At the time of sale, the last of the Hirst family to work in the mill located in Geelong gave Donald (donor Bruce's father) Doherty a set of scales that had been used by several generations of Hirsts and adapted by them over time for specific use in their mill. These Scales were saved from waste and being thrown away at the time of sale to remain in use in the industry in the hands of someone who knew how to use them. The scales were used in calculating the weight of cloth and simultaneously calculating the amount of yarn required to weave it following the instructions printed within the box. The box bears the signatures of two Hirst family members, one being Lewis Hirst dated at 1898. The original brass pole has been replaced with a replica metal somewhere throughout the years after the brass pole broke through use. Hirst was brought by McKendrick in the 1960s and these scales sat for 12 months as part of the 12 month "cooling off" period. The scales were then handed to Donald rather than being disposed of.Scales used for weighing and calculating weight and thread count of textile samples. Originated from Godfrey Hirst Mills in Geelong. Writing describes how to utilise scales. Scales are made from brass, pole for holding scales once brass now replaced with metal pole. Scales held inside wooden box with black text in ink depicting use of scales on paper located inside and outside of box.Outside of box. Wording: APPARTUS for TESTING the WEIGHT per YARD of CLOTHS & COUNT of YARN from a small SAMPLE. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Indispensable to Manufactures, Merchants & handling Woollen, Worsted, Cotton, Linen, Jute, Hemp, Flannel, Felt, Army, Navy, Police, Railway, Sail & other Cloths -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- USED IN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The apparatus consists of Scales, Weights, 1, 2 & 4 sq. inch Cutting Templates & Book of Tables --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------By weighing a small Sample the accurate Weight in Ounces of a yard of Cloth any width from 18 to 64 inches, the Weight per Square Metre in Grams, the Counts* of Warp and Weft, and the approximate length of full & short ends of pieces of fabrics, [without unrolling and measuring for stocktaking & other purposes] can be ascertained without any Calculation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Price in United Kingdom, 25s., Carriage Paid. Price to Canada & U.S.A. $6.75 do. H. Lord. 10, And Place, Bradford, England. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*When ordering, state on what system you base your YARN COUNTS. Inside of box. Wording: DIRECTIONS FOR USE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TESTING WEIGHT OF CLOTHS. Place sample to be tested on a piece of cardboard, put a Cutting Template on it, cut card and cloth round template with scissors and weigh it according to instructions given in Book of Tables. TESTING FOR YARN COUNTS. Cut out 1 square inch of cloth, draw out wrap or weft threads, according to which is being tested, and the number of inches so drawn, that balance respective weight is the approximate Count. The same rule holds good when number of inches are drawn from a bobbin. In testing from the cloth, allowance has to be made for loss or gain in the process of manufacture. Weight marked C is for Cotton Counts " " W " " Worsted " " " WS " " Woollen Skeins " " L " " Linen Counts. The weights for testing samples of cloth are 20, 10, 10, 5, 3, 2, 1, grains in brass & '5, '3, '2, '1 [tenths of a grain] in aluminium. Inside of box. Signtures, handwritten: Bottom right: Lewis Hirst !898 Top Left (Smudge ?) W Hirst !935godfrey hirst, hirst family, textile design, textile creation

Standard crew issue for pilots and flight engineersEquipment supplied crew with a computer to calculate true airspeed.2 black discs printed with luminous paint with plastic indicator, used for calculating true air speed.COMPUTER. TRUE AIRSPEED. A.C. TYPE G-1 A list of 4 instructions for use. Spec. No. 27367-A, MFG.DWG. No. 42D531, Order No.42-18049-P GENERAL LUMINESCENT CORPORATION, CHICAGO

Willgodt T. Odhner invented his very successful “pinwheel” four-function calculator mechanism in Russia in 1874, and his invention was cloned by numerous companies, resulting in dozens of similar models that remained in wide use for almost a century. Numbers are dialed into the sliding levers on the top part of the machine, and are added to the register visible in the carriage at the bottom when the large crank is turned. Shifting the carriage sideways allows multiplication through a sequence of addition operations; the two small cranks zero the registers. The design includes ingenious error-preventing interlocks between all the controls: should the operator fail to return a crank to its resting position, the other controls are frozen until this is corrected. A bell indicates calculations in the negative. Used in Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education (B.I.A.E) Physics department.Black, mechanical calculating machine. Metal. Hand-operated, with three hand-cranks. 10x10 rotor with 13 digit result. Ser. No. 29-286781.5 Black symotape on base front: "PHYSICS". Maker's identification on top surface. Supplier's label (metal, silver & blue) on back: "STOTT & HOARE Pty. Ltd. 171 William St. Melbourne C1 M1991". Stamped on rear panel: "MADE IN SWEDEN". Cast lettering on underside: "M-602 07".calculating machine, pinwheel, calculator, scientific instruments, stott & hoare pty ltd, physics, odhner, ballarat institute of advanced education

