Action Requested: The secretary recommends that the recipient notes these payments for their records. 8504.41aq This document is a formal letter from the Department of Agriculture, Victoria, addressing the potential transfer and replacement of a poultry officer in the Bendigo area. 8504.41ar This document is a formal letter from the Minister for Agriculture and Rural Affairs addressing the status and future of poultry industry services in the Bendigo region 8504.41as Letters between CEPA and members of parliament re docking charges 8504.41at This document is a formal letter from Ernie Dunn, a Member of the Legislative Council and Leader of the National Party (Council), addressed to Mr. J. Heard, Secretary of the South Bendigo Branch of the Commercial Egg Producers Association. The letter informs Mr. Heard about comments made in the State Parliament regarding the replacement of the Poultry Officer in the Bendigo region. Ernie Dunn has enclosed a copy of his parliamentary comments for Mr. Heard's information.Communication: The letter serves as an official communication to keep the poultry association informed about parliamentary discussions relevant to their interests. 8504.41au This document is a formal letter from Tom Austin, MP, addressing concerns about the proposed removal of the egg transport subsidy. 8504.41av This document is a formal notification to CEPA Secretary Mr. R. Broadbent regarding the appointment of industry representatives to two Poultry Industry/Department working parties, from the Department of Agriculture 8504.41aw This document is a letter from Bernie Dunn, Member of the Legislative Council and Leader of the National Party (Council), addressed to Mrs. Joan Heard, Secretary of the South Bendigo C.E.P.A. Bernie Dunn acknowledges receipt of Mrs. Heard's letter regarding concerns about additional dockage (freight charges) for egg transport between Bendigo and Melbourne. 8504.41ax Letters between CEPA and Members of Parloiamnet. The document outlines the Victorian Egg Board's plan to phase out transport subsidies in the egg industry by 1989. Since 1937, transport costs for moving eggs from grading floors or depots to market or processing plants have been covered by an equalization fund, financed by a levy on all eggs produced.In 1984/85, subsidies totaled $710,000 (1.44 cents per dozen); by 1985/86, this was estimated at $800,000 (1.6 cents per dozen). Rising transport costs have increased the subsidy burden and associated levies.The shift of egg production from metropolitan to country areas has hidden the true cost of transport for some producers.No other primary industry subsidizes transport to market, and Victoria is the last state to do so after NSW removed its subsidy.egg producer's information, correspondence, cepa, commercial egg producers' association