Item in the collection re Col. J.W. Swatton. refer Cat No 6719.2P for his service details.Graph - paper, cream, black and red print, front. Reverse side, black print.Graph for Calculating Elevation and Clearances (Curves represent Centre Shots). Reverse side: Chart for .303 Mark VII for firing upon down hill.passchendaele barracks trust, j.w. swatton, graph for calculations

The Fuller cylindrical slide rule, is a cylindrical slide rule with a helical main scale taking 50 turns around the cylinder. This creates an instrument of considerable precision – it is equivalent to a traditional slide rule 25.40 metres (1,000 inches) long. It was invented in 1878 by George Fuller, professor of engineering at Queen's University Belfast, and despite its size and price it remained on the market for nearly a century because it outperformed nearly all other slide rules. He patented it in Britain in 1878, described it in a journal in 1879 and in that year he also patented it the United States, depositing a patent model. As with other slide rules, the Fuller is limited to calculations based on multiplication and division with additional scales allowing for trigonometrical and exponential functions. The mechanical calculators produced in the same era were generally restricted to addition and subtraction with only advanced versions, like the Arithmometer, able to multiply and divide. Even these advanced machines could not perform trigonometry or exponentiation and they were bigger, heavier and much more expensive than the Fuller. In the mid-twentieth century the handheld Curta mechanical calculator became available which also competed in convenience and price. However, for scientific calculations the Fuller remained viable until 1973 when it was made obsolete by the HP-35 handheld scientific electronic calculator. Fuller's calculators were manufactured by the scientific instrument maker W.F. Stanley & Co. of London who made nearly 14,000 between 1878 and 1973.Like all slide rules, logarithmic scales are used to facilitate calculations more quickly and efficiently. The spiral logarithmic scale greatly increases the precision and computing power of the slide rule. In addition, its tables provide useful information to its users, most likely engineers. Its remarkable length permitted a high level of precision in calculations; calculations could be made to 4 or 5 significant digitsThe fuller calculator, is a cylindrical slide rule with a helical main scale taking 50 turns around the cylinder. There is a papier-mache cylinder fastened to a mahogany handle. A second papier-mache cylinder is a slide fit over the first. Both cylinders are covered in paper varnished with shellac. A brass pointer with an engraved index marker at its tip is attached to the handle and a second brass pointer is attached to the top cap. On the outer cylinder is a helical logarithmic scale 500" (41'8" or about 12.5 m) in length. This cylinder can be slid and rotated upon the inner one and hence with the correct sequence of movements, multiplications and divisions can be made and the answers read off the two pointers which project over the cylindrical scale.FULLER CALCULATOR inscribed on brass pointerscientific instrument, mathematics, calculating

Used in the Physics laboratory for calculating/confirming relative density, or specific gravity, of given metal samples.10 x 2.5 cm metal cubes of differing types of metal, for measuring specific gravity of different metals. Contained in a white cardboard box.Number on each designating the material made frommetal cubes, specific gravity, scientific instrument, ferrous cubes, brass, copper, steel, lead

Standard crew issue for pilots and flight engineers.The equipment supplied air crew with a computer to calculate individual aircraft's weight and balance.2 Circular plastic manual computing discs with black print on a white background with areas for calculating Centre of gravity, Armament, Bomb loadings,Fuel, oil,Crew, Miscel., Oxygen and Camera. Clear plastic protractor with string attached. Enclosed in a leather envelope.GRAVISCOPE FOR LIBERATOR. MODEL B24J, L AND M. MANUFACTURED BY MELB. >W&G< AUST. R.A.A.F IDENT NO G6B/2396

Used in Physics Laboratory at Ballarat School of Mines for calculating/confirming relative density (or the specific gravity) of given metal samples. This would have been in Elementary physics experiments.A set of seven 2-cm cubes, individually numbered 1 - 7, in a hinged-lid storage box with black surface finish.Number and metal of cubes: 1) Brass; 2) Lead; 3) Steel; 4) Copper; 5) Aluminium; 6) ? a ferrous alloy; 7) ? a ferrous alloy.physics, laboratory, ballarat school of mines, relative density, specific gravity, metal, elementary physics, brass, lead, steel, copper, aluminium, ferrous alloy

Joseph Sheard sat for a mensuration exam at the Bendigo School of Mines, in 1908, achieving a 67 percent mark. Mensuration is a branch of mathematics that focuses on measuring geometric figures. It involves calculating attributes such as area, volume, and perimeter for both 2D (plane) shapes and 3D (solid) objects. Key concepts in mensuration include formulas for calculating the area of shapes like squares and circles, as well as the volume of solids like cubes and cylinders. Additionally, mensuration is often applied in practical scenarios, such as architecture and engineering, to determine material requirements and space utilization.Hand drawn design in black pen, on light tan paper. Written on top of description on right hand side: 'improved steam generator for steam compressor'. Handwritten descriptions for each part of steam generator design including fly wheel, steam cylinder and patterns. Plan forms part of the Margaret Roberts Collection.'J. Sheard, 189 View Street, Bendigo' written on plangold mining, gold, steam generator, portable mining plant

This is a Report on the Mechanism Ltd Precision Aneroid Barometer Type M1847 by WO2 Lambert (RASvy) August 1960 under the direction of the Chief Instructor at the School of Military Survey Balcombe Victoria was to determine the accuracy of the instrument for calculating heights for mapping purposes.A 6 x Foolscap sized page report that is stapled and four hole punched.. The report contains typed text, diagrams and tabular results on the fold out annex.Number "54" in top RH cornerroyal australian survey corps, rasvy, fortuna, army survey regiment, army svy regt, asr, school of military survey, balcombe

Rectangular calculating instrument with (1) 'hinged lid' fitted with circular rotating dial for setting/reading altitude, speed, distance and temperature, (2) notebook inside lid, (3) circular dial with perspex cover, beneath which is (4) graph chart, moveable up-and-down by means of rotating knob on side of device. Curved brackets and elasticized straps on back for strapping onto pilot's leg.R.A.A.F. Ident. No. G6B/145 Serial No. WG/2233 COMPUTER NAVIGATIONAL Mk. III D. (Other inscriptions including instructions for use and scales for various measurements) "AB" hand written on strap (owner's initials?)

The navigational computer was a circular slide rule used for calculating height and air speed corrections when flying an aircraft. The front cover lifts to reveal a further calculator used to solve vector triangles and plot course alterations. The device was intended to be strapped to a pilot's leg. The instrument was made by White and Gillespie (Melbourne) Pty Ltd c 1940 for the RAAF and used during WW2.Black metal box with silver metal flap top cover affixed with rotating circular rule . Two adjustable belts are affixed to the base of black box. A small spiral bound note book is contained beneath the flap top. RAAF Computer Navigational system MK. III. D. Serial No WG 2833navigation, raaf, computer, aircraft, ww2, 1940

Plaque: ‘Hans W Egli/Ingenieur / Fabrikation von flechenmashinen [sic; ?] / Pat. O, Steiger / Zurich II / No 2566. Sole Agents for Australia / Peacock Bros./ Business Systems Company / 558 , 560, 562 Collins St., Melbourne / and at / Sydney, Adelaide, Perth’ Plaque: ‘Presented to . / Department of Information Science / Melbourne University / by the / Gas & Fuel Corporation of Victoria / This calculating machine was used by Engineers of the Metropolitan Gas Co and Gas & Fuel Corporation / from 1917 to 1970’

A foundation day speech in 2024 by Shrine Trustee and Past President, Legatee Graeme Plumridge. In a very well research piece he focussed on Legacy's close connection with the Shrine of Remembrance. Legatees were instrumental in saving the Shrine project from being discarded in the 1920s. Legatees such as Legatee Kemsley and Legatee Joynt were crucial in getting the project support from Sir John Monash. Legatee Frank Doolan was the surveyor of the site and key to calculating the positioning of the Ray of Light.A speech given at a Legacy function to commemorate the day on which Legacy was founded that has information about the connection between Legacy and the Shrine of Remembrance.White A4 paper x 6 pages with black print of 2024 speech by Legate Graeme Plumridge.foundation day, graeme plumridge, shrine of remembrance

This Sike’s Hydrometer was donated by the Port Fairy Customs Office as it was no longer required by them due to a change in the law. The hydrometer was part of a system for Ullaging or calculating the amount of liquid remaining in a container of liquor such as a barrel, and the amount of alcoholic content in the contents. It can also measure the free space or head space remaining. Hydrometers were used to measure the density, or relative density, of liquids from the late 1600s. In 1816 Bartholomew Sikes won the competition for the most useful accurate hydrometer. Hydrometers were commonly used by distillers, vintners, and brewers to establish accurate measures of alcohol concentration in their beverages. Following this manufacturing process, government inspectors and excise officers used them to check that the labelled indications of alcohol-proof were correct and that the right amounts of duty were being paid.The Sikes hydrometer is of local significance because of its association with the Government's Customs Office in Port Fairy, in the southwest region of Victoria. It is also associated with Bartholomew Sikes, whose design of a hydrometer was chosen in 1816 as being the most useful and accurate hydrometer. The hydrometer has evolved into the digital version available today to measure density of liquids.Sikes Hydrometer and thermometer in a fitted wooden case with crimson lining inside the lid and dark lining in the base. The case has ten vertical pegs to secure the weights. The brass hydrometer has a spherical float and eight thick brass horseshoe-shaped weights. The serial number is on each section of the float and all weights. Both sides of the float’s upper flat stem have a scale from 0-10, with five divisions between each number. The eight weights are numbered from 20 – 90 in increments of 10. The set includes a mercury thermometer mounted on an ivory back plate labelled with Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales. The Sikes hydrometer set was made by Loftus of London. The hydrometer model is IID 510, Serial Number is 14674, calibrated by Longs, London. All parts of the float and eight weights are inscribed with Serial Number “14674” The float stem is stamped "SIKE'S IID 51o” Calibrator, "LONG LITTLE TOWER ST LONDON" The weights are numbered individually ”20”, “30”, “40”, “50”, “60”, “70”, “80” or “90” Each weight in inscribed; symbol “(J L) [inside an ova, with textured background]” The thermometer inscribed: “LOFTUS OF LONDON”flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, measuring instruments, customs tax, weighing instrument, sike’s hydrometer, calibrator long of london, loftus of london instrument maker, loftus, j long, sikes hydrometer, scientific instrument, pressure measurement, measuring instrument, ullage tool, customs, excise duty, tax, alcohol content, proof, calibrate, standard weights and measures, tariff, scientific instrument makers, specific gravity, liquid density, alcohol testing, technology, alcohol measurement, proof spirit, wine and spirits merchants, local business, brass measuring instrument, port fairy, customs office, port fairy customs, joseph long, instrument maker

After years of precursory surveying, debate and proposals the most ambitious civil engineering project of the day, the Overland Telegraph Line, began construction in September 1870. Superintendent of Telegraphs, Sir Charles Todd led the construction through “terra incognita,” guided by the precursory surveys of John McDowall Stuart and technologies such as his prismatic surveying compass. The unknown and hostile landscape claimed the lives of several men and scores of transport animals in the dogged pursuit of telegraphic connection to the rest of the world. Completed in August 1872, the Line connected Australia to the world via telegraph wires running 3,200 kilometres from Port Augusta in South Australia, to Darwin, then connecting via submarine cable to Java and beyond. The “earth [had been] girdled with a magic chain” according to the then Governor of New South Wales, Sir Hercules Robinson. How does it work? For use in surveying, the sight vane and prism are turned up on their hinge and the instrument is held horizontally either in the palm of one's hand or on a tripod. Two small discs of red and green glass attached to the prism can be flipped down over the sight line to reduce glare. The objective is to bring the subject into the sightline created by the prism, aligning with the thread of the sight-vane until the subject is bisected evenly. Once aligned, the division on the card may be read through the prism. This reading provides the magnetic azimuth, used for calculating the bearings of distant landmarks. Circular instrument mounted in a brass case with glass window and brass lid. The compass card face four black compass points printed on mint green paper; on the underside the magnetic needle would be affixed, all held in place by a brass knob at the centre. The arched labels of "Sawtell" and "Adelaide" and the Prince of Wales feathers appear to have been affixed with adhesive which has since yellowed in the areas of application on the compass card. The compass face is printed with numbers, every 10 degrees from 10 - 360, printed in reverse indicating this compass would have once held a mirror at the sighting bracket. On one side of the brass case is a brass hinged sighting-prism, possibly of ebonite. The sighting-prism is mounted in a hinged brass bracket on one edge of the brass case. It has two flip-type filter glasses (red and green) and folds down into a retracted travelling position. A hinged brass bracket on the opposite edge would have held the sighting bracket - carrying the sighting vane and mirror - which is now missing or removed. Under the hinge is a lever, possibly related to the movement of the bracket. Underneath the brass case is an indented circle with screw threads, possibly for attachment to a tripod, and indistinguishable marks scratched into the surface.Etched on to the centre of the lid, "Sawtell ADELAIDE / No 792." Affixed to the paper compass face, possibly from separate pieces of paper, "SAWTELL / ADELAIDE" with the Prince of Wales Feathers above "SAWTELL". Underneath on remains of white tape in red: "159."surveying, compass, charles todd, overland telegraph line, telegraph

The Australian Customs Service, Melbourne, donated a set of gauging instruments, and Port Fairy Customs donated another instrument, the Sike’s Hydrometer, to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village, all of which were no longer required. However these ullaging tools were in use for many years by Customs officials, called Gaugers. Ullaging is a term describing the measurement of the amount of liquid remaining in a container of spirits such as a cask or barrel. It can also measure the free space or head space remaining. The primary role of customs officers in Victoria was to calculate the tariff or excise duty payable on goods imported into Victoria. (Excise duty is a tax on goods produced within a country, and customs duty is imposed on imports.) Customs officers spent a great deal of their time measuring and weighing goods, and then calculating the amount of duty to be paid by the importer. The tariffs for different products varied, and officers consulted published lists. Calculating the duty payable on a barrel of brandy was a detailed task. The gauger had to measure the barrel to determine its volume. Barrels were irregular in shape, and finding the volume required several measurements and checking tables of figures. Alcoholic content was then measured with a hydrometer. The duty paid varied according to the alcoholic strength of the spirits. Uniform national customs and excise duties were operative in Australia from October 1901. These tools were still being used in Australia in the 1950’s. The Federal Government still imposes excise taxes on goods such as cigarettes, petrol, and alcohol. The rates imposed may change in February and August each year in response to changes in the consumer price index. ULLAGING TOOLS (1) Head Rod - this instrument measures the diameter of the heads (top and bottom ends) of a cask or barrel. The shaped brass pieces on the head rod enable the diameter of a barrel to be measured inside the chimes at the head end. The slide rule could then be used to calculate the internal volume of the barrel. On the reverse side is a set of ullaging scales, used like those on any ullaging rule, to calculate the volume of liquid in a partially filled barrel. (2) Bung Rod – this instrument measures the diameter of a cask or barrel when it is lying on its side. It is a rod that fits into the ‘bung’ hole of a cask and is long enough be extended to reach the opposite side of the cask. The brass sliding pointer can be moved to mark the ‘wet’ line. When the rod is removed the bung measurement can be read from the scale on the rod. (3) Long Calipers - this instrument measures the length of the cask between the heads. It has two rules sliding beside each other, each end having another piece of wood fixed firmly at right angles downwards then turned inwards at the ends so as to reach over the heads of the casks without touching the projecting ends. The centre pieces enable it to extend or contract, changing the distance between the two other parallel sides, the distance they are apart being shown by the rule on the sliding pieces. (4) Cross Calipers – this instrument is used to take the bung diameters of casks, or "the Cross " as it is called. This instrument has two rules sliding beside each other, each end having another piece of wood fixed firmly at right angles downwards, together forming a 3 sides of a rectangle with the centre pieces enabling it to extended or contracted, changing the distance between the two other parallel sides, the distance they are apart being shown by a the rule on the sliding pieces. (5) Sike’s Hydrometer – this instrument is used to gauge the strength of different alcoholic spirits when fitted with the different weights in the set. Every set is individually calibrated to ensure that it meets the exact Standard Weight and Measure compliance, then every piece in that set is stamped with the same number by the Calibrator, to ensure that the measurements are taken using the same hydrometer set. [References: A Handbook of Practical Gauging, Janes Boddely Keene of H.M. Customs, 1861, F. Pitman, London; Customs Act, Volume 2, No. 1, April 1999; Old Customs House website ] Head Rod, ullaging gauge. Long wooden rod made of three joined sections, brass hook on end, sliding centre section with hook, measurements marked along each section as on a slide rule. Used for measuring diameter of heads of casks in order for Customs to calculate excise (tax) on the contentsflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, head rod, gauging rod, ullaging rods, measuring instruments, customs tax

An hourglass or sandglass is an instrument for measuring a defined time and can be used perpetually by simply turning it over immediately the top bulb empties. The clear blown glass is shaped into two equal sized bulbs with a narrow passage in the centre and contains uniform sized sand or glass particles in the lower bulb. The width of the neck regulates the constant flow of the particles. The glass is held in a stand with top and bottom of equal shape and size. Hourglasses can measure an infinite variety of time by gauging the size of the particles, the shape and size of the bulbs and the size of the passage between the bulbs, thus measuring hours or minutes or even seconds. Generally an hourglass sits between discs of wood at the ends, which are joined by long wooden spindles between the ends and tightened by screw caps. The length of time can be adjusted by adding or removing sand particles. The use of the marine sandglass (or hourglass) has been recorded in the 14th century in European shipping. A one minute sandglass was used in conjunction with the ship’s log for ‘dead reckoning’, (see below) that is, for measuring the ship’s speed through the water. They were also used to regulate ringing the ship’s timetable; for example a 4 hour sandglass was used for the length of the sailors’ watch, and a half hour timer for taking of readings for the ship’s log; the ship’s bell would be rung every half hour. It was usually the role of the cabin boy to watch and turn the sandglasses over at the exact time of them emptying their upper chambers and to ring the ship’s bell. Hourglasses have been used historically for many hundreds of years. Some have been used for timing church sermons, in cooking, in industry and at sea. Even today they are used for measuring the cooking time of eggs and timing a player’s turn in games such as Boggle and Pictionary. The sandglasses at sea were gradually replaced in the late 1700’s to early 1800’s by the more accurate chronometers (marine clocks) when they became reliable instruments. DEAD RECKONING (or Deduced Reckoning) Dead reckoning is the term used to describe the method of calculating the ship’s position from its speed and direction, used in early maritime travel, mostly in European waters. Both the (1) speed and the (2) direction of travel were recorded on a Traverse Board at half-hourly intervals during a helmsman’s watch of 4 hours. The navigator would record the readings in his ship’s log, plot them on his navigational chart and give his updated course directions to the next helmsman on watch, along with the cleared Traverse Board. This was a very approximate, but none-the-less helpful, method of navigation. The wooden Traverse Board was a simple pegboard with a diagram of a compass with eight peg holes along the radius to each of the compass points, plus a grid with ascending half hours in the left column and increasing ship’s speed in knots in a row across the column headings, with a peg hole in each of the intersecting cells. A number of wooden pegs were attached to strings on the board. By placing one peg consecutively in the direction’s radius hole, starting from the centre, and the speed holes when the half hourly reading was taken, a picture of speed and direction for the whole 4 hour watch was created. (1) To measure the ship’s speed a one minute hourglass timer was usually used to measure the ship’s speed through the water and help to calculate its longitude. A rope, with knots at regular standard intervals and a weight such as a log at the end, would be thrown overboard at the stern of the ship. At the same time the hourglass would be turned over and a seaman would start counting the number of knots on the rope that passed freely through his hands as the ship travelled. When the timer ran out the counting would be stopped. A timer of one minute (one-sixtieth of an hour), knots spaced one-sixtieth of a nautical mile apart, and simple arithmetic easily gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour ("knots"). This would be recorded every half hour. The speed could however be inaccurate to the travel being affected by ocean currents and wind. (2) To calculate the ship’s direction a compass sighting would be recorded each half hour.Marine hourglasses or sandglasses were used from around the 14th to 19th century during the time of sailing ships. This hourglass is representative of that era, which is during the time of the colonisation of Australia. Hourglass or sandglass; an instrument used to measure time. Two equal sized clear glass bulbs joined with a narrow passage between them, containing equal sized particles of sand grains in lower bulb. Glass sits in a brass collar at each end, in a frame comprising 3 decorative brass columns or posts, each attached top and bottom, using round screw-on feet, to round brass discs. Disc have Roman numerals for the numbers 1 - 12 pressed into their inner surfaces and hieroglyphics on the outer surfaces. Roman numerals on inner surface of discs " I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII " Hieroglyphics impressed on outer surface of discsflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, horology, hourglass, hour glass, sandglass, sand glass, timing instrument, dead reckoning, deduced reckoning, finding latitude at sea, sandglass with hieroglyphics and roman numerals, hourglass with hieroglyphics and roman numerals, brass hourglass

Liaison Letters to inform all members / Staff / Sections of current information and practices. The object of these letters, which it is to be proposed quarterly, is to enable members of the Corps to stimulate interest in the progress of the work as a whole. It is also intended as a means to invite helpful criticism and suggestions for improvements in methods in any branch of the work. All members of the Corps are invited to contribute. Their suggestion should be forwarded to the O.C. section for transmission to O, C. Survey Corps and, if considered of sufficient merit, will be included in the next letter. It may often happen that a method, that may appear obvious and of little consequence to a member or Section using it, may not be followed by the others. In any case a discussion of detail in methods should be helpful to all.54 pages. 9137.1 'Liaison Letter No 1' Para 1 Object of Letter. See context. Para 3 Progress of work. Rest of Letter missing only 1 page. 9137.2 'Liaison Letter No 2' Letter missing. 9137.3 'Liaison Letter No 3. Jan 1937'. Para 1. Introduction Included are articles contributed by .... W/O H. Rossiter. "Aerial Surveying". Article missing. .... W/O W. M. Sarll. "A day in the Draughting Office". .... W/O H. A. Johnson "Semigraphic methods of resection and intersection". Article missing. .... Capt. J.J. Raisbeck "Rapid production and reproduction of Military maps". .... Lt. L. Fitzgerald. report "Survey Exercise at Sale". Article missing. .... W/O W. M. Sarll. report on No1. Field Sheet, Sale Para 3. Progress of work. .... "No1 Draughting Section". .... Printing. .... No1 Survey Section. .... No2 Survey Section. .... Pages 3 - 6 Missing. .... Article by W/O W. M. Sarll. "A day in the Draughting Office". Pages 7 - 10. 9137.4 'Liaison Letter No 4. April 1937'. Para 1. Introduction Included are articles contributed by. .... Lieut. H. W. G. Clews. Notes on the non ascertained Base problem. .... W/O W. M. Sarll. Helpful hints on air photos. .... Capt. T. H. B. Foott. .... & Capt. J.J. Raisbeck. A short history of the Military Survey of Australia. .... W/O H. Rossiter. Notes on Aerial Surveying. .... W/O H. A. Johnson. A type of Beacon. Para 2. Progress of work. ..... No1 Draughting Section. ..... No1 Survey Section. .... Pages missing. 9137.5 'Liaison Letter No 5, July 1937.' Para 1. Our thanks are due to the following for articles contributed .... Lt L. Fitzgerald a new section and its job. .... WO G.R.L. Remington. .... & H. E. Eggeling. Azimuth of the Plane table. .... W.O. B. M. Sarll. -- The Second Annual Smoke Night. .... Also included is a very interesting article on the United States Geological Survey by J. F. Staask, extracted from the Canadian Surveyor. February 1936. Para 2. Progress of work. .... No1. Draughting Section. .... No 1 Topographical Section. No further articles till page 7. .... The Second Annual Smoke Night of the members of the Aust. Survey Corps. Stationed in Victoria. Pages 7 - 9. 9137.6 'Liaison Letter No 6, September 1937.' Para 1. Our thanks are due to the following for articles contributed .... Lt L. Fitzgerald. -- Geodetic Triangulation reconnaissance. .... Lt. R.F. Rule, M.M. -- A suggested Form for Field Book 3rd Order Traverses. .... W/O. H. A. Johnson. -- A suggested Form for Quadrilateral Adjustments. Para 2. Progress of work. .... No1. Draughting Section. .... No 1 Topographical Section. No further pages to letter 6. 9137.7 'Liaison Letter No 7. January 1938.' Para 1. Our thanks are due to the following for articles contributed .... Major T. A. Vance. -- Report on the Survey of a Training Area in Tasmania. .... W/O D. Macdonald. -- The naming of Trigonometrical Stations. Para 2. Progress of work. .... No1 Draughting Section A.H.Q. .... No1 Topographical Section, 4 M.D. .... No2 Topographical Section 3 M.D. .... No3 Topographical Section 2 M.D. .... No4 Topographical Section A.H.Q. No further pages to letter 7. 9137.8 'Liaison Letter No 8. April 1938.' Para 1. Our thanks are due to the following for articles contributed .... Capt. H.P.G.Clews. -- A possible method of estimating Stereoscopic ability. .... W/O. A.L.Smith. -- Hints to Topographers from a Draughtsman's point of view. .... W/O. W.W. Sarll. -- Seeing that which a Surveyor sees. .... Relative to article on naming of trig stations which appeared in No7. This contribution has examples of naming. Para 1.d. Enlistment. -- George Gladstone Bolwell Ex Victorian Lands Department, enlisted as W/O.II. Draughtsman in the No. 1 Draughting Section A.H.Q. on the 26th April 1938. Para 1.e. Embarkation. -- Major T.A.Vance. O.C. Aust Survey Corps, embarked s.s. "Monterey". 28 Mar 1938 to undergo six months training in USA and Canada. Para 1.f. Promotions. -- To be Capt. ( prov. )Lieut. H.P.G. Clews 9.11.1937. Para 1.g. Medals -- Award of Aust. Meritorious Service Medal -- W/O.H. Rossiter. .... Award of Aust. Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct -- W/O, A.L. Smith. Para 2. Progress of work. .... No.1 Draughting Section A.H.Q. .... No.1 Topographical Section, 4 M.D. .... No.2 Topographical Section 3 M.D. .... No.3 Topographical Section 2 M.D. .... No.4 Topographical Section A.H.Q. Article missing by Capt. H.P.G.Clews. -- A possible method of estimating Stereoscopic ability. Article by W/O. A.L.Smith. -- Hints to Topographers from a Draughtsman's point of view. Contains 3 pages. Article by W/O. W.W. Sarll. -- Seeing that which a Surveyor sees. Contains 3 pages. 9137.9 'Letter No 9. July 1938.' Para 1. Our thanks are due to the following for articles contributed .... Captain H.P.G.Clews -- Computation of log p and log v; also Abbreviated interpolation. .... W/O. G.R.L. Rimington. -- Light Weight Camping Gear. .... W/O. H.A. Johnson. -- The use of the Calculating Machine on Resections, etc,; also comments by O.C.No.4 Topographical Section on this article. Para 1. (a). A.A.O. 104. Examination for Appointment to the Rank of Lieutenant. February - March,1938. .... W.O.I. A.L. Smith. .... W.O.I. W.M. Sarll. .... W/O. II. G.R.L. Rimington. .... W/O. II. A.F. Kurrle. .... W/O. II. H.A. Johnson. .... W/O. II. D. MacDonald. .... W/O. II. H.F.Eggeling. .... For Captain. .... Capt. (p) H.P.G. Clews. .... Lieut. L. FitzGerald. .... Lieut. R.K. Rule M.M. Para.1. (b). A.A.O. 109. Allotment W/O. II. W.B. Relf to No.3 Topo Section 2 M.D., 5.4.38. Para.1. (c). Gaz. No. 37 -- Promotions. -- To be Captain, Lieut. L FitzGerald. 5th July 1938. -- The provisional promotion of Captain H.P.G. Clews is confirmed. Para. 2. Progress of Work. .... No.1 Draughting Section A.H.Q. .... No.1 Topographical Section, 4 M.D. .... No.2 Topographical Section 3 M.D. .... No.3 Topographical Section 2 M.D. .... No.4 Topographical Section 2 M.D. 9137.10 'Letter No 10. October 1938.' Para 1. Our thanks are due to the following for articles contributed .... Lieut. R.K. Rule M.M. -- Barometric levelling in Forest Areas. .... W/O. H.A. Roseblade -- Adjustment of principal points on master grid. .... W/O. II. A.F. Kurrle. -- The Hunter short base applied to photo control. .... W/O. W.B. Relf -- Reunion at Newcastle. .... The articles are all missing Para. 1. (a). A.A.O. 184. Discharge -- W/O. II. G.G. Bolwell. 15th July 1938. Para. 1.(b). A.A.O. 174-195, 31.8.38. Vacancy for Draughtsman. Para. 1.(c). Obituary. -- Major John Lynch. 29th July 1938. Para. 2. Progress of Work. .... No.1 Draughting Section A.H.Q. .... No.1 Topographical Section, 4 M.D. .... No.2 Topographical Section 3 M.D. .... No.3 Topographical Section 2 M.D. .... No.4 Topographical Section A.H.Q. 9137.11 'Letter No 11. January 1939.'